Method and apparatus for controlling the volume of air or air and non-combusted fuel mixture inside a combustion chamber and cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The apparatus includes an inlet-outlet portal having open and closed states and connected to air or air and non-combusted fuel sourc
Method and apparatus for controlling the volume of air or air and non-combusted fuel mixture inside a combustion chamber and cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The apparatus includes an inlet-outlet portal having open and closed states and connected to air or air and non-combusted fuel source(s), and a combustion chamber with reduced volume. The inlet-outlet portal is controlled, when open, to permit air or air and non-combusted fuel mixture to enter or enter and exit the combustion chamber and cylinder and when closed to prevent air or air and non-combusted fuel mixture from entering or exiting the chamber and cylinder, in which the volume of air or air and non-combusted fuel mixture located inside the chamber and cylinder when the inlet-outlet portal closes, is less than the volume of the combustion chamber and cylinder defined when the piston is at the bottom dead center position inside the cylinder when the inlet-outlet portal is closed.
대표청구항▼
1. Apparatus for controlling the volume of air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture inside a cylinder of an internal combustion engine, comprising: an inlet-outlet portal having open and closed states and connected to air or an air and non-combusted fuel source;a piston housed within a cylinder
1. Apparatus for controlling the volume of air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture inside a cylinder of an internal combustion engine, comprising: an inlet-outlet portal having open and closed states and connected to air or an air and non-combusted fuel source;a piston housed within a cylinder of the engine, the piston being movable within the cylinder through a stroke volume defined between a top dead center position and a bottom dead center position;a combustion chamber of the cylinder having a combustion chamber volume defined by the piston when the piston is in the top dead center position;a cam having a rotational position fixedly offset with respect to the bottom dead center position of the piston, wherein the cam controls the closing times of the inlet-outlet portal such that the engine has a compression ratio which is less than an expansion ratio thereof and wherein the cam controls the inlet-outlet portal such that when open, the inlet-output portal permits air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture to enter or enter and exit the cylinder and when closed, the inlet-outlet portal prevents air or an air non-combusted fuel mixture from entering or exiting the cylinder, wherein the volume of air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture located inside the cylinder when the inlet-outlet portal closes defines a modified stroke volume that is less than the stroke volume, wherein the difference between the modified stroke volume and the stroke volume defines a stroke volume reduction; andan incompressible member defining an incompressible member volume and being located inside the combustion chamber and fixedly attached to an inside of the combustion chamber to reduce the volume of the combustion chamber, the incompressible member being separate and distinct from the piston,wherein the ratio of the incompressible member volume to the combustion chamber volume is the same as the ratio of the stroke volume reduction to the stroke volume. 2. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the inlet-outlet portal remains open for at least a portion of a compression stroke as the piston moves from the bottom dead center position towards the top dead center position permitting air or air and fuel out of the cylinder. 3. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the inlet-outlet portal is closed during at least a portion of the intake stroke as the piston moves from the top dead center position towards the bottom dead center position preventing further air or fuel and air from entering the cylinder. 4. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the cam and inlet-outlet portal are arranged such that the inlet-outlet portal closes during the compression stroke of the piston when the piston head has moved to a position of between 30% to 60% of the distance from the bottom dead center position towards the top dead center position. 5. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the cam and inlet-outlet portal are arranged such that the inlet-outlet portal closes during the intake stroke when the piston head has moved to a position of between 40% to 70% of the distance from the top dead center position towards the bottom dead center position. 6. An internal combustion engine comprising: at least one cylinder;a piston housed within each cylinder, the piston being movable within the cylinder through a stroke volume defined between a top dead center position and a bottom dead center position;a combustion chamber of each cylinder, each combustion chamber having a combustion chamber volume defined by the piston when the piston is in the top dead center position;at least one inlet-outlet portal for each combustion chamber having open and closed states and connected to air or air and non-combusted fuel sources;a rotatable cam having a rotational position fixedly offset with respect to the bottom dead center position of the piston to control each inlet-outlet portal by the cam controlling the closing times of the inlet-outlet portal such that the engine has a compression ratio which is less than the expansion ratio, wherein the volume of air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture located inside the cylinder when the inlet-outlet portal closes defines a modified stroke volume that is less than the stroke volume, wherein the difference between the modified stroke volume and the stroke volume defines a stroke volume reduction; andan incompressible member defining an incompressible member volume and being located inside the combustion chamber and fixedly attached to an inside of the combustion chamber to reduce the volume of the combustion chamber, the incompressible member being separate and distinct from the piston,wherein the ratio of the incompressible member volume to the combustion chamber volume is the same as the ratio of the stroke volume reduction to the stroke volume. 7. A method for controlling volume of air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture inside a cylinder of an internal combustion engine comprising a piston housed within the cylinder, the piston being movable within the cylinder through a stroke volume defined between a top dead center position and a bottom dead center position, a combustion chamber of the cylinder having a combustion chamber volume defined by the piston when the piston is in the top dead center position, the method comprising: controlling an inlet-outlet portal having open and closed states and connected to air or air and a non-combusted fuel source;placing an incompressible member that defines an incompressible member volume and is separate and distinct from the piston inside the combustion chamber to reduce the volume of the combustion chamber;fixedly attaching the incompressible member to an inside of the combustion chamber;wherein a cam having a rotational position fixedly offset with respect to the bottom dead center of the piston controls the closing times of the inlet-outlet portal such that the engine has a compression ratio which is less than the expansion ratio by the cam controlling the inlet-outlet portal when closed to prevent air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture from entering or exiting the cylinder, wherein the volume of air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture located inside the cylinder when the inlet-outlet portal closes defines a modified stroke volume that is less than the stroke volume, wherein the difference between the modified stroke volume and the stroke volume defines a stroke volume reduction,wherein the ratio of the incompressible member volume to the combustion chamber volume is the same as the ratio of the stroke volume reduction to the stroke volume. 8. A method according to claim 7 in which the inlet-outlet portal remains open for at least a portion of a compression stroke as the piston moves from the bottom dead center position towards the top dead center position permitting air or air and fuel out of the cylinder. 9. A method according to claim 7 in which the inlet-outlet portal closes during at least a portion of the intake stroke as the piston moves from the top dead center position towards the bottom dead center position preventing further air or fuel and air from entering the cylinder. 10. A method according to claim 7 in which a cam and spring are arranged to control the portal such that the portal closes during the compression stroke of the piston when the piston has moved to a position of between 30% to 60% of the distance from the bottom dead center position towards the top dead center position, or in which a cam and spring are arranged to control the portal such that the portal closes during the intake stroke when the piston has moved to a position of between 40% to 70% of the distance from the top dead center position towards the bottom dead center position. 11. Apparatus according to claim 1 in which the volume of air or air and non-combusted fuel located inside the cylinder when the inlet-outlet portal closes during one cycle of the engine is approximately the same as the volume of air or air and non-combusted fuel located inside the cylinder when the inlet-outlet portal closes during all subsequent cycles of the engine. 12. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the control apparatus controls the inlet-outlet portal such that the closing time of the inlet-outlet portal is approximately constant during all cycles of the engine. 13. Apparatus according to claim 1 further comprising an engine head configured to determine the volume of the combustion chamber. 14. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an exhaust valve wherein the exhaust valve is biased towards a closed position during the compression stroke. 15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the cam comprises a Cartesian oval arranged to extend or reduce the opening times of the inlet-outlet portal. 16. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a second cam for controlling the opening and closing time of an exhaust valve wherein the of the second cam is different from the of the first cam. 17. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a second cam for controlling the opening and closing time of an exhaust valve wherein the rotational position of the second cam is offset compared to the rotational position of the first cam and preferably wherein the rotational offset of the two cams is 22.5 degrees. 18. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a second cam for controlling the opening and closing time of an exhaust valve wherein the of the second cam has an increased or reduced circular span that controls the opening and closing of the inlet outlet portals compared to the of the first cam. 19. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a second cam for controlling the opening and closing time of an exhaust valve wherein the of the second cam extends opening of the inlet-outlet port for the duration of the movement of the piston. 20. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a second cam for controlling the opening and closing time of an exhaust valve wherein second cam has a longitudinal dimension which is greater than the corresponding longitudinal dimension of the first cam. 21. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a second cam for controlling the opening and closing time of an exhaust valve wherein first cam has a longitudinal dimension which is greater than the corresponding longitudinal dimension of the second cam and wherein the first cam has a transverse dimension which is greater than the corresponding transverse dimension of the second cam. 22. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a second cam for controlling the opening and closing time of an exhaust valve wherein first cam has a longitudinal dimension which is greater than the corresponding longitudinal dimension of the second cam and wherein the first cam has a transverse dimension which is less than the corresponding transverse dimension of the second cam. 23. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising an exhaust valve wherein the exhaust valve is biased towards a closed position during the compression stroke. 24. The internal combustion engine of claim 6 wherein a duration of operation of the at least one inlet-outlet portal is approximately 135 angular degrees such that the inlet-outlet portal is open for about 250 to about 280 angular degrees of a full revolution of the crankshaft, wherein the cam has a cross-section that is substantially that of a Cartesian oval, wherein fuel injection to the engine is controlled in a manner to sustain a substantially constant and predetermined pressure while the at least one piston moves from about 20% to about 30% of a distance from the top dead center position of the piston towards the bottom dead center position, wherein the engine is provided as a fuel injection type diesel engine. 25. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the expansion ratio is less than twice the compression ratio. 26. The internal combustion engine of claim 6 wherein the expansion ratio is less than twice the compression ratio. 27. A method according to claim 7 wherein the expansion ratio is less than twice the compression ratio. 28. Apparatus for controlling the volume of air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture inside a cylinder of an internal combustion engine, the apparatus comprising: a cylinder;a piston housed within the cylinder, the piston being movable within the cylinder through a stroke volume defined between a top dead center position and a bottom dead center position;a combustion chamber of the cylinder having a combustion chamber volume defined by surfaces of the cylinder and the piston when the piston is in the top dead center position;an additional, incompressible member defining an incompressible member volume and being fixedly attached to a surface of the cylinder that defines the combustion chamber volume to reduce the combustion chamber volume; andan inlet-outlet portal of the combustion chamber, the inlet-outlet portal having open and closed states and connected to air or an air and non-combusted fuel source, wherein, when open, the inlet-output portal permits air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture to enter or enter and exit the combustion chamber and, when closed, the inlet-outlet portal prevents air or an air non-combusted fuel mixture from entering or exiting the combustion chamber, in which the volume of air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture located inside the cylinder when the inlet-outlet portal closes defines a modified stroke volume that is less than the stroke volume, wherein the difference between the modified stroke volume and the stroke volume defines a stroke volume reduction, such that the engine has a compression ratio which is less than the expansion ratio,wherein the ratio of the incompressible member volume to the combustion chamber volume is the same as the ratio of the stroke volume reduction to the stroke volume. 29. The apparatus of claim 28, further comprising a cam arranged to couple the piston to a crank shaft of the internal combustion engine, the cam having a cam profile which controls the opening and closing times of the inlet-outlet portal, the cam profile having a rotational position fixedly offset with respect to the bottom dead center position of the piston. 30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the cam profile controls the closing times of the inlet-outlet portal such that the expansion ratio is less than twice the compression ratio. 31. A method of controlling the volume of air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture inside a cylinder of an internal combustion engine, the combustion engine including a cylinder, a piston housed within the cylinder, the piston being movable within the cylinder through a stroke volume defined between a top dead center position and a bottom dead center position, a combustion chamber of the cylinder having a combustion chamber volume defined by surfaces of the cylinder and the piston when the piston is in the top dead center position, and an inlet-outlet portal of the combustion chamber, the inlet-outlet portal having open and closed states and connected to air or an air and non-combusted fuel source, wherein, when open, the inlet-output portal permits air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture to enter or enter and exit the combustion chamber and, when closed, the inlet-outlet portal prevents air or an air non-combusted fuel mixture from entering or exiting the combustion chamber, the method comprising: fixedly attaching an incompressible member defining an incompressible member volume to a surface of the cylinder that defines the combustion chamber volume to reduce the combustion chamber volume; andcontrolling the inlet-outlet portal such that the volume of air or an air and non-combusted fuel mixture located inside the cylinder when the inlet-outlet portal closes defines a modified stroke volume that is less than the stroke volume, wherein the difference between the modified stroke volume and the stroke volume defines a stroke volume reduction, such that the engine has a compression ratio which is less than the expansion ratio,wherein the ratio of the incompressible member volume to the combustion chamber volume is the same as the ratio of the stroke volume reduction to the stroke volume. 32. The apparatus of claim 31, wherein the step of controlling includes controlling the timing of the inlet-outlet portal such that the expansion ratio is less than twice the compression ratio. 33. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the surface of the cylinder at which the additional, incompressible member is fixedly attached is a side wall. 34. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the additional, incompressible member is not located at a polar region of the combustion chamber. 35. An internal combustion engine including the apparatus of claim 28 and a spark plug in communication with the combustion chamber. 36. The internal combustion engine of claim 35, wherein the spark plug is located at a first end of the combustion chamber, wherein the surface of the piston when the piston is in the top dead center position is located at a second end of the combustion chamber opposite the first end, and wherein the additional, incompressible member is located between the first and second ends of the combustion chamber. 37. The internal combustion engine of claim 35, wherein the spark plug is located at a first end of the combustion chamber, wherein the surface of the piston when the piston is in the top dead center position is located at a second end of the combustion chamber opposite the first end, and wherein the surface of the cylinder to which the additional, incompressible member is fixedly attached extends between the first and second ends of the combustion chamber. 38. The apparatus of claim 28, further comprising a second additional, incompressible member fixedly attached to the surface of the cylinder that defines the combustion chamber volume to reduce the combustion chamber volume. 39. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a surface of the cylinder at which the incompressible member is fixedly attached is a side wall. 40. The internal combustion engine of claim 6, wherein a surface of the cylinder at which the incompressible member is fixedly attached is a side wall. 41. The method of claim 7, wherein a surface of the cylinder at which the incompressible member is fixedly attached is a side wall.
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