초록 ▼

Ⅰ. 인삼의 환경친화적 제초기술 개발
1. 연구결과
1) 우리 나라 고려인삼의 주요 재배지역인 5개 도의 인삼재배포에서 발생되는 우점잡초는 각도에 따라 다소 다른 경향을 보이지만 주로 명아주, 벼룩나물, 여뀌 등이 우점잡초였으며, 차우점잡초는 망초, 속속이풀, 둑새풀이었다. 또한 인삼재배포 통로에서는 여뀌, 벼룩나물, 명아주 등이 우점잡초, 쑥, 피, 개망초 등이 차우점잡초로 발생되었다.
전국 인삼포와 통로의 잡초발생 유사성은 78.2%로 다소 높은 유사성을 보였으며, 인삼포의 Simpson지수는 0.059로 낮아

Ⅰ. 인삼의 환경친화적 제초기술 개발
1. 연구결과
1) 우리 나라 고려인삼의 주요 재배지역인 5개 도의 인삼재배포에서 발생되는 우점잡초는 각도에 따라 다소 다른 경향을 보이지만 주로 명아주, 벼룩나물, 여뀌 등이 우점잡초였으며, 차우점잡초는 망초, 속속이풀, 둑새풀이었다. 또한 인삼재배포 통로에서는 여뀌, 벼룩나물, 명아주 등이 우점잡초, 쑥, 피, 개망초 등이 차우점잡초로 발생되었다.
전국 인삼포와 통로의 잡초발생 유사성은 78.2%로 다소 높은 유사성을 보였으며, 인삼포의 Simpson지수는 0.059로 낮아 잡초가 매우 다양하게 발생하는 것을 나타냈으며, 통로의 Simpson지수도 0.057로 낮고 잡초의 Simpson다양성지수는 매우 높게 나타나 잡초발생이 매우 다양한 것으로 나타났다.
2) 답전윤환인삼포에서는 벼룩나물, 명아주, 망초, 통로에서는 벼룩나물, 여뀌, 명아주가 우점잡초로 발생되었다. 산간지에서는 명아주, 냉이, 여뀌, 통로에서는 여뀌, 명아주, 망초가 우점잡초로 발생되었다. 중산간지에서는 명아주, 피, 여뀌, 통로에서는 명아주, 벼룩나물, 피가 우점잡초로 발생되었다.
3) 직파재배인삼포에서는 명아주, 피, 개망초가 우점잡초, 벼룩나물, 여뀌, 쑥이 차우점잡초로 발생되었으며, 통로에서는 벼룩나물, 여뀌, 명아주가 우점잡초, 망초, 주름잎, 둑새풀이 차우점잡초로 발생되었다. 이식재배포에서는 명아주, 여뀌, 벼룩나물이 우점잡초, 망초, 피, 왕고들빼기가 차우점잡초, 통로에서는 여뀌, 명아주, 망초가 우점잡초, 벼룩나물, 쑥, 속속이풀이 차우점 잡초로 발생되었다.
4) 해가림형식은 개량식, 금산식, 관행식으로 나누어 조사한 결과, 개량식의 상면에서는 명아주, 여뀌, 쇠별꽃, 통로는 벼룩나물, 명아주, 망초가 우점잡초로 발생되었다. 금산식 해가림에서는 명아주, 벼룩나물, 여뀌, 통로는 망초, 여뀌, 명아주, 벼룩나물이 우점잡초로 발생되었다. 관행해가림에서는 주로 경북, 경기에서 주로 행해지고 있으며, 상면의 우점잡초는 벼룩나물, 망초, 속속이풀, 통로에서는 피, 어저귀, 명아주, 여뀌가 우점잡초로 발생되었다.
5) 인삼포의 차광재료에 따른 잡초발생을 살펴보면, 주로 P.E. 차광망으로 차광한 재배포에서는 명아주, 망초, 쇠별꽃, 우점잡초로 발생되었으며, 벼룩나물, 여뀌가 차우점잡초로 발생되었다. 통로에서는 벼룩나물, 여뀌, 명아주, 망초가 우점 잡초로 발생되었다. P.E. 차광망 + 비투수성 비닐 등으로 차광한 재배포에서는 명아주, 여뀌, 쇠뜨기가 우점잡초, 쑥, 닭의장풀, 망초가 차우점잡초로 발생되었으며, 통로에서는 벼룩나물, 여뀌, 명아주가 우점잡초로 발생되었다. 볏짚으로만 차광한 재배포에서는 여뀌, 벼룩나물, 별꽃이 우점잡초, 명아주, 피, 속속이풀이 차우점잡초이었으며, 통로는 망초, 주름잎, 여뀌, 명아주가 우점잡초로 발생되었다.
6) 인삼포의 피복종류에 따른 잡초발생은 볏짚이엉을 상면에 피복한 경우 명아주, 벼룩나물, 여뀌, 망초가 우점잡초, 피, 둑새풀, 쑥이 차우점잡초이었으며, 통로에서는 여뀌, 피, 명아주가 우점잡초로 발생되었다. 왕겨를 피복한 재배포에서는 여뀌, 피, 쇠별꽃이 우점잡초, 닭의장풀, 바랭이, 망초가 차우점잡초로 발생되었으며, 통로에서는 쑥, 망초, 둑새풀이 우점잡초로 발생되었다. 고년근 재배포에서는 피복한 볏짚이엉 등이 재배 년수가 경과될수록 부식되어 없어지거나 매우 조금 남아 있었으며, 쇠뜨기, 벼룩나물, 명아주가 우점잡초로 발생되었으며, 통로에서는 벼룩나물, 여뀌, 보리뺑이가 우점잡초로 발생되었다.
7) 1∼2년생 고려인삼재배포에서는 명아주, 피, 여뀌가 우점잡초이고 통로에서 여뀌, 명아주, 피가 우점잡초로 발생되었다. 3∼4년생 재배포에서도 벼룩나물, 피, 여뀌가 우점하였고, 통로에는 망초, 여뀌, 벼룩나물이 우점잡초로 발생되었다. 5∼6년생 재배포에서는 벼룩나물, 여뀌, 명아주가 우점잡초, 통로에서는 벼룩나물, 쑥, 여뀌가 우점잡초로 발생되었다. 고년근이 될수록 상면에 잡초발생이 감소하였으며 상면과 통로에서의 잡초는 주로 벼룩나물, 여뀌, 명아주가 우점잡초로 발생되었다.
8) 토양처리제초제를 선발한 결과, Metolachlor, Metolachlor+Promethalin은 표준, 2배량 뿐만 아니라 4배량에서도 지상부와 뿌리의 생장억제가 없이 인삼에 가장 안전한 제초제로 입증되었다. 또한 Ethalfluralin도 Metolachlor+Pendimethalin과 같이 인삼 뿌리의 생장에 영향을 주지 않았으나 4배량에서 인삼의 지상부 생장이 약간 억제되었을 뿐 매우 안전한 제초제로 판명되었다.
9) 공시된 경엽처리제초제 중에서 Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl와 Propaquizafop은 표준, 2배, 4배량 농도에서도 인삼에 약해 없이 인삼은 정상적으로 생장하였다. Haloxyfop-R-methyl도 Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl와 비슷한 결과를 보였으나 전반적으로 인삼의 생장이 다소 억제되는 경향이었다. 그리고 Sethoxydim, Clethodim과 Fluazipfop-butyl은 2배량이상 농도에서 약해를 나타냈다. 한편 2,4-D와 Fluazifop-P-butyl은 약해가 심하였으며, Bentazon은 표준농도에서도 완전고사되었다.
10) 멀칭종류에 따른 잡초의 생육량을 살펴보면, 볏짚 멀칭에 비하여 왕겨 +비닐 멀칭에서는 잡초생장이 91.6% 억제되었고, 볏짚+차광망 멀칭에서도 59.7% 생장이 억제되었다. 볏짚+비닐 멀칭에서는 41.9%억제되었으나 차광망만 멀칭한 경우에는 생장억제율이 16%로 미미하였다. 따라서 인삼재배에서 멀칭에 의한 잡초방제방법은 왕겨+비닐 멀칭이 가장 적합한 것으로 나타냈다.
11) 고려인삼재배포의 통로에서 비선택성제초제 Glufosinate, Glyphosate, Paraquat, Sulfosate에서 모두 100%의 방제가를 나타냈다. 효과적인 고려인 삼재배포 통로의 잡초방제를 위해서는 년간 2회의 처리가 필요한 것으로 사료된다. 또한 검정비닐 멀칭과 부직포에서도 잡초가 거의 발생되지 않아 100%의 방제가를 나타냈다.
12) 전국적으로 조사된 180개 포장중에서 49포장에서 우산이끼가 발생되었으며, 우산이끼는 5-6년생 인삼포에서 가장 많이 발생되었고 3-4년생 인삼포에서도 비교적 많이 발생되었으나 1-2년생 인삼포에서는 거의 발생되지 않았다.
13) 폿트실험 결과, Quinoclamine은 90g/10a, Simetryne, Simazine, Prometryne은 각각 30, 100, 100g/10a에서 우수한 제초효과를 나타냈으나 비선택성 제초제는 모두 4배량의 농도에서 높은 제초효과를 보였다. 포장실험 결과, Quinoclamine은 270g/10a, Simetryne 90g/10a, Simazine과 Prometryne은 300g/10a에서 우수한 제초효과를 나타냈다.
14) 잡초방제실증시험에서 멀칭구의 Metolachlor+Pendimethalin과 Metolachlor +Prometryne에서 제초효과가 가장 우수하였으며 인삼에서 제초제 잔류가 검출되지 않았고, 제초비용도 가장 낮았다.
2. 연구결과 활용에 대한 건의
가. 시책건의
1) 이식인삼재배에서 약효과 우수하고 약해가 없는 Metolachlor+Pendimethalin과 Metolachlor+Prometryne(코달)을 인삼재배 농가에서 사용하기 위하여 농촌진흥청에 품목고시 직권시험을 건의한다.
2) 직파인삼재배, 또는 인삼묘삼생산재배에서 손제초에 의한 노력과 경비를 줄이기 위하여 약효가 우수하고 약해가 없는 Methabenzthiazuron+Prometryne (풀모리), Metolachlor+Prometryne(코달) 등록을 위하여 농촌진흥청에 품목고시 직권시험을 건의한다.
나. 지도사업반영
1) 인삼재배에서 왕겨+P.E.멀칭 방법은 잡초발생 억제효과가 가장 우수한 잡초방제법으로 인삼재배 농가에 권장한다.
2) 인삼재배포 통로에서 잡초를 방제하기 위하여 Paraquat, Glyphosate, Sulfosate, Glufosinate를 년간 2회 처리하거나 검정비닐 혹은 부직포로 멀칭하는 방법을 권장한다.
3) 인삼재배포 통로에서 우산이끼를 방제하기 위하여 Quinoclamine, Simetryne, Prometryne 토양처리를 권장한다.

Abstract ▼

III. Research Results and Their Application
1. Weeds Distribution and Their Control Practices in Ginseng Gardens
1) Most dominant (importance value) weeds were Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Stellaria alsine var. undulata, and Polygonum hydropiper, and dominant weeds were Echinochloa cru

III. Research Results and Their Application
1. Weeds Distribution and Their Control Practices in Ginseng Gardens
1) Most dominant (importance value) weeds were Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Stellaria alsine var. undulata, and Polygonum hydropiper, and dominant weeds were Echinochloa crus-galli, Artemisia princeps, Erigeron canadensis, and Rorippa islandica in ginseng gardens in Korea.
2) Stellaria alsine var. undulata, Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, and Erigeron canadensis were dominant weeds in ginseng gardens and Stellaria alsine var. undulata, Polygonum hydropiper, and Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum in furrows of ginseng gardens in paddy-upland rotation paddy fields in Korea. Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Capsella bursa-pastoris, and Polygonum hydropiper were dominant weeds in ginseng garden and Polygonum hydropiper, Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, and Erigeron canadensis in furrows of ginseng gardens in hilly land. Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Erigeron annuus, and Polygonum hydropiper were dominant weeds in ginseng garden, and Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Polygonum hydropiper in furrows of ginseng gardens.
3) Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Erigeron annuus were dominant weeds in direct-seeded ginseng garden beds, and Stellaria alsine var. undulata, Polygonum hydropiper, and Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum in transplanted ginseng garden beds.
4) Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Polygonum hydropiper, and Stellaria aquatica were dominant weeds in standard shading methods. Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Stellaria alsine var undulata, and Polygonum hydropiper were dominant weeds in Gumsan traditional shading methods, and Stellaria alsine var. undulata, Erigeron canadensis, and Rorippa islandica in conventional shading methods.
5) Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Erigeron canadensis, and Stellaria aquatica were dominant weeds in polyethylene net shading, Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Polygonum hydropiper, and Equisetum arvense in polyethylene(net+film) shading, and Polygonum hydropiper, Stellaria alsine var. undulata, and Stellaria media in rice straw shading
6) Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Stellaria alsine var. undulata, and Polygonum hydropiper were dominant weeds in rice straw mulching ginseng beds. Polygonum hydropiper, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Erigeron canadensis were dominant weeds in rice hull mulching, and Equisetum arvense, Stellaria alsine var. undulata, and Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum in no mulching ginseng beds.
7) Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Persicaria hydropiper were dominant weeds in 1∼2 year-old ginseng gardens. Stellaria alsine var. undulata, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Persicaria hydropiper were dominant weeds in 3∼4 year-old gingseng gardens, and Stellaria alsine var. undulata, Persicaria hydropiper, and Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum. in 5∼6 year-old ginseng gardens.
8) Metoachlor and metolachlor+pendimethalin were tolerant to ginseng without phytotoxicity and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and propaquizafop were selected for foliar application in ginseng gardens.
9) Weeds were suppressed by 91.6% by rice hull+P.E. film mulching, but other mulching methods tested were not enough to control weeds.
10) Glufosinate, glyphosate, paraquat, and sulfosate controlled weeds completely and mulching with nonwoven fabric or black P.E. film were also very effective to control weeds in furrows of ginseng gardens.
11) Marchantia polymorpha was distributed in older than 3year-old ginseng gardens in Korea. It was controlled by quinoclamine at 270g/10a, simetryne at 90g/10a, and prometryn at 300g/10a at higher rate of above 3 herbicides.
12) Metolachlor+pendimethalin and metolachlor+prometryne treated under mulching condition were most effective to control weeds in the ginseng gardens and least weed control cost was also needed.
2. Biological Control of Cylindrocarpon destructans
1) Two atagonistic rhizobacteria (S21, 16P5) were isolated as biological control agents against Cylindrocarpon destructans, the most destructive soil born fungal pathogen of Korean ginseng.
2) Two antagonistic rhizobacteria selected were identified to be Burkholderia pyrrocinia(S21) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens(16P5).
3) C and G type were the most effective formulations for standing and biological control to root rot of ginseng.
4) The result revealed that wettable powder type formulation significantly reduced disease incidence caused by Cylindrocarpon destructans in ginseng and promoted plant growth.
5) Formulations of C and G type were treated to experimental ginseng fields before transplanting and were treated to seedlings when transplanting. This was the most effective method than the other methods. Dipping (Wettable powder type), diluted 50 times with water, was the most effective.
6) Field trials were conducted in the continuous cropping field, soil fumigated filed, and rotation & fallow-idle field. Biological control effect of root rot in ginseng was more effective under the treatment with G type (sawdust type) and wettable powder type, and growth promoting effect of ginseng was better by these two formulations than those by others.
7) In the formulations Sawdust type (C and G type)-treated ginseng field, Burkholderia pyrrocinia and Bacillus subtilis were maintained to 2.6×106 CFU/g rhizosphere soil and 5×105 CFU/g rhizosphere soil, respectively. And in the formulation wettable powder type-treated ginseng field, Bacillus subtilis were maintained to 1.6×107 CFU/g rhizosphere soil. Antagonistic effect of reisolated Bu. pyrrocinia and Ba. subtilis was the same as the applied one.
8) Aspects of inhibition to plant fungal pathogens by two antagonistic rhizobacteria were various; lysis of cell wall, lysis of cell membrane, mycelial swelling and inhibition of mycelial growth.
9) Antifungal activity was found in ethylacetate fraction that contained antifungal substances or more active compound, because it showed the strong antifungal activity to most of fungal pathogens.
10) Based on the analyses results of silica gel open column chromatography and thin layer chromatography with ethylacetate fraction of S21, it assumed that the antagonistic rhizobacterium has three involved pyrronitrin or more activity substances.
3. Pesticide Residue in Ginseng and Soil
1) Pesticide residues of 8 fungicides tested was not detected in pre-harvest ginseng samples and soil samples collected from Keumsan (Chungnam Prov.), Kangwha (Kyunggi Prov.), Eumsung(Chungbuk Prov.), and Jinan (Jeonbuk Prov.), major ginseng growing regions, and thus it was concluded that diethofencarb, carbendazim, difenoconazole, tolyfluanid, cypermethrin, mancozeb, deltamethrin, and metalaxyl were safe in terms of pesticide residue problem since residue levels of 8 fungicides were below the detection level.
2) Seasonal change in pesticide residue of 8 fungicides registered or to be registered was determined from the ginseng harvest time by frequency of fungicide application. Diethofencarb was reduced to 90% of the initial concentration 21 days after its application and carbendazim was reduced to 84% at the same time. Difenoconazole and tolyfluanid were reduced to 80% 21 days after their application, respectively. Cypermethrin, mancozeb, deltamethrin, and metalaxyl were reduced to 90, 95, 80, and 80% of the initial concentration, respectively.
3) Pesticide residue of the ginseng samples purchased from the ginseng markets from Seoul, Kyunggi, Chungnam, Chungbuk, Jeannam, Jeonbuk, Kyungbuk, and Kyungnam area were determined and found that diethofencarb, carbendazim, difenoconazole, tolyfluanid, cypermethrin, mancozeb, deltamethrin, and metalaxyl were safe to pesticide residue because the amount of pesticide residue was detected within the detection level.
4. Soil Management for Shortening Replanting Terms in Ginseng Field
1) Effects of flooding and soil fumigation time on control of root rot disease and growth of ginseng in replanting ginseng field
(1) The emergence rate of ginseng seedlings was 95%, and root rot disease occurred 5% in May, 80.5% in July, and 100% in September, that indicated high density of root rot fungus in experimental field. The disease and the infection occurred mainly in July and June. Also, the root rot disease appeared as a result of having cultured an infection part which was a main factor of the damage.
(2) The gas damage by soil fumigation was not progressed 10 days later in May and August and in October and it was not progressed at 15 days after treatment in terms of crop phytotoxicity.
(3) The bacterium was rapidly multiplied in a microbe population after soil fumigation treatment which was caused by population of actinomycetes, and fungus decreased. Population of actinomycetes was higher than that of bacterium in flooding treatment, and it indicated that flooding could reduce replanting term in harvested ginseng field.
(4) Survival rate of top plant in 2 year-old ginseng was 90% in September in fumigated soil plot, while it showed 12.6% and 0% in flood and control in September, respectively, but survival rate was approximately 70% until September in 3 year-old ginseng.
(5) Occurrence rate of root rot disease in fumigated field in 2 year-old ginseng was 2.5% in May and 30.5% in May in 3 year-old ginseng, whereas root rot occurred 100% in the control in 2 year-old ginseng.
(6) The ground part of 2-3 year-old ginseng was healthy by soil fumigation treatment in May.
(7) The highest survival rate was 75.6% in 3 year-old ginseng, and 95.5% in
2 year-old ginseng when soil fumigation was done in May, and highest yield of roots was obtained with 371.5kg/10a.
2) Effects of different organic matters applied followed by soil fumigation on soil improvement in replanting ginseng field
(1) T/N ratio and phosphoric acid contents were highest in activated compost, calcium and magnesium content in green manure, potassium in corn, and highest content of organic matter in rye.
(2) Organic matter content as affected by application of organic matter resources followed by cultured green manure crops was high in rice straw > oak leaves > rye + green manure in order.
(3) The period for stabilization of microorganism population was required 2 years, but application of well fermented organic matter in soil management required 1 year based on the results of the bacterium, actinomycetes and fungus experiment.
(4) Emergence rates of 2 and 3 year-old ginseng were 100%, 97.5% respectively, in activated compost application followed by soil fumigation, highest treatment. Survival rates of top plant of 2 and 3 year-old ginseng were 94.2%, 94%, respectively, in rice straw application followed by soil fumigation.
(5) When the soil was fumigated, stem length and stem diameter of the 2 year-old ginseng were best in the rye + maize cultivation, leaf length and leaf width were best in the control. Leaf length and leaf width of 3 year-old ginseng were good in the activated compost application, stem length and stem diameter were good in the oak leaf application.
(6) The weight of 2 year-old ginseng roots after soil fumigation was highest with 3.6g in the rye + corn cultivation and activated compost, and weight of 3 year-old ginseng root was highest with 18.8g in the application of oak leaves.
(7) The high occurrence rate of root rot disease was 42.5% in 2 year-old ginseng and 73.7% in 3 year-old ginseng, but the low occurrence rate of root rot disease was 0-16.5% in 2 year-old ginseng, and 3.1-20.7% in 3 year-old ginseng by applicaion of organic matter followed by soil fumigation treatment, and least occurrence rate of root rot disease showed in rice straw application.
(8) The high survival rate of ginseng was above 95% in 2 year-old ginseng and 90% in 3 year-old ginseng, and yield of 3 year-old roots was highest with 409.4kg/10a in application of wheat followed by sudangrass growing.

목차 Contents

• 표지 ...1
• 제출문 ...2
• 요약문 ...3
• SUMMARY ...20
• CONTENTS ...30
• 목차 ...35
• 제 1 장 서 론 ...37
• 제 1 절 연구개발의 필요성 ...37
• 제 2 절 연구개발의 목표 및 내용 ...39
• 제 2장 인삼의 환경친화적 제초기술 개발 ...42
• 제 1 절 서 론 ...42
• 제 2 절 고려인삼재배 유형별 잡초의 발생양상 조사 ...43
• 제 3 절 고려인삼재배에서 잡초방제법 ...55
• 제 4 절 적 요 ...81
• 참고문헌 ...85
• 제 3장 환경친화적 근부병 방제법 개발 ...91
• 제 1 절 서 론 ...91
• 제 2 절 길항미생물의 분리 및 선발 ...92
• 제 3 절 선발 길항미생물의 특성 조사 ...96
• 제 4 절 제형의 선발 및 효과 증대 방안 모색 ...101
• 제 5 절 처리포장의 종합적 효과 검정 ...113
• 제 6 절 적 요 ...135
• 참고문헌 ...138
• 제 4 장 인삼의 잔류농약 경감에 관한연구 ...148
• 제 1 절 서 론 ...148
• 제 2 절 잔류시험 분석법 ...148
• 제 3 절 회수율시험 ...159
• 제 4 절 인삼재배지에서의 잔류량 조사 ...162
• 제 5 절 등록약제의 경시적 잔류량 조사 ...169
• 제 6 절 유통인삼에 대한 임의표본 조사 ...180
• 제 7절 적 요 ...185
• 제 5 장 인삼 재작기간 단축을 위한 토양관리 기술개발 ...187
• 제 1 절 서 론 ...187
• 제 2 절 담수 및 토양훈증 시기별 근부병 방제 효과 ...190
• 제 3 절 연작지 훈증후 여러유기물 시용에 따른 인삼 생육 및 근부병 방제 효과 ...206
• 제 4 절 적 요 ...221
• 참고문헌 ...224