This disclosure relates to energy storage and generation systems, e.g., combination of flow battery and hydrogen fuel cell, that exhibit operational stability in harsh environments, e.g., both charging and discharging reactions in a regenerative fuel cell in the presence of a halogen ion or a mixtur
This disclosure relates to energy storage and generation systems, e.g., combination of flow battery and hydrogen fuel cell, that exhibit operational stability in harsh environments, e.g., both charging and discharging reactions in a regenerative fuel cell in the presence of a halogen ion or a mixture of halogen ions. This disclosure also relates to energy storage and generation systems that are capable of conducting both hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) and hydrogen oxidation reactions (HORs) in the same system. This disclosure further relates to energy storage and generation systems having low cost, fast response time, and acceptable life and performance.
대표청구항▼
1. An energy storage and generation system comprising: at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte;at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas;one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, said regenerative fuel cells comprising a housing; a proton conducting membrane having a first
1. An energy storage and generation system comprising: at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte;at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas;one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, said regenerative fuel cells comprising a housing; a proton conducting membrane having a first surface and a second surface, disposed in said housing to partition it into an anode side and a cathode side; an anode disposed on said first surface so as to connect said first surface to the anode side; a cathode disposed on said second surface so as to connect said second surface to the cathode side; said anode comprising a support and a catalyst dispersed thereon; said cathode comprising a carbon powder or a support and a catalyst dispersed thereon; wherein the catalyst dispersed on said anode support and the catalyst dispersed on said cathode support are the same or different and are capable of catalyzing, in the presence of an electrolyte or mixture of electrolytes, a charging reaction and a discharging reaction in said regenerative fuel cells;wherein said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte is in fluid communication with said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, and said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells are in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte, to form at least an electrolyte circulation loop;wherein said at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas is in fluid communication with said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, and said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells are in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas, to form at least a gas circulation loop; andwherein said proton conducting membrane has pores with a diameter size which are smaller than 30 nm and comprises: (i) 5% to 60% by volume of an electrically nonconductive inorganic powder having acid absorption capacity, wherein the powder comprising essentially sub-micron particles; (ii) 5% to 50% by volume of a polymeric binder that is chemically compatible with acid, oxygen and fuel; and (iii) 10 to 90% by volume of an acid or aqueous acid solution;wherein the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells further comprise (i) an electrolyte feed inlet opening and an electrolyte feed line extending from the electrolyte feed inlet opening exteriorly from the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, said electrolyte feed line in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte, for delivery of electrolyte into the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells; and (ii) an electrolyte discharge outlet opening and an electrolyte discharge line extending from the electrolyte discharge outlet opening exteriorly from the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, said electrolyte discharge line in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte, for removal of electrolyte from the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells;wherein at least a portion of the electrolyte feed line adjacent to the electrolyte feed inlet opening has a coiled configuration, and at least a portion of the electrolyte discharge line adjacent to the electrolyte discharge outlet opening has a coiled configuration; andwherein the diameter and length of at least a portion of the electrolyte feed line adjacent to the electrolyte feed inlet opening having a coiled configuration, and the diameter and length of at least a portion of the electrolyte discharge line adjacent to the electrolyte discharge outlet opening having a coiled configuration, are determined by the equation R=3.14*(D/2)2*X*S (Volts)—the total voltage in the array of stacks connected in series,I (Amp)—the operating current of each stack,L (%)—approved percentage of shunt current losses in the system,IL (Amp)—current losses by shunt=I*L,R (Ohm)—tubing ionic resistance=V/IL,S (Ohm/cm3)—solution resistance,D (cm)—tubing diameter, andX (cm)—tubing length. 2. The energy storage and generation system of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte circulation loop comprises one or more valves, one or more pumps, and a pressure equalizing line, and wherein the gas circulation loop comprises one or more valves, one or more pumps, a gas purifier, a liquid absorber, a gas circulation ejector, and a gas compressor. 3. The energy storage and generation system of claim 1 wherein the diameter and length of at least a portion of the electrolyte feed line adjacent to the electrolyte feed inlet opening having a coiled configuration, and the diameter and length of at least a portion of the electrolyte discharge line adjacent to the electrolyte discharge outlet opening having a coiled configuration, can the same or different. 4. The energy storage and generation system of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte comprises an acid, a mixture of acids, an iron salt and conjugated acid thereof, or a mixture of iron salts and conjugated acids thereof; and wherein the gas comprises hydrogen. 5. The energy storage and generation system of claim 1 wherein stacks of regenerative fuel cells are increased or decreased to produce the desired level of electrical power. 6. The energy storage and generation system of claim 1 wherein the stacks of regenerative fuel cells are connected mechanically in series or electronically in series. 7. The energy storage and generation system of claim 6 wherein the stacks of regenerative fuel cells that are connected electronically in series are connected by an electronic appliance having an input that is not electrically connected to its output; wherein the electronic appliance is a DC/DC converter or a DC/AC converter. 8. The energy storage and generation system of claim 1 further comprising a gas purifier containing a catalyst sufficient to reduce or eliminate corrosive elements from the gas. 9. The energy storage and generation system of claim 1 wherein the electrolyte and gas are maintained at a different pressure inside the one or more fuel cell stacks. 10. The energy storage and generation system of claim 1 wherein the proton conducting membrane has pores with a diameter size which are smaller than 20 nm and comprises: (i) 5% to 60% by volume of an electrically nonconductive inorganic powder having acid absorption capacity, wherein the powder comprising essentially sub-micron particles from about 5 to about 150 nm in size; (ii) 5% to 50% by volume of a polymeric binder that is chemically compatible with acid, oxygen and fuel; and (iii) 10 to 90% by volume of an acid or aqueous acid solution. 11. The energy storage and generation system of claim 1 wherein, for the anode comprising a support and a catalyst dispersed thereon, the catalyst comprises at least one precious metal. 12. The energy storage and generation system of claim 1 wherein, for the cathode comprising a carbon powder or a support and a catalyst dispersed thereon, the catalyst comprises carbon powder or at least one precious metal with carbon powder. 13. The energy storage and generation system of claim 1 wherein the catalyst dispersed on said anode and the catalyst dispersed on said cathode are the same or different and are capable of catalyzing, in the presence of a halogen ion or a mixture of halogen ions, a charging reaction and a discharging reaction in said regenerative fuel cells. 14. The energy storage and generation system of claim 1 which comprises a flow battery or a hydrogen fuel cell. 15. A energy storage and generation system comprising: (a) at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte;at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas;one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells comprising a solution or electrolyte compartment, a gas compartment and a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) disposed between said solution or electrolyte compartment and said gas compartment; wherein said membrane electrode assembly (MEA) comprises an anode, a cathode and a proton conducting membrane disposed between said anode and said cathode; said anode facing the gas compartment and said cathode facing the solution or electrolyte compartment; said anode comprising a support and a catalyst dispersed thereon; said cathode comprising a carbon powder or a support and a catalyst dispersed thereon; wherein the catalyst dispersed on said anode support and the catalyst dispersed on said cathode support are the same or different and are capable of catalyzing, in the presence of an electrolyte or mixture of electrolytes, a charging reaction and a discharging reaction in said regenerative fuel cell;wherein said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte is in fluid communication with said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, and said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells are in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte, to form at least an electrolyte circulation loop;wherein said at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas is in fluid communication with said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, and said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells are in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas, to form at least a gas circulation loop;wherein said proton conducting membrane has pores with a diameter size which are smaller than 30 nm and comprises: (i) 5% to 60% by volume of an electrically nonconductive inorganic powder having acid absorption capacity, wherein the powder comprising essentially sub-micron particles; (ii) 5% to 50% by volume of a polymeric binder that is chemically compatible with acid, oxygen and fuel; and (iii) 10 to 90% by volume of an acid or aqueous acid solution;wherein the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells further comprise (i) an electrolyte feed inlet opening and an electrolyte feed line extending from the electrolyte feed inlet opening exteriorly from the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, said electrolyte feed line in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte, for delivery of electrolyte into the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells; and (ii) an electrolyte discharge outlet opening and an electrolyte discharge line extending from the electrolyte discharge outlet opening exteriorly from the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, said electrolyte discharge line in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte, for removal of electrolyte from the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells;wherein at least a portion of the electrolyte feed line adjacent to the electrolyte feed inlet opening has a coiled configuration, and at least a portion of the electrolyte discharge line adjacent to the electrolyte discharge outlet opening has a coiled configuration; andwherein the diameter and length of at least a portion of the electrolyte feed line adjacent to the electrolyte feed inlet opening having a coiled configuration, and the diameter and length of at least a portion of the electrolyte discharge line adjacent to the electrolyte discharge outlet opening having a coiled configuration, are determined by the equation R=3.14*(D/2)2*X*S V (Volts)—the total voltage in the array of stacks connected in series,I (Amp)—the operating current of each stack,L (%)—approved percentage of shunt current losses in the system,IL (Amp)—current losses by shunt=I*L,R (Ohm)—tubing ionic resistance=V/IL,S (Ohm/cm3)—solution resistance,D (cm)—tubing diameter, andX (cm)—tubing length; or(b) at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte;at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas;one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells comprising an anode, a cathode and a proton conducting membrane disposed between said anode and said cathode; said anode comprising a support and a catalyst dispersed thereon; said cathode comprising a carbon powder or a support and a catalyst dispersed thereon; wherein the catalyst dispersed on said anode support and the catalyst dispersed on said cathode support are the same or different and are capable of catalyzing, in the presence of an electrolyte or mixture of electrolytes, a reaction between a fuel and an oxidant to generate an electric current;wherein said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte is in fluid communication with said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, and said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells are in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte, to form at least an electrolyte circulation loop;wherein said at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas is in fluid communication with said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, and said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells are in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas, to form at least a gas circulation loop;wherein said proton conducting membrane has pores with a diameter size which are smaller than 30 nm and comprises: (i) 5% to 60% by volume of an electrically nonconductive inorganic powder having acid absorption capacity, wherein the powder comprising essentially sub-micron particles; (ii) 5% to 50% by volume of a polymeric binder that is chemically compatible with acid, oxygen and fuel; and (iii) 10 to 90% by volume of an acid or aqueous acid solution;wherein the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells further comprise (i) an electrolyte feed inlet opening and an electrolyte feed line extending from the electrolyte feed inlet opening exteriorly from the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, said electrolyte feed line in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte, for delivery of electrolyte into the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells; and (ii) an electrolyte discharge outlet opening and an electrolyte discharge line extending from the electrolyte discharge outlet opening exteriorly from the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, said electrolyte discharge line in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte, for removal of electrolyte from the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells;wherein at least a portion of the electrolyte feed line adjacent to the electrolyte feed inlet opening has a coiled configuration, and at least a portion of the electrolyte discharge line adjacent to the electrolyte discharge outlet opening has a coiled configuration; andwherein the diameter and length of at least a portion of the electrolyte feed line adjacent to the electrolyte feed inlet opening having a coiled configuration, and the diameter and length of at least a portion of the electrolyte discharge line adjacent to the electrolyte discharge outlet opening having a coiled configuration, are determined by the equation R=3.14*(D/2)2*X*S (Volts)—the total voltage in the array of stacks connected in series,I (Amp)—the operating current of each stack,L (%)—approved percentage of shunt current losses in the system,IL (Amp)—current losses by shunt=I*L,R (Ohm)—tubing ionic resistance=V/IL,S (Ohm/cm3)—solution resistance,D (cm)—tubing diameter, andX (cm)—tubing length. 16. A method for storing and generating energy, said method comprising: (i) providing an energy storage and generation system comprising:at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte;at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas;one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, said regenerative fuel cells comprising a housing; a proton conducting membrane having a first surface and a second surface, disposed in said housing to partition it into an anode side and a cathode side; an anode disposed on said first surface so as to connect said first surface to the anode side; a cathode disposed on said second surface so as to connect said second surface to the cathode side; said anode comprising a support and a catalyst dispersed thereon; said cathode comprising a carbon powder or a support and a catalyst dispersed thereon; wherein the catalyst dispersed on said anode support and the catalyst dispersed on said cathode support are the same or different and are capable of catalyzing, in the presence of an electrolyte or mixture of electrolytes, a charging reaction and a discharging reaction in said regenerative fuel cells;wherein said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte is in fluid communication with said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, and said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells are in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte, to form at least an electrolyte circulation loop;wherein said at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas is in fluid communication with said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, and said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells are in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas, to form at least a gas circulation loop;wherein said proton conducting membrane has pores with a diameter size which are smaller than 30 nm and comprises: (i) 5% to 60% by volume of an electrically nonconductive inorganic powder having acid absorption capacity, wherein the powder comprising essentially sub-micron particles; (ii) 5% to 50% by volume of a polymeric binder that is chemically compatible with acid, oxygen and fuel; and (iii) 10 to 90% by volume of an acid or aqueous acid solution;(ii) storing energy by flowing electrolyte from said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte to said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, oxidizing the electrolyte and producing hydrogen in the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, and flowing the hydrogen to the at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas; and(iii) generating energy by flowing electrolyte from said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte to said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, flowing hydrogen from said at least one vessel suitable for holding a gas to said one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, reducing the electrolyte and oxidizing the hydrogen in the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells;wherein the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells further comprise (i) an electrolyte feed inlet opening and an electrolyte feed line extending from the electrolyte feed inlet opening exteriorly from the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, said electrolyte feed line in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte, for delivery of electrolyte into the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells; and (ii) an electrolyte discharge outlet opening and an electrolyte discharge line extending from the electrolyte discharge outlet opening exteriorly from the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells, said electrolyte discharge line in fluid communication with said at least one vessel suitable for holding an electrolyte, for removal of electrolyte from the one or more stacks of regenerative fuel cells;wherein at least a portion of the electrolyte feed line adjacent to the electrolyte feed inlet opening has a coiled configuration, and at least a portion of the electrolyte discharge line adjacent to the electrolyte discharge outlet opening has a coiled configuration; andwherein the diameter and length of at least a portion of the electrolyte feed line adjacent to the electrolyte feed inlet opening having a coiled configuration, and the diameter and length of at least a portion of the electrolyte discharge line adjacent to the electrolyte discharge outlet opening having a coiled configuration, are determined by the equation R=3.14*(D/2)2*X*S (Volts)—the total voltage in the array of stacks connected in series,I (Amp)—the operating current of each stack,L (%)—approved percentage of shunt current losses in the system,IL (Amp)—current losses by shunt=I*L,R (Ohm)—tubing ionic resistance=V/IL,S (Ohm/cm3)—solution resistance,D (cm)—tubing diameter, andX (cm)—tubing length. 17. The method of claim 16 further comprising maintaining a different electrolyte and gas pressure within a fuel cell stack by: sensing the pressure of electrolyte and gas within the fuel cell stack; andcontrolling the pressure of electrolyte entering the fuel cell stack sufficient to maintain the electrolyte pressure different from the gas pressure within the fuel cell stack. 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the electrolyte pressure is maintained lower than the gas pressure within the fuel cell stack. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein a pressure differential controller in fluid communication with a pressure reducing valve is used for controlling the pressure of electrolyte entering the fuel cell stack sufficient to maintain the electrolyte pressure different from the gas pressure within the fuel cell stack.
연구과제 타임라인
LOADING...
LOADING...
LOADING...
LOADING...
LOADING...
이 특허에 인용된 특허 (9)
Surampudi Subbarao (Glendora CA) Narayanan Sekharipuram R. (Altadena CA) Vamos Eugene (La Canada CA) Frank Harvey A. (Encino CA) Halpert Gerald (Pasadena CA) Olah George A. (Beverly Hills CA) Prakash, Aqueous liquid feed organic fuel cell using solid polymer electrolyte membrane.
Hanrahan Robert J. ; Parker Robin Z. ; Heaton Harley L., Comprehensive system for utility load leveling, hydrogen production, stack gas cleanup, greenhouse gas abatement, and methanol synthesis.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.