초록 ▼

2. 연구결과
(1) 유기 유산양 목장의 운영체계 확립
○ 우리나라 산양유의 농장별 또는 월별 비교분석 결과, 월별 분석에서는 12월에서 3월까지 유성분함량이 높음. 또한 전반적으로 목장별 차이가 크지 않았으며 우유와 비교하여 유지방 성분에서 외국의 사례보다 높게 나타남.
○ 산양유와 산양유제품에 대한 인지도 조사 결과, 상당수의 사람들이 유산양에 대해서 잘 알지 못하였으며, 이는 홍보 부족 및 유산양 목장의 수가 매우 적기 때문이었으며, 홍보와 목장체험 뿐만 아니라 한국인의 입맛에 맞도록 산양유 제품 개발이 필요.

2. 연구결과
(1) 유기 유산양 목장의 운영체계 확립
○ 우리나라 산양유의 농장별 또는 월별 비교분석 결과, 월별 분석에서는 12월에서 3월까지 유성분함량이 높음. 또한 전반적으로 목장별 차이가 크지 않았으며 우유와 비교하여 유지방 성분에서 외국의 사례보다 높게 나타남.
○ 산양유와 산양유제품에 대한 인지도 조사 결과, 상당수의 사람들이 유산양에 대해서 잘 알지 못하였으며, 이는 홍보 부족 및 유산양 목장의 수가 매우 적기 때문이었으며, 홍보와 목장체험 뿐만 아니라 한국인의 입맛에 맞도록 산양유 제품 개발이 필요.
(2) 유기 유산양 사양기술개발
○ 비유기 유산양의 영양소 공급량 조사 결과, 적정 에너지 공급량은 최소 10MJ/kg이며, 단백질 공급량은 17% 였으며, 적정 조농비율은 7:3으로 나타남
○ 국내에서 확보할 수 있는 유기 부산물은 에너지원으로 도정부산물인 미강, 청치, 싸라기와 단백질원으로 대두피 및 비지가 영양적 가치가 우수한 것으로 조사
○ 유기부산물인 미강을 이용한 수입유기사료 대체 실험에서 미강의 적정 공급수준은 5%로 나타났으며, 이러한 배합을 통해 관행사료(젖소사료)와 비교결과 유량 및 유성분에서 처리구사이의 차이가 없었으며, 오히려 사료비가 절감되는 것으로 나타남
(3) 유산양 사육을 위한 초지의 유기조사료 생산 이용 기술
○ 유산양 방목지의 목초혼파조합 및 윤환방목에서 유산양 방목지의 두과목초의 조합은 유산양이 화본과 목초를 선호하여 두과 목초를 자제하고 화본과 목초조합만으로 방목지 조성하고 목초지는 3주간 휴목을 추천함
○ 유기 수수/수단그라스 사일리지를 제조하여 건물 증가, 품질 증가 및 사료비 절감으로 농가소득 증진에 기여하고, 유산양의 기호성 평가에서 수수/수단그라스 사일리지에 생균제 및 분쇄옥 수수를 첨가하여 유산양의 소화율과 기호성 향상에 기여함

Abstract ▼

1. Establishment of operating system for dairy goats in organic farming
(1) Comparison and analysis of goat milk components by individual farms in Korea
The results of this research indicates that the contents of Fat, Protein, Lactose, Total Solid, SNF and Cells in goat milk produced in Korea

1. Establishment of operating system for dairy goats in organic farming
(1) Comparison and analysis of goat milk components by individual farms in Korea
The results of this research indicates that the contents of Fat, Protein, Lactose, Total Solid, SNF and Cells in goat milk produced in Korea were higher between December and March and there were in general no significant differences between farms. Goat milk components were in general similar to cow milk except fat content. Fat in goat milk of Korea tended to be higher than foreign countries. Since goat milk is similar to human milk and is easier to be absorbed in the body with no allergy, the development of new functional products will be very efficient for the consumption and it is the way to encourage to be more consumed in the market.
(2) Survey for consumption of goat milk products
In order to find out how much the consumers acknowledge the products of goat milk in Korea, we surveyed 100 consumers including 40 males and 60 females. The consumers were composed of 10 people below the age of 10, 40 of 20s and 15 of 40s by age, and also by job, 32 students, 54 office workers, 11 house wives and 3 the others. Surprisingly many of consumers acknowledged little about goat and goat milk and some of them misunderstood goat and sheep. It would be obvious that Korean consumers would refuse the foreign products with no recognition and information even if those are well known to be delicious by foreigners. As mentioned, since goat milk products are pretty new to Korean people, it may be important to develope the products that are more adaptable to Koreans taste.
(3) Establishment of Munkyongseje Organic Farm
Munkyongseje Organic Farm has been established in the area of Munkyong, Kyungbuk for the prupose of producing environmentally friendly goat milk and its products of yogurt and cheese. The farm also contributes in aspects of supplying experiencing field farm of nature and resting area for the consumers. As a first step, Munkyongseje Organic Farm composed a grassland and animal barns in 2007. In 2008, it has been producing goat products of milk and yogurt and experiencing field farm for the consumers are currently in progress.
(4) Proposal for organic goat farm for milk
① Locational condition
○ Remote area for the prevention of diseases
○ Easy area for the supply of organic feeds
○ and forage such as organic rice paddy and organic grassland
② Herd size and facility
○ The size of 100~200 goats for family farm
○ The size for easy management of diseases, reproduction and parturition
○ The size for the steady supply of organic forage
○ Proper ground and grassland for the density of 1.3㎡/head
③ Feeding management
○ Selection of strong goats against diseases and coldness
○ Use of natural breeding
○ Feeding balanced nutrients
④ Feeds
○ Restriction of feeding organic mixed feeds of grain
○ Maximum use of organic agricultural by-products and forage
○ Use of medical herb
2. Development of feeding technology for dairy goats in organic farming
(1) Effects of different dietary energy levels on milk production in Saanen dairy goats fed diets with the different feeding ratio of roughage and concentrate
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary energy levels on milk production in Saanen dairy goats fed the diets with the different ratio of roughage and concentrate. Four lactating goats in mid lactation (57.5±10.79 kg BW) were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 21-d periods. Animals were allocated to the four energy groups (11.21 MJ(TI); 10.77 MJ(T2); 10.11 MJ(T3); and 9.44 MJ ME/kg DM(T4)). Concentrate and roughage intakes were linearly increased (p<0.05) with their increasing supplementation levels in the diets. No significant differences were found in total DM intake and body weight between treatments. Milk yield was highest in T3 (p<0.05). Relative to other treatments, T4 significantly (p<0.05) decreased the content of milk fat. The yields of milk protein and lactose on T1 (61.29 and 70.95 g/d) and T3 (60.52 and 75.82 g/d) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than T2 (50.49 and 59.64 g/d) and T4 (52.49 and 59.82 g/d). Results from this work suggest that the minimum dietary level of energy and optimal ratio of roughage to concentrate were 10 MJ ME/kg DM and 7:3 in mid-lactation Saanen dairy goats.
(2) The Effect of dietary protein levels on milk yield and milk composition in Saanen dairy goats
Four lactating Saanen dairy goats (40kg BW) in mid lactation were used in a 4×4 Latin square with 21-d periods to examine the response of the milk yield and composition on the different supplementation levels of dietary protein. Animals were fed TMR diets with 13.96% CP (T1), 16.02% CP (T2), 18.10% CP (T3) and 20.14% CP (T4) ad libitum and 450g/d timothy hay. Total dry matter intake had no significant difference in all treatments. The milk yield and the contents of milk fat and lactose were not different between treatments. However, milk protein content was linearly increased as dietary CP supply increases. Especially, the contents of milk protein of T3 (4.01%) and T4 (3.99%) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than T1 (3.55%) and T2 (3.88%). Glucose in blood plasma was significantly higher in T1 containing 84ml/100ml than the other treatments. However BUN, ALT and AST were not significantly different among treatments. Amino acids in blood plasma were linearly increased as dietary CP supply increases. Overall results of the present experiment indicated that dietary supplementation with 20% CP level positively influenced on milk composition and concentration of amino acids in blood plasma.
(3) Evaluation of organic by-products for goat diets
This study was conducted to evaluate the feed-nutritional value of organic by-products as replacement of imported organic feed sources for goats. By-products and imported feeds were analyzed for the chemical composition, NDF, ADF, mineral and amino acid contents and anti-nutritional factors. Level of aflatoxin was below safety level. Concentrations of fat in rice bran, grape seed meal, green grains of rice and crushed rice grain were 25.66%, 6.09%, 3.57% and 1.59% and concentrations of protein in soybean hull and soybean curd residue were 19.87% and 14.68%, respectively, implying that these ingredients may have potential as a energy and protein source for goat diets.
(4) Effects of increasing supplementation levels of rice bran on milk production of lactating dairy goats
Four Saanen dairy goats(initial BW 55.0±7.1kg) in their first or second lactations were used. The goats were 60 to 80 days into their lactation at the start of the experiment. The experimental design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with four animals and four 21-day periods. The four diets contained 0, 5, 10 and 20% DM of rice bran (RB) respectively while they were equally formulated to be 11.5 MJ ME/kg, 18% CP/kg DM based on NRC(1981). Concentrate DM intake was highest in RB 5% treatment compared to 0, 10 and 20% treatments whereas, forage DM intake was not significantly different among all treatments (p<0.05). Total DM intake of RB 5% treatment was significantly higher than RB 20% treatment (p<0.05). Milk yield was lowest in RB 20% (p<0.05). Milk protein content in RB 5% treatment was significantly lower than RB 10 and 20% treatments (p<0.05). However, milk protein production was not significantly different among all treatments (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in the concentration and production of milk lactose between all treatments (p<0.05). The dietary fat contents were increased by the increasing supplementation levels of rice bran which influenced feed intake and milk production. The 20% supplementation level of rice bran in the diet caused significant reductions of feed intake and milk production in dairy goats. Overall results of the present experiment indicated that rice bran could be included up to 5% without any adverse affect on DM intake and milk production in dairy goat diets.
(5) Effects of organic feed on milk production of lactating dairy goats compared with commercial feed
This study was conducted to investigate effects of the organic feed containing organic by-products on milk production of lactating dairy goats.
Four Saanen dairy goats(initial BW 59.4±7.4kg, average 24 lactation weeks, fourth kidding) were allocated into control group(commercial feed) and treatment group(organic feed) with 2 × 3 cross over design for 9 weeks. Experimental diets were formulated to be 23 MJ ME/d, 382g CP/kg DM based on NRC(1981). Concentrate and silage DM intakes were higher in treatment group(1,232g and 96g) than those of control(1,105g and 91g) whereas, forage DM intake was higher in control(488g) than treatment(347g) (p<0.05). Milk yield was higher in treatment group(1,816g/d) than control group(1,667g/d). There were no significant differences in milk composition, MUN and concentration of amino acids in blood between control and treatment groups. Overall results of the present experiment indicated that organic feed could not adversely affect DM intake and milk production in dairy goats.
3. Establishment of forage production technology for dairy goats in organic farming
(1) Development of organic forage production system in pasture for dairy goat management
① Selection of forage species and mixture in intensive sowing method for organic dairy goat
No comprehensive forage mixture for organic dairy goat production has been conducted in Korea. Therefore, this experiment was carried to determine the agronomic characteristics and forage production and vegetation in mixture cropping in organic pasture for dairy goat. Plot was allotted to one of six treatments in a randomized block design using forage species and mixture. The six treatments used were: (T1) orchardgrass(40%)+tall fescue(30%)+timothy(20%)+red clover(5%)+alfalfa (5%), (T2) orchardgrass(30%)+tall fescue(40%)+timothy(20%)+red clover(5%)+white clove(5%), (T3) orchardgrass(30%)+tall fescue(20%)+kentucky bluegrass(forage type, 25%)+perennial ryegrass(forage type, 20%)+alfalfa(5%), (T4) orchardgrass(20%)+tall fescue(30%)+kentucky bluegrass(forage type, 25%)+perennial ryegrass(forage type, 20%)+alfalfa(5%), (T5) kentucky bluegrass(turf type, 40%)+tall fescue(turf type, 30%)+perennial ryegrass(turf type, 15%)+alfalfa(10%)+white clove(5%) and (T6) kentucky bluegrass(turf type, 30%)+tall fescue(turf type, 40%)+perennial ryegrass(turf type, 15%)+alfalfa(5%)+white clover(10%). Disease and insect resistance were no significant differences in among treatment. In fresh, dry matter(DM) yields and total digestible nutrients(TDN), the yield at tall type and tall and short type mixture were higher than other mixture, and alfalfa added mixtures were higher than white clover added mixture. However, weed population was lower in short type mixture and white clover added mixture. Therefore, tall type, and tall and short type mixture are more suitable in goat grazing pasture. Then these data indicate that alfalfa added and legumes control mixture in pasture could be recommended mixture because of high forage yield.
② Development of rotational grazing in pasture for organic dairy goat
No comprehensive rotational grazing for organic dairy goat production has been conducted in South Korea. Therefore, this experiment was carried to determine the soil characteristics and dry matter yield, and vegetation in grazing interval in organic pasture for dairy goat. A split-plot design was used, that is, main plots were two grazing interval(one and three weeks), sub-plots were three mixture. The three mixture used were: (T1= tall type) orchardgrass(30%)+tall fescue(40%)+ timothy(20%) +red clover(5%)+white clove(5%), (T2=tall and short type) orchardgrass (20%)+tall fescue(30%)+kentucky bluegrass(forage type, 25%)+perennial ryegrass (forage type, 20%)+alfalfa(5%) and (T3=short type) kentucky bluegrass(turf type, 30%)+tall fescue (turf type, 40%)+perennial ryegrass(turf type, 15%)+alfalfa(5%)+white clover(10%). The soil characteristics of pastures after goat grazing was higher effectively than before grazing. That is, soil pH, organic matter and available phosphorous were high values after grazing. However, there were no significant differences among gazing interval and mixture. In dry matter (DM) yields, the yield at tall type, and tall and short type mixture were higher than other mixture, however, there was no significant DM yield difference among grazing interval. However, weed population was lower in short grazing interval in pasture. Therefore, tall type, and tall and short type mixture are more suitable in goat grazing pasture. And short grazing interval in pasture could be recommended rotational grazing for organic dairy goat because of high forage yield and low weed population.
(2) Development of organic silage production technique for dairy goat management
① Technique of organic silage production of forage sorghum
Main nutritional problem of sorghum silage are low quality and dry matter (DM) contents. It is assumed that if corn grain were added to sorghum silage, it would increase DM content and forage quality, and decrease production cost of the silage. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of corn grain addition on forage quality and production cost of sorghum silage. The eight treatments used were: corn silage as positive control(T1), sorghum silage as negative control(T2), sorghum silage + 5% corn grain(T3), sorghum silage + 10% corn grain(T4), sorghum silage + 5% wheat bran(T5), sorghum silage + 10% wheat bran(T6), sorghum silage + 5% beet pulp(T7), sorghum silage +10% beet pulp(T8). Corn silage lowered pH values effectively and sorghum silages added with corn grain and beet pulp added silages were also effective in lowering pH among sorghum silage. However wheat bran added silage was highest among treatment because of high nitrogen content. Crude protein of wheat bran added silage was higher than others sorghum silages. Corn grain added silage was lower than other sorghum silages for acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents, while beet pulp added silage was higher than other silages. In vitro dry matter disappearance(IVDMD) of corn grain added silages was higher than other sorghum silages. Production cost per kg DM and total digestible nutrients(TDN) was lowest among sorghum silage because of low material cost and high forage quality. Therefore, these data indicate that corn grain added silage could be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing forage quality and reducing production cost of sorghum silage. Additionally, corn grain added content may be 10%.
② Technique of organic silage production of forage sudangrass
It is assumed that if corn grain and inoculant(lactobacillus) were added to sudangrass silage, it would increase dry matter(DM) content and silage quality for organic forage production. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of corn grain addition and inoculant on silage quality and palatability of dairy gorat for organic forage production. The four treatments used were: sudangrass silage(T1), sudangrass silage+inoculant(T2), sudangrass silage+10% corn grain(T3), sudangrass silage+10% corn grain+inoculant(T4). Sudangrass silage was in high pH value, but sudangrass silages added with corn grain or/and inoculant were effective in lowering pH. And sudangrass silages added with corn grain were also effective in higher DM content among organic silage. Corn grain added sudangrass silages were lower than other sudangrass silages for acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) contents, but inoculant added silage has no significant effect in fiber constituents(ADF and NDF). Crude protein of corn grain added silage was higher than others silages. In vitro dry matter disappearance(IVDMD) of corn grain added silages was higher than other silages, but inoculant added silage has no significant effect in IVDMD. Palatability of dairy goat in sudangrass silages added with corn grain or/and inoculant were higher than other silages. Then total microorganism and Lactobacillus were higher when corn grain and inoculant were used. Therefore, these data indicate that corn grain and inoculant added silage could be recommended as the most effective treatment for increasing silage quality and higher palatability of organic sudangrass silage.