초록 ▼

○ 연구결과
- 천연 국산 정유가 갖고 있는 기능성을 활용함으로서 우리 몸에 이로운 제품으로 활용할 수 있는 가능성 발견
- 정유를 기존제품에 첨가하여 향장용, 방향제용 제품 개발 (젤타입 가정용방향제 및 섬유탈취제 제품)
- 물-수증기 증류법 개발로 인한 정유 생산성 향상
- 자생 식물 정유의 계절별 생산 수율 및 생산 가능량 분석
- 방향성 천연정유의 안정성 검증
- 향료작물의 계획 재배생산 모델 개발
- 방향식물의 향기성분 및 향 활성 성분 분석
- Chiral chromatograp

○ 연구결과
- 천연 국산 정유가 갖고 있는 기능성을 활용함으로서 우리 몸에 이로운 제품으로 활용할 수 있는 가능성 발견
- 정유를 기존제품에 첨가하여 향장용, 방향제용 제품 개발 (젤타입 가정용방향제 및 섬유탈취제 제품)
- 물-수증기 증류법 개발로 인한 정유 생산성 향상
- 자생 식물 정유의 계절별 생산 수율 및 생산 가능량 분석
- 방향성 천연정유의 안정성 검증
- 향료작물의 계획 재배생산 모델 개발
- 방향식물의 향기성분 및 향 활성 성분 분석
- Chiral chromatography를 이용한 방향식물의 거울상 이성질체 분석
- 개발 제품의 향 방출 특성 및 향 지속성 연구
- 편백 및 유자에서 추출된 정유의 경우 유해성 미생물의 생장억제 및 항균성 제품에 이용 가능
- 소나무, 유자, 편백, 화백의 정유성분은 스트레스성 긴장완화에 매우 효과적
- 유자, 편백, 화백의 정유성분은 스트레스 경감 효과 및 천식 치료효과가 매우 높음

Abstract ▼

(3) Application of the functional Air freshener
In this study, We checked the possibility of industrialization to apply the fragrance compounds that we created. It were applied to gel air freshener and fabric deodorant.
Based on the result of research, the fragrance compounds are able to apply

(3) Application of the functional Air freshener
In this study, We checked the possibility of industrialization to apply the fragrance compounds that we created. It were applied to gel air freshener and fabric deodorant.
Based on the result of research, the fragrance compounds are able to apply to various commercial goods, to increase the finish product value by differentiation(using domestic natural essential oil, confirmed effects, stability) between existing product and ours, and We expect that extraction of domestic aromatic plants are industrialized.
2. Analysis of characteristic aroma-active compounds in essential oils
(1) Domestic / Foreign Aromatic Resource Plant Collection and Selection
Total of 145 kinds of domestic/foreign herb aroma resources were collected from 2005 to 2008 to select aromatic resource plant for production of aromatic natural oil, and among them, 31 kinds deemed to have a developmental value as aroma or may survive winter were selected.
The collected aromatic resources were taken as the marker for selection of outstanding aroma, and self-growing entities were secured through nutritional breeding to utilize as the material for natural oil product, and was utilized in the development of cultivation production for industrial use of aromatic production / farm production of aromatic resource in the future.
The amount of produced natural oil, oil yield, oil extraction time and such when extracted with steam distillation method were investigated, and the 24 kinds of aromatic resources thought to have high oil yield or developmental value as aromatic material were selected for the 1st round, and for the 2nd round, 5 more kinds in sanguk, citron, pine tree, white cedar, oriental arbor vitae, etc. which are naturally-grown aromatic resources that can be mass-produced for industrial oil and the year-round security of raw material for natural oil mass production is possible under the research discussion with joint research institution of this assignment along with the hosting organization.
(2) Investigation of Oil Yield and Quality of Collected Aromatic Resource Plant Chrysanthemum, Japanese white pine, marino levender, lemongrass, eucalyptus citriodora, eucalyptus, rose geranium, choco geranium, etc. showed acid value of 1(mg KOH/g) or higher, and it could be seen that the oil with high saturation level and stable state. On the other hand, the natural oil with acid value of 0.5 or lower included wrinkled giant hyssop, sanguk, pine tree, oriental arbor vitae, citron, etc. which had very high unsaturation level, thus were quickly volatilized and easy to acidify, so a special caution was necessary. The oil with characteristics of strong non-drying oil of over iodation value 200(g/100g) were citron and eau de colonge mint which had the characteristics of a very high unsaturation level and low acid value so that a special treatment was necessary in oil storage such as storing at low temperature in brown bottle safe from light, etc.
(3) Development of Bulk Proliferation of Domestic / Foreign Aromatic Resource Plant
- Naturally Grown Resource
The naturally-grown seeds showing light-germination characteristics were sanguk, white cedar, and oriental arbor vitae, and the germination rate was low overall. Among these, sanguk showed the highest germination rate of 64% at 25℃ of germination temperature, white cedar was 22.5% at 25℃, and oriental arbor vitae showed the characteristics of light-germination and dark germination, but the germination rate was the lowest at 12.5%. Pine tree showed high germination rate of 96.8% at a humid dark germination condition of 25℃, and the post-graft survival rate was the highest with 89.4%, so mass-breeding was available with humid dark germination.
Sanguk showed the best rooting percentage of79～100% for all breeding period, and all had flowers bloomed for each breeding period in November after seedling grafts so that short-term mass production was available. White cedar and oriental arbor vitae showed 31~42% of rooting percentage in June and September, and May cuttage showed the highest rooting percentage, and the graft survival rate was 98% or higher.
- Introduced Herb
French lavender, common rosemary, eau de colonge mint, choco geranium, and eucalyptus showed relatively high germination rate of 68~83%, and the rooting percentage by cuttage was all quite high with above 92% except for eucalyptus with 83%, indicating that breeding by cuttage is better than breeding by seedling. The rooting percentage by cuttage of introduced herbs per breeding period was highest at August with 85~100%, and the rooting date was the earliest than other breeding periods. The kind with best average rooting percentage was eau de colonge mint with over 97%, and the lowest was eucalyptus with the 82.3%. And after planting of seedling young plant, the graft survival rate was all high above 95%, confirming that mass-breeding by cuttage is possible.
(4) Development of High-Yield Aromatic Plant Oil Production Processing Technology
As the result of examining oil yield of aromatic plant resource according to distillation method, water- steam distillation method was found to have overall higher oil yield and hydrosol production yield than water-distillation method. All natural oils except pine tree showed greater aromatic strength in water-steam distillation method, while pine tree was higher with water-distillation method, showing differences per oil material.
The oil yield per cooling pipe using water-distillation apparatus increased for longer cooling pipes in sanguk, oriental arbor vitae and such, and decreased in oriental arbor vitae, citron and such. In case of sanguk and oriental arbor vitae, the appropriate cooling pipe length was 45cm to achieve high oil yield, little change in aromatic quality, and strong aroma, and considering oil yield and aromatic strength, white cedar was below 45㎝, and citron was below 30㎝.
(5) Development of Korean-Style Oil Production Technology using Natural Resources
Sanguk is a perennial herb that flowers once a year from late October to early November so the flowers can be harvested all at once, and can be cultivated anywhere in Jeonnam, and short-term mass-production is possible during that year. The average oil yield of sanguk is 2.49ml per 1kg of live flower, which is a high yield for a flower kind, and contains a lot of azulene content with excellent anti-inflammatory action and tranquilizer action, so it was evaluated to be able to be used widely for inflammation treatment or cosmetics.
Citron is an excellent aromatic crop with Jeonnam responsible for over 60% of the whole country, which is harvested at once from late November to early December, stored at low-temp storage of 3±1℃, and may produce oil continuously through March. The extraction method yields high-quality oil with excellent aroma with hand-press despite the oil yield of 1ml per 1kg, and the remaining citron is used to extract oil for the 2nd round with steam distillation method to produce competitive citron oil that can satisfy both quality and yield. The utilization of young blue citron fruit insolubilized due to artificial thinning between May and July for oil production produced high-yield oil with 12.02ml per 1kg. The aromatic characteristics were sweet and fresh tangerine and fresh and slightly fishy blue citron which were evaluated to be very useful if used to produce oil that corresponds to green note type among tangerine-type oils.
As the result of examining oil yield with 2 month intervals for pine tree, white cedar, oriental arbor vitae and such, all could produce oil throughout the year. The average oil yield of pine tree was 4.57ml per 1kg, and the yield was higher in summer than winter.
White cedar was 23.02ml per 1kg, and oriental arbor vitae was 25.41ml showing a very high oil yield. Especially during fall, white cedar showed high-yield oil productivity of 27ml or higher during winter, showing differences in oil yield between seasons. The oil yield of white cedar and oriental arbor vitae fruits were 16.07, 18.14ml per 1kg respectively, showing high oil yield, and a large amount of harvest at once was possible, thus being evaluated as a resource better for summer-season oil mass-production.
(6) Profitability of Evaluation of Aromatic Natural Oil Production Yield Centering on Natural Distribution Area
- Possible Yield of Oil Production and Production Yield of Raw Material per Natural Distribution Area
In Jeonnam, the cultivation complex for dietary chrysanthemum was Boseong with about 5ha, and others were just cultivated at some farms or homes for landscaping or scenery. The total annual yield of sanguk is about 100 ton, and the amount that can be produced into oil is about 249ℓ, so a larger cultivation area is needed for industrial oil production.
The cultivation area of naturally-grown citron in Goheung, Jeonnam is 700ha and the average age was 20 years old, and the mature citron fruit yield was 10,5000, blue citron was 4,200 ton, so that 209,034l of oil could be produced every year.
Pine tree is most widely cultivated and naturally grown, and the average age was 45 years old with natural forest of 250,513ha, artificial forest of 4,859ha which add up to total cultivation area of 255,372ha. Total number of trees was 127,687,000, and possible harvest for raw material was about 215,679 ton which was a very sufficient amount, and the total possible oil yield was 985,653ℓ.
The cultivation area of white cedar is mostly artificially formed for wind fence in forests, flatland, orchards of Jeonnam, and the average age was found to be 40 years old.
Major cultivation areas were distributed in Jangheung, Goheung Palyoung mountain and such, and were characteristic of artificial afforestation. Total cultivation area was 540ha, total number of trees were 270,000, possible harvest amount of raw material was 2,711ton, and total oil yield was 62,384ℓ. The white cedar fruit could be harvested at once from the same tree so that 320,725ℓ could be produced at once.
The cultivation areas of oriental arbor vitae are mostly artificially formed for wind fence in forests, flatland, orchards of Jeonnam as in white cedar, and the average age was found to be 50 years old. Cultivation area was 1,335ha, number of trees was 668,000, and possible harvest amount was 3,447ton, and 87,588ℓ of oil could be produced. The oriental arbor vitae fruit can be harvested at once from the same tree so that 488,583ℓ could be produced from 26,934 ton.
- Profitability Analysis of Aromatic Oil Producible in Jeonnam Area
With the commercial oil sales price as the standard, the profitability was examined for the total oil yield cost, and as the result, sanguk had the total production of 2,305 million KRW so that total profitable amount was 1,631.4 million KRW with return rate of 70.8%. Mature citron had total production amount of 7,223 million KRW for hand press, and deducting total production cost of 18,007.5 million KRW, the total profit amount was 19,215.5 million KRW, thus the return rate being the lowest with 51.6%. The total return rate for distilled citron was 349,682 million KRW at 85.9%. Blue citron was 70,791.6 million KRW with the return rate of 75.4%. The total profit amount for natural oil production of white cedar leaf and fruit was 91,118.4 million KRW with return rate of 78.6%, and white cedar fruit was 994,877.2 million KRW with return rate of 89.8%. The oriental arbor vitae leaf was 285,527.0 million KRW with total return rate of 94.1%, and fruit was 1,076,975.3 million KRW with total return rate of 82.7%, which was quite high; the reason for the high return rate for both white cedar and oriental arbor vitae was found to be caused by the oil yield per 1㎏ of 20㎖ or higher, so it could be confirmed that high-yield leads to better competitiveness.
(7) Stability Verification of Aromatic Natural Oil
In the influence of natural oil on the cell survival rate of murine macrophage
RAW264.7, the concentration of natural oil with over 90% of survival rate was white cedar leaf below 20㎍/㎖, white cedar leaf, citron oil (pressed), oriental arbor vitae fruit, oriental arbor vitae leaf and such below 10㎍/㎖, citron oil (distilled), pine tree below 5㎍/㎖ so that the order of strong toxicity was citron oil (distilled), pine tree leaf>oriental arbor vitae leaf >white cedar leaf, citron oil (pressed)>oriental arbor vitae fruit>white cedar fruit.
In the breeding suppression activation effect of aromatic natural oil on skin resident flora, the atopy-causing germ of Staphylococcus epidermidis was most effectively suppressed with natural oil of white cedar leaf oil at 50㎎(/㎖) with 11.6㎜, and the next was distilled citron oil with 9.5㎜, followed by white cedar fruit oil with 8.3㎜. The natural oil that most effectively suppressed Staphylococcus aureus was distilled citron oil in 50㎎(/㎖) with 10.3㎜, followed by white cedar fruit oil with 6㎜.
In the cell toxicity experiment regarding the oxidative stress protection effect for human skin cell (HaCaT cell; Keratinocyte cell) of naturally-grown natural oil, the concentration of natural oil was safe at a low concentration of 20(㎍/㎖) or below for over 90% of cell survival rate.
(8) Influence of Aromatic Natural Oil on Central Nerve and Autonomic Nerve
In brain waves, 5 aromas against the reference all showed significant increase in upper alpha (11~13Hz) index. All aromas appeared to have the effect of creating a mentally pleasant environment, thus comfortably relaxing without stress and improving work efficiency when performing a task.
In autonomic nerve HRV for aromatic natural oil, the sympathetic nerve was all decreased significantly. The fact that sympathetic nerve which is activated under stimulation or stressful situations was lowered means that the 5 aromas have brought comfort to the autonomic nerves. This indicated that the 5 aromas would bring the effect of comfort and relaxation to central/autonomic nerves and help people to carry more comfortable and pleasant lives in line with the above brain wave response.
(9) Influence of Aromatic Natural Oil on Skin Water Content, Melanin (Whitening), Red Spots, Skin pH, and Elasticity
Each natural oil diluted to 5% in jojoba oil was measured at the forearm region of skin, and as the result, both men and women showed increase in the result of measurement for 6 hours with 1 hour intervals when compared to right after cleansing which was before applying the oil, so the moisturizing effect was found to be good. As for the moisturizing effect on cheeks, the moisturizing power after applying oil was (-) value for all natural oil, indicating almost no moisturizing effect.
The whitening effect per aromatic natural oil was measured with melanin pigments.
The aromatic natural oil diluted to 5% in jojoba oil was measured for melanin pigment in skin forearm region, and the value decreased in all natural oils except the non-processed jojoba oil after application, indicating whitening effect. The natural oils that showed whitening effect in both cheek and forearm region were citron, sanguk, oriental arbor vitae fruit, oriental arbor vitae leaf and such, and those that did not show whitening effect or showed possibility of melasma were white cedar leaf and plant, so that these should be limited from use during the day with strong UV rays.
Most aromatic oil showed good effects of red spot improvement in forearm region and cheeks. Among them, especially oriental arbor vitae fruit and oriental arbor vitae leaf oils showed the most excellent moisturizing, whitening, and red spot improving effects and thus were thought to be feasible for utilization as whitening agent including skin stabilizer.
Also, white cedar fruit, jojoba oil(non-processed), citron pressed oil, and citron distilled oil were found to be good.
In forearm region, pH per natural oil was slightly increased compared to before applying, but it was almost insignificant so that there was almost no pH change in skin before and after applying the oil. The change in pH for cheeks was almost none in non-processing jojoba oil, and all aromatic natural oils were found to decrease pH of the skin after applying and thus maintained a weak acidity, indicating fine pH effects on skin.
As the result of examining skin elasticity for aromatic natural oil, the forearm region or cheek all had the skin elasticity slightly increased compared to before applying for all aromatic oils, but there was no change before/after applying the oil and there was no difference per natural oil type.
(10) Development of Planned Cultivation Production Model of Aromatic Crop
With aromatic crop cultivator, cultivation farm, oil production farm, tourism farm, and aroma company and such, to produce the pre-planned natural oil, the predicted cultivation production model was prepared by applying the cultivation per 1㎡, aromatic crop yield and oil yield to the actual cultivation area and oil production centering on aromatic crop selected for the 1st round in the 1st year.
The table of planned cultivation and production yield for temporary mass-production and continued material supply of aromatic crop can use the production yield per 1㎡ per aromatic resource and oil yield extracted per 1kg of aromatic crop to calculate the area necessary for aromatic crop production, and could be utilized as the resource to predict oil yield accordingly. When cultivating aromatic crop according to contracted fields and paddies, the total annual production yield calculation to maximize the land use rate and produce the desired amount of oil according to planned aromatic crop cultivation production by utilizing the predicted cultivation production model is as follows.
- total annual yield per 1㎡ = average yield per 1㎡ × cultivation area (㎡) × annual harvest count
To see the annual change in production yield according to cultivation area, the crops grown in the bare grounds after winter were examined, and as the result, the 1st yield of the post-winter bare grounds was a little lower than the greenhouse cultivation, but the production yield during summer peak season was high so that the average was about the same as the greenhouse. The cultivation area can be applied with bare ground cultivation, unheated greenhouse or rainproof soil cultivation, greenhouse divided cultivation and such, and calculating the annual production yield per 1ha as the maximum, the total annual production yield of oil formula is as follows
Total oil production yield (㎏/1ha) = {total annual yield (㎏/1ha) × oil production yield (ml/kg)}÷1,000
The above production yield formula is for calculation of the actual total oil production yield from general cultivation to oil production with the total oil yield that can be produced from 1ha with raw material harvest yield produced per 1㎡, and the area of furrow or such is deducted and then it is appropriated from 60% considering seasonal leakage.
3. Analysis of characteristic aroma-active compounds in essential oils
(1) Evaluation of characteristic volatile compouds in essential oils
Volatile compounds were identified from Pinus densiflora, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Chrysanthemum boreale, and Citrus junos essential oils by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry. A total of 71 volatile compounds were identified, and four pairs of enantiomeric volatile compounds separated in P. densiflora.
Seventy and forty-one volatile compounds were separated from C. obtusa and C. pisifera essential oils. Among volatile compounds, 6 pairs of enantiomeric volatile compounds were separated individually. A total of 69 and 52 volatile compounds were identified, and 6 and 7 pairs of enantiomeric volatile compounds separated in C. boreale, and Citrus junos essential oils.
(2) Identification of potent aroma-active compounds in essential oils
A total of 30 aroma-active compounds were detected by GC-Olfactometry (O) in P. densiflora. 4-Terpineol (pine) and β-pinene (pine) were the most intense aroma-active compounds. Twenty-five and 28 aroma-active compounds detected from C. obtusa and C. pisifera essential oils. β-Pinene, α-terpinene (citrus-like), γ-terpinene (citrus), and 4-Terpineol (terpeny) and β-pinene (pine), and α-terpinolene (citrus) had the highest log2FD factor. Twenty-eight aroma-active compounds were identified by aroma extract dilution analysis in C. boreale. 4-Terpineol (terpeny), nonanal (floral) and α- and β-thujone (cedar leaf) were most important aroma-active compounds. A total 31 aroma-active compounds were identified in Citrus junos essential oils. The major aroma-active compounds included α-terpinolene (citrus), limonene (lemon-like), linalool (lemon-like), and 1,3,5-undecatriene (green). Only α-terpineol was detected by chiral-GC-O in P. densiflora and C. obtusa essential oils. (+)-α-Terpineol had a floral odor, whereas (-)-enantiomer didn't show any odor. There were 2 pairs enantiomer aroma-active compounds in Citrus junos essential oil. (+)-α-Terpineol and (-)-linalool had a floral odor and (+)-linalool had a citrus-like odor. In C. pisifera essential oil, only (+)-terpineol was detected by chiral-GC-O. While (+)-α-terpineol had a floral odor, (-)-enantiomer didn't show any odor.
(3) Study of flavor release and sustainability from products using essential oils
Flavor release of YUZU-0912 and YUZU-0913 solid products were much similar. As storage time increased, α-terpinolene concentration increased except low temperature storage condition. Concentrations of limonene and 1,3,5-undecatriene showed storage time and temperature dependence. As storage time and temperature increased, concentration decreased. PHYTO-0924 and PHYTO-0927 solid products had very similar flavor release.
Especially as storage time and temperature increased concentrations of β-pinene, p-cymene and α-terpinolnene decreased.
Sustainability YUZU-0912 and YUZU-0913 liquid products were similar. After spray as time goes on, concentrations of α-terpinolene, linalool, limonene, and 1,3,5-undecatriene decreased. Volatile compounds of PHYTO-0924 and PHYTO-0927 slight decreased as time goes on after spray.
4. Effect of essential oils on air-quality improvement
(1) Effect of extracted oils on anti-bacterial in E. coli, P seduomonas
The effect of anti-bacterial was showed by extracted oils from Chamaecyparis obtusa and Pinus densiflora in E. coli. Also anti-bacterial was showed by extracted oils from Chamaecyparis obtusa and Citrus junos in Pseduomonas.
(2) Effect of blood component before or after skin massage with extracted oils.
Eosinophil count(EC) was decreased by extracted oils from Chamaecyparis pisifera compared with other extracted oils. Eosinophil cationic protein(ECP) was decreased by extracted oils from Chamaecyparis pisifera and Pinus parviflora but ECP level was increased by control and other treatment. Total IgE was decreased by extracted oils from Citrus junos and cotisol level was decreased by extracted oils from Chamaecyparis pisifera, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and Pinus parviflora.
(3) Effect of blood component before or after oils inhalation with extracted oils.
Eosinophil count(EC) was decreased by extracted oils from Chamaecyparis obtusa but EC was increased by other treatment. Eosinophil cationic protein(ECP) was decreased by extracted oils from Pinus densiflora, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and Chrysanthemum boreale.
Total IgE was decreased by all extracted oils. Also cotisol level was increased by control but decreased by extracted oils from Citrus junos, Chamaecyparis obtusa, and Chamaecyparis pisifera.
(4) The effect of essential oils from Citrus junos, P inus densiflora, Chamaecyparis pisifera and Chamaecyparis obtusa on IL-8 transcription and secretion.
The aim of this study is to confirm IL-8 suppressive effect of the essential oils from Citrus junos, Pinus densiflora, Chamaecyparis pisifera and Chamaecyparis obtusa. We stimulated IL-8 secretion using TNF-α and add diluted essential oils of different concentration on two airway epithelial cell line, A549 and BEAS-2B. Then we compared the effect of each essential oil on the IL-8 transcription and secretion. The effect on IL-8 transcription is compared by luciferase assay in A549 after IgGκ-NFκB luciferase DNA transfection, and IL-8 secretion is measured in terms of concentration by ELISA test in A549 and BEAS-2B. Essential oils from all four plants inhibited IL-8 transcription in A549 cell line, and from three plants except Citrus junos also have suppressive property of IL-8 secretion in A549 and BEAS-2B cell line. Essential oil from the plants may have beneficial role on the treatment of asthma through inhibition of IL-8 transcription and secretion.