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The development and construction of implantable artificial organs, and a process for manufacturing three-dimensional polymer microscale and nanoscale structures for use as scaffolds in the growth of biological structures such as hollow organs, luminal structures, or other structures within the body

The development and construction of implantable artificial organs, and a process for manufacturing three-dimensional polymer microscale and nanoscale structures for use as scaffolds in the growth of biological structures such as hollow organs, luminal structures, or other structures within the body are disclosed.

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1. An implantable artificial organ scaffold comprising: one or more electrospun fibers, each fiber comprising a polymer and a radio opaque compound;wherein the one or more electrospun fibers are formed into a layer having a fiber orientation selected from the group consisting of substantially parall

1. An implantable artificial organ scaffold comprising: one or more electrospun fibers, each fiber comprising a polymer and a radio opaque compound;wherein the one or more electrospun fibers are formed into a layer having a fiber orientation selected from the group consisting of substantially parallel, randomly oriented, and a combination thereof, wherein the layer has a fiber spacing from about 2 μm to about 50 μm; andwherein the implantable artificial organ scaffold is formed into a luminal structure having an interior surface that is smooth on the microscale. 2. The implantable artificial organ scaffold of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of biological cells seeded on the scaffold, the biological cells selected from the group consisting of cord blood cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent cells, mesenchymal cells, placental cells, bone marrow derived cells, hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblast cells, chondrocyte cells, and combinations thereof. 3. The implantable artificial organ scaffold of claim 1, wherein the luminal structure has a shape of a biological organ selected from the group consisting of an esophagus, a small intestine, a large intestine, a duodenum, and a jejunum. 4. The implantable artificial organ scaffold of claim 1, further comprising a supportive material. 5. The implantable artificial organ scaffold of claim 4, wherein the supportive material comprises simulated cartilage. 6. A method of fabricating an implantable artificial organ scaffold, the method comprising: depositing, by electrospinning, a layer of one or more fibers comprising a polymer and a radio opaque compound onto a preform, wherein the layer has a fiber orientation selected from the group consisting of substantially parallel, randomly oriented, and a combination thereof, wherein the layer has a fiber spacing from about 2 μm to about 50 μm and wherein the layer is formed into a luminal structure having an interior surface that is smooth on the microscale; andremoving the layer from the preform. 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the preform has a shape based on a biological organ selected from the group consisting of an esophagus, a small intestine, a large intestine, a duodenum, and a jejunum. 8. The method of claim 6, further comprising seeding a plurality of biological cells onto the layer. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the biological cells are selected from the group consisting of cord blood cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent cells, mesenchymal cells, placental cells, bone marrow derived cells, hematopoietic cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblast cells, chondrocyte cells, and combinations thereof. 10. The method of claim 6, further comprising subjecting the layer to a mechanical stress. 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the electrospinning comprises: extruding a polymer solution from a fiberization tip;creating an electronic field proximate to the fiberization tip; andproviding a ground or opposite polarity to the preform. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the polymer solution comprises a polymer and one or more radio opaque compounds. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the polymer solution comprises a polymer and one or more of fluorescence compounds, anti-bacterial compounds, growth hormones, conductive compounds, ceramic compounds, and metallic compounds.