In an embodiment, a method of producing a carbonate comprises reacting carbon monoxide and chlorine in a phosgene reactor in the presence of a catalyst to produce a first product comprising phosgene; wherein carbon tetrachloride is present in the first product in an amount of 0 to 10 ppm by volume b
In an embodiment, a method of producing a carbonate comprises reacting carbon monoxide and chlorine in a phosgene reactor in the presence of a catalyst to produce a first product comprising phosgene; wherein carbon tetrachloride is present in the first product in an amount of 0 to 10 ppm by volume based on the total volume of phosgene; and reacting a monohydroxy compound with the phosgene to produce the carbonate; wherein the phosgene reactor comprises a tube, a shell, and a space located between the tube and the shell; wherein the tube comprises one or more of a mini-tube section and a second tube section; a first concentric tube concentrically located in the shell; a twisted tube; an internal scaffold; and an external scaffold.
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1. A method of producing a carbonate, comprising: reacting carbon monoxide and chlorine in a phosgene reactor in the presence of a catalyst to produce a first product comprising phosgene; wherein carbon tetrachloride is present in the first product in an amount of 0 to 10 ppm by volume, based on the
1. A method of producing a carbonate, comprising: reacting carbon monoxide and chlorine in a phosgene reactor in the presence of a catalyst to produce a first product comprising phosgene; wherein carbon tetrachloride is present in the first product in an amount of 0 to 10 ppm by volume, based on the total volume of phosgene; wherein the phosgene reactor is capable of producing greater than or equal to 2,000 kilograms of the first product per hour; wherein the phosgene reactor comprises a tube, a shell, and a space located between the tube and the shell; and wherein the catalyst is disposed in the tube and a cooling medium is located in the space, or the catalyst is disposed in the space and a cooling medium is located in the tube; wherein the tube comprises one or more of a mini-tube section and a second tube section, wherein the second tube section has an increased diameter relative to the mini-tube section; a first concentric tube concentrically located in the shell; a twisted tube; an internal scaffold; and an external scaffold; andreacting a monohydroxy compound with the phosgene to produce the carbonate. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the peak temperature in the phosgene reactor is less than 800° C. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the peak temperature in the phosgene reactor is less than 400° C. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the phosgene reactor has a heat transfer area per unit volume of 100 to 10,000 m2/m3. 5. A method of producing a carbonate, comprising: reacting carbon monoxide and chlorine in a phosgene reactor in the presence of a catalyst to produce a first product comprising phosgene and 0 to 10 ppm by volume of carbon tetrachloride based on the total volume of phosgene; wherein the phosgene reactor is capable of producing greater than or equal to 2,000 kilograms of the first product per hour;wherein the phosgene reactor comprises a tube, a shell, and a space located between the tube and the shell; and wherein the catalyst is disposed in the tube and a cooling medium is located in the space, or the catalyst is disposed in the space and a cooling medium is located in the tube;wherein the tube comprises one or more of a mini-tube section and a second tube section; a first concentric tube concentrically located in the shell; a twisted tube; an internal scaffold; and an external scaffold;wherein if the tube comprises the mini-tube section and the second tube section then the reacting comprises reacting the carbon monoxide and chlorine in the mini-tube section to produce a first tube composition, wherein the mini-tube has an average inner diameter of 0.1 to 10 millimeters; and reacting at least a portion of the first tube composition in the second tube section to produce the first product, wherein the second tube section comprises an increased diameter tube with an average diameter greater than the mini-tube; andreacting a monohydroxy compound with the phosgene to produce the carbonate. 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the tube comprises the mini-tube section and the second tube section; and wherein the average inner diameter of the increased diameter tube is greater than 6 millimeters. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the tube comprises the first concentric tube concentrically located in the shell. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the first concentric tube has a multi-petal cross-sectional geometry. 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the tube comprises the first concentric tube and further comprises a second concentric tube, wherein the first concentric tube and the second concentric tube are located within the shell, and a cooling medium is located between an outer wall of the second tube and an inner wall of the shell. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the tube comprises the twisted tube, and wherein the twisted tube has a major diameter and a minor diameter and a ratio of the major diameter to the minor diameter is 1:1 to 20:1. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the twisted tube has a major diameter and a minor diameter and wherein the major diameter and the minor diameter are each independently greater than or equal to 5 mm. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the twisted tube has a smooth helical shape, a jagged helical shape, a wavy shape, a bulging shape, or a combination comprising one or more of the forgoing. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the tube comprises the internal scaffold, and wherein the internal scaffold comprises one or both of an internal insert and an internal fin. 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the internal insert, the internal fin, or both comprises an internal scaffolding element, wherein the internal scaffolding element comprises a perpendicular element, an inner element, an angled element, or a combination comprising one or more of the foregoing. 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the tube comprises the external scaffold, and wherein the external scaffold comprises one or both of an external insert and an external fin. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein the external insert, the external fin, or both comprises an external scaffolding element and wherein the external scaffolding element comprises a helical element, an annular element, a studded element, a serrated element, a wire element, a cut helical element, a cut annular element, a wavy helical element, a slotted wavy helical element, a slotted helical element, or a combination comprising one or more of the foregoing. 17. The method of claim 1, wherein phosgene reactor is capable of producing greater than or equal to 4,000 k/hr of product. 18. The method of claim 5, wherein the tube comprises the mini-tube section and the second tube section. 19. A method of producing a carbonate, comprising: reacting carbon monoxide and chlorine in a phosgene reactor in the presence of a catalyst to produce a first product comprising phosgene and 0 to 10 ppm by volume of carbon tetrachloride based on the total volume of phosgene; wherein the catalyst comprises an active metal comprising one or more transition metals of Groups 3 to 10 of the Periodic Table, boron, aluminum, silicon, or a combination comprising one or more of the foregoing; wherein the peak temperature in the phosgene reactor is less than 800° C.; wherein the phosgene reactor has a heat transfer area per unit volume of 100 to 10,000 m2/m3; wherein the phosgene reactor is capable of producing greater than or equal to 2,000 kilograms of the first product per hour;wherein the phosgene reactor comprises at least one tube, a shell, and a space located between the tube and the shell; and wherein the catalyst is disposed in the tube and a cooling medium is located in the space, or the catalyst is disposed in the space and a cooling medium is located in the tube;wherein the tube comprises one or more of a mini-tube section and a second tube section, wherein the second tube section has an increased diameter relative to the mini-tube section; a first concentric tube concentrically located in the shell; a twisted tube; an internal scaffold; and an external scaffold; andreacting a monohydroxy compound with the phosgene to produce the carbonate. 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the phosgene reactor comprises 1 to 1,200 of the tubes.
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