A spectrometer includes a light source that emits a beam into a sample volume comprising an absorbing medium. Thereafter, at least one detector detects at least a portion of the beam emitted by the light source. It is later determined, based on the detected at least a portion of the beam and by a co
A spectrometer includes a light source that emits a beam into a sample volume comprising an absorbing medium. Thereafter, at least one detector detects at least a portion of the beam emitted by the light source. It is later determined, based on the detected at least a portion of the beam and by a controller, that a position and/or an angle of the beam should be changed. The beam emitted by the light source is then actively steered by an actuation element under control of the controller. In addition, a concentration of the absorbing media can be quantified or otherwise calculated (using the controller or optionally a different processor that can be local or remote). The actuation element(s) can be coupled to one or more of the light source, a detector or detectors, and a reflector or reflectors intermediate the light source and the detector(s).
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1. An apparatus comprising: a light source configured to emit a beam into a sample volume comprising an absorbing medium;at least one detector positioned to detect at least a portion of the beam emitted by the light source;at least one actuation element configured to selectively cause the beam emitt
1. An apparatus comprising: a light source configured to emit a beam into a sample volume comprising an absorbing medium;at least one detector positioned to detect at least a portion of the beam emitted by the light source;at least one actuation element configured to selectively cause the beam emitted by the light source to be steered; anda controller coupled to the at least one actuation element, the controller performing operations comprising: determining that a path of the beam should be steered based on at least one of an intensity level and a position of the beam detected by the at least one detector, the determining comprising identifying a divergence of the path of the beam and/or an optical diffraction and/or an interference along the path of the beam; andcontrolling the at least one actuation element to cause the beam to be steered to correct the determined divergence and/or the optical diffraction and/or the interference along the path of the beam, the beam being steered in response to a position and/or an angle that such beam is detected by the at least one detector. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one actuation element is coupled to the light source. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one actuation element is coupled to the at least one detector. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one actuation element is coupled to at least one of a transmissive or reflective optical element intermediate the light source and the at least one detector. 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the at least one actuation element causes at least one of the transmissive or reflective optical element to translate along a z-axis to change an overall beam path length. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the absorbing medium comprises at least one of: gas, liquid, reflective media, emitting media, or Raman active media. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a housing defining the sample volume. 8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the housing defines a sample cell that comprises at least one of a multiple-pass configuration in which the light is reflected between one or more optically reflective mirrors while the light remains inside the sample cell, a multiple-pass configuration in which the light is reflected and/or refracted by one or more optical elements while the light remains inside the sample cell, a Herriot Cell, an on-axis optical resonator, an elliptical light collector, an at least one reflection multipass cell, an off-axis optical resonator, a White cell, an optical cavity, a hollow core light guide, or a single pass configuration in which the light is not being reflected while the light remains inside the sample cell. 9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the sample volume forms part of an open path system. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one actuation element comprises at least one piezo element. 11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one actuation element comprises at least one element selected from a group consisting of: stepper motors, electro-optical actuators, acousto-optical actuators, a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) actuation devices, an inch-worm, a mechanical actuator, a magnetic actuator, an electrostatic actuator, an inductive actuator, a rotary actuator, a heated actuator, a pressure actuator, a stress and strain actuator, or an analog motor. 12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one actuation element comprises or is coupled to at least one element selected from a group consisting of: a prism, an etalon, a lens, gratings, a diffractive optical element, a reflector, a birefringent element, a crystal element, an amorphous element, an electro-optic element, an acousto-optic element, an optical window, an optical wedge, a waveguide, an adjustable waveguide, an electrically manipulated waveguide, or an air waveguide. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the beam is steered to a pre-defined x-y position along the at least one detector. 14. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the beam is steered to a pre-defined x-y angle along the at least one detector. 15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller causes the beam to be maintained at one or more of (i) a pre-defined x-y position along the at least one detector or (ii) a pre-defined x-y angle along the at least one detector. 16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one detector comprises an array of photoreceivers. 17. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one detector comprises a multi-element photoreceiver. 18. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one detector comprises at least one position sensing photodiode. 19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises at least one of a tunable diode laser, a tunable semiconductor laser, a quantum cascade laser, an intra-band cascade laser (ICL) a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL), a horizontal cavity surface emitting laser (HCSEL), a distributed feedback laser, a light emitting diode (LED), a super-luminescent diode, an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source, a gas discharge laser, a liquid laser, a solid state laser, a fiber laser, a color center laser, an incandescent lamp, a discharge lamp, a thermal emitter, or a device capable of generating frequency tunable light through nonlinear optical interactions. 20. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one detector comprises at least one of an indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) detector, an indium arsenide (InAs) detector, an indium phosphide (InP) detector, a silicon (Si) detector, a silicon germanium (SiGe) detector, a germanium (Ge) detector, a mercury cadmium telluride detector (HgCdTe or MCT), a lead sulfide (PbS) detector, a lead selenide (Pb Se) detector, a thermopile detector, a multi-element array detector, a single element detector, a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) detector, a CCD (charge coupled device detector) detector, or a photo-multiplier. 21. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one actuation element is coupled to a reflector and is configured to selectively cause at least one reflective property of the reflector to change. 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the at least one actuation element causes the reflector to translate along a z-axis to change an overall beam path length. 23. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one actuation element causes the light source to translate along a z-axis to change an overall beam path length. 24. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one actuation element causes the at least one detector to translate along a z-axis to change an overall beam path length. 25. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein steering of the beam comprises changing an overall beam path length. 26. An apparatus comprising: a light source configured to emit a beam into a sample volume comprising an absorbing medium;at least one detector positioned to detect at least a portion of the beam emitted by the light source;at least one actuation element intermediate the light source and the at least one detector configured to selectively cause the beam emitted by the light source to be steered; anda controller coupled to the at least one actuation element, the controller performing operations comprising: determining that a path of the beam should be steered based on at least one of an intensity level and a position of the beam detected by the at least one detector, the determining comprising identifying a divergence of the path of the beam and/or an optical diffraction and/or an interference along the path of the beam; andcontrolling the at least one actuation element to cause the beam to be steered to correct the determined divergence and/or the optical diffraction and/or the interference along the path of the beam, the beam being steered in response to a position and/or an angle that such beam is detected by the at least one detector. 27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the at least one actuation element comprises at least one element selected from a group consisting of: a prism, an etalon, a lens, gratings, a diffractive optical element, a reflector, a birefringent element, a crystal element, an amorphous element, an electro-optic element, an acousto-optic element, an optical window, an optical wedge, a waveguide, an adjustable waveguide, an electrically manipulated waveguide, or an air waveguide. 28. A method comprising: emitting, by a light source, a beam into a sample volume comprising an absorbing medium;detecting, by at least one detector, at least a portion of the beam emitted by the light source;determining, based on the detected at least a portion of the beam and by a controller, that a position and/or an angle of the beam should be changed, the determining being based on at least one of an intensity level and a position of the beam detected by the at least one detector, the determining comprising identifying a divergence of the path of the beam and/or an optical diffraction and/or an interference along the path of the beam; andselectively steering, by at least one actuation element under control of the controller, the beam emitted by the light source to correct the determined divergence and/or the optical diffraction and/or the interference along the path of the beam. 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the at least one actuation element is coupled to the light source and causes a position and/or an angle of the light source to change. 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the at least one actuation element is coupled to the at least one detector and causes a position and/or an angle of the at least one detector to change. 31. The method of claim 28, wherein the at least one actuation element is coupled to at least one reflector positioned intermediate the light source and the at least one detector and causes a reflective property of the at least one reflector to change. 32. The method of claim 28, wherein the at least one actuation element is coupled to at least one of a transmissive or reflective optical element or a waveguide intermediate the light source and the at least one detector. 33. The method of claim 28, wherein the at least one actuation element is coupled to at least two of (i) the light source, (ii) the at least one detector, (iii) at least one reflector, or (iv) the at least one transmissive or reflective light beam actuation element intermediate the light source and the at least one detector. 34. The method of claim 28, wherein the at least one actuation element is intermediate the light source and the at least one detector. 35. A method comprising: causing a light source to emit a beam into a sample volume comprising an absorbing medium;receiving a signal from at least one detector characterizing detection of at least a portion of the beam emitted by the light source;determining, based on the received signal, that a position and/or an angle of the beam should be changed, the determining being based on at least one of an intensity level and a position of the beam detected by the at least one detector, the determining comprising identifying a divergence of the path of the beam and/or an optical diffraction and/or an interference along the path of the beam; andcausing at least one actuation element to selectively steer the beam emitted by the light source to correct the determined divergence and/or the optical diffraction and/or the interference along the path of the beam.
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이 특허에 인용된 특허 (1)
Brand Joel A. ; Monlux Garth A. ; Zmarzly Patrick ; Fetzer Gregory J. ; Halsted Benjamin C. ; Groff Kenneth W. ; Lee Jamine ; Goldstein Neil ; Richtsmeier Steven ; Bien Fritz, Method and apparatus for in situ gas concentration measurement.
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