초록 ▼

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
1. 밭작물 논 재배조건별 습해양상 및 원인 구명
조사한 영남지역 논 소득다양화 사업 필지의 배수등급별 비율은 배수 약간양호가 68.5%로 가장 많았고 지형별 면적은 곡간지>하성평탄지>산록경사지 순이었다. 논토양 콩 재배 시 이랑의 평균높이는 14.5cm로 지형 및 토성에 따른 차이는 없었다. 콩 개화기 절대 수분함량은 선상지가 20%내외로 가장 낮고 위치간 차이도 적은 반면, 곡간지, 산록경가지 및 평탄지는 30~35%범위였고 변이는 산록경사지>곡간지>평탄지 순으로 높았다. 논 재배 장류콩의 평균수량은

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
1. 밭작물 논 재배조건별 습해양상 및 원인 구명
조사한 영남지역 논 소득다양화 사업 필지의 배수등급별 비율은 배수 약간양호가 68.5%로 가장 많았고 지형별 면적은 곡간지>하성평탄지>산록경사지 순이었다. 논토양 콩 재배 시 이랑의 평균높이는 14.5cm로 지형 및 토성에 따른 차이는 없었다. 콩 개화기 절대 수분함량은 선상지가 20%내외로 가장 낮고 위치간 차이도 적은 반면, 곡간지, 산록경가지 및 평탄지는 30~35%범위였고 변이는 산록경사지>곡간지>평탄지 순으로 높았다. 논 재배 장류콩의 평균수량은 230kg/10a로 선상지가 261kg /10a로 가장 높았으며 산록경사지와 하성평탄지가 평균수량 이하로 낮았고 년도별 수량의 변이는 산상지가 가장 낮았고 하성평탄지가 높은 경향이었다. 논토양 재배 콩의 수확기 경장은 곡간경사지는 논뒤둑에서 33.5 cm, 중앙부위에서 26.8 cm로 적었었다. 습해 위치의 콩 수량은 곡간경사지 경우 논 앞둑의 약 13%, 평탄지는 가장자리 대비 26.9% 수준이었다. 수수, 조 등 잡곡의 습해발생 임계 Eh는 300mV정도 이었음.
2. 간척지 숙답에서 밭작물 재배를 위한 적합 배수 방법 설정
간척지에 밭작물 재배를 위해 합리적인 배수개선 방법을 개발하고자 2012년부터 2014년까지 3년간 수행한 주요 결과는 다음과 같다.
간척지 암거배수 10∼30cm의 토양수분은 배수처리구가 무처리에 비해 낮았으며 명거깊이에 따른 차이는 없었다. 배수처리 시 토심별 염농도는 심층으로 갈수록 높아지는 경향을 보이나 암거처리구가 가장 낮았다. 월별 배수처리별 평균 지하수위는 강우량이 많은 8월에 암거처리구가 25.8cm 로 무처리구 10.4cm 보다 낮게 유지되었으며 암거처리구48.5, 명거30처리구 35.8, 명거60처리구 27.3, 무처리 25.7 순이었다. SEW30은 암거배수 처리구에서 297로 가장 낮았으며 배수처리구는 800∼1,500으로 높았다. 배수방법별 콩의 생육 및 수량은 암거>무처리>명거30, 명거60 순으로 높았으며 수수의 생육 및 수량은 무처리, 암거> 명거30, 명거60 순으로 암거에 의한 배수개선 및 제염효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다.
3. 부분암거 경사지 논 재배 잡곡의 생육특성 및 품질 평가
경사지 논토양에서 밭작물 안정적 재배를 위한 합리적인 배수개선 방법을 개발하기 위하여 배수 ”매우불량” 논과 ”약간불량”한 논 뒷둑 기저부에 1열로 명거배수, 암거배수를 설치하여 배수개선 효과와 주요 밭작물의 내습성과 품질특성을 비교 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다.
배수방법별 표토 물리성은 명거배수에 비해 암거배수에서 수분함량이 낮아 통기성이 증가하였으며, 용적밀도는 처리 간에 큰 차이가 없었음. 집적층의 투수력은 암거배수구에서 2.67cm/hr인 반면 명거배수는 0.8 cm/hr 내외로 낮았다. 배수방법별 토양 수분함량의 공간적 변이 분포는 매우불량인 논 보다 약간불량인 논에서 수분함량 균일도가 높았고 배수방법별 문턱값은 배수 ”매우불량”지의 암거배수는 15.6, 명거배수는 51.2이었으며 배수 약간불량 지 암거배수 9.0, 명거배수 41.0로 높았다. 밭작물 생육기간 중 토양수분 포화 누적일수는 매우불량 논에서 80일에서 54일로 약간불량논 62일에서 37일로 짧아졌음. 지하수위 30 cm를 초과한 지하수위 미일평균 상승빈도는 매우불량 논의 명거배수에서 1,331 mm이었으나 암거배수에서는 755 mm로 낮았음. 작물의 수분 스트레스 지표는 배수 매우불량 논의 경우 명거배수구 119.7~1388.6, 암거배수 90.2~342.0이였고, 두 처리 공히 팥>기장>조>콩>수수의 순이었다. 수수 종실 크기별 분포비율은 배수 매우불량 보다 약간불량에서 대립의 분포가 높고 균일도도 높았으며 명거배수보다 암거배수에서 대립의 비율이 높았다. 배수지점에서 논두렁 방향으로 갈수록 명거배수에서는 소립의 비율은 감소하고 배수조건별 작물의 수량은 배수 매우불량인 논이 약간불량인 논에 비해 배수조건에 따라 수량변화의 차이가 크게 나타났다. 수수는 조와 기장에 비해 포장 위치별 수량의 변이는 수수는 기장과 조에 비해 낮았으며, 팥 > 조 > 기장 > 콩> 수수 순이었으며 수수는 포장위치별 변이가 가장 적었음. 배수방법별 종실의 polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin 함량은 명거배수에 비해 암거배수에서 높았다.
4. 밭작물 논 재배 시 적합 이랑높이 구명
콩과 수수의 논 재배 시 안정적인 수량 확보를 위해 습해를 최소화 할 수 있는 적정 작휴방법을 구명하고자 수행한 결과는 다름과 같다.
입모율은 비닐피복이 무피복에 비하여 높았으며, 작휴방법간에는 평휴재배에 비하여 고휴재배가 입모율이 높았고 이랑높이가 높을수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 습해정도는 콩에서는 처리간에 차이를 보이지 않았으나 수수에서는 평휴재배에서 습해가 발생하였으나 고휴재배에서는 발생되지 않았다. 피복유무와 작휴방법에 따라 개화기는 콩의 경우 차이가 없었으나, 수수의 경우 무피복보다 비닐피복에서 6일 정도 빨랐고 평휴보다 고휴에서 약간 빠른 경향이었다. 콩 및 수수의 비닐피복 효과는 콩은 없는 반면, 수수는 높았고 무피복 재배에서 콩 및 수수 공히 이랑높이가 높을수록 종실수량이 많았다. 수수 논 재배 시 파종적기는 6월 10일경으로 비닐피복 재배가 무피복에 비해 종실수량이 10∼18% 증수되었고 단간수수 ‘소담찰’은 밀식재배 11,000주/10a [60×15㎝(1주), 60×30(2주)]에서 15∼18% 수량이 증수되어 밀식적응성이 높았다.

Abstract ▼

This project was carried out to development of minimization techniques of the wet injury of upland crops that cultivated on paddy soils. The techniques that develop a way through the crop kind and rainfall characteristics and soil of paddy cultivation base upland crop e drainage method based on the

This project was carried out to development of minimization techniques of the wet injury of upland crops that cultivated on paddy soils. The techniques that develop a way through the crop kind and rainfall characteristics and soil of paddy cultivation base upland crop e drainage method based on the such as soil water balance considering the setting and soil properties.
Study on pattern and cause of the wet injury of upland crops by cultivation condition on paddy soils
This study was conducted to obtain the basic information for development of mitigation techniques on the wet injury due to different locational condition of the upland crops cultivated in the paddy soils. The data that are cultivation method of farmers and aspects of wet injury due to micro-topographic feature are investigated from Yeongnam area such as Bonghwa, Yecheon, Gunwi in Kyunpook province and Hamyang, Milyang in Gyeongnam province. The investigated site were targeted 263ha that were farm income diversification region. We surveyed the soil conditions, moisture content and redox potential by topsoil management practices. The results were as follows:
The highest rate of plots by different drainage classes of farm income diversification region was 68.5% in the moderately well drainage and was highest in coarse loamy and fine loamy texture soils. The object field of income-based diversified project in paddy had been distributed in order to local valley > alluvial plain > mountain foot slope.
The average ridge for soybean cultivation in paddy soils was 14.5cm and was did not difference of according to the topography. The soil moisture content according to the terrain at soybean flowering stage was lowest as about 20% in the fans. The variation of soil moisture content according to the position of within same field was mountain foot slope > local valley > alluvial plain were in order.
The stem hight of soybean was 31~68cm however differences due to topography were not significant, but was large in the alluvial plain plots generally, it was small in fan tendency.
The average yield of soybean cultivated in paddy soils was 230kg/10a and was was highest in 261kg/10a in the fan. The yield of soybean in the mountain foot slope and alluvial plain are below of the average quantity of topograph. The variations due to each year was lowest in fan however in alluvia plain was high.
Soybean yield in the severe wet injury site was about 13% in local valley and was 26.9% in alluvial plain compared with non damaged site. The threshold Eh of wet injury for sorghum, etc. cereals crops was would like approximately 300mV. The amount and duration of rainfall could be heavily impact on Eh change. The high ridge cultivation of upland crops in paddy soils could reduce of rhizosphere Eh.
Establishment of the Drainage Method for Upland Crop Production at Reclaimed Tidal Flat Land
An experiment was conducted in Yeongsangang reclaimed tidal flat land during 2012 through 2014 to determine the effect of soil salinity and crop response to drainage method.
The dominant soil series at this experimental site was Yeosu series(fine, nonacid, mixed, mesic family of Typic Fluvaquents). Three drain metoods, subsurface drainage, 30cm open ditch drainage and 60cm open ditch drainage were tested on silty loam soil. Subsurface drainage were most effective in lowering ground water table : average ground water table were 48.5, 35.8, 27.3 and 25.7cm for the subsurface drainage, 30cm open ditch drainage, 60cm open ditch drainage and non-drained experimental site, respectively. SEW30 values during the growing season were 297, 855, 1,420, and 1,553 cm-day for the subsurface drainage, 30cm open ditch drainage, non-drained and 60cm open ditch drainage. Among the drained treatment, gravitational soil water content within 40cm depth of soil were significantly lower than those from none drained treatment, but below 40cm depth of soil were not significantly different. There was no significant gravitational soil water content to depth of open ditch. Average Soybean yield were 113, 63, 3 and 2 kg/10a for subsurface drainage, nondrained and 30, 60cm open ditch drainage. Average Sorghum yield were 217, 232, 63 and 51 kg/10a for subsurface drainage, nondrained and 30, 60cm open ditch drainage. There was no significant Soybean and Sorghum yield to depth of open ditch. But the yield were very low because of high salinity and water stress. Generally, drainage is the best way to reducing the waterlogging and control the runoff water so irrigation and drainage facilities were urgently needed to cultivate upland crop at the reclaimed tidal flat land.
Study on evaluation of quality and growth characteristics of cereal crops by different drainage method in sloped paddy fields
5.1. Effects of subsurface drainage in converted paddy field
The results showed that the infiltration rate of 5.46 cm/hr recorded in the subsurface drained fields was substantially higher than the 2.20 cm/hr obtained in the field with open ditch. The decrease in moisture within the soil profile and the attainment of the maximum water-holding capacity after the occurrence of rainfall were faster in the PDM than in the ODM. The soil moisture contents of PDM and ODM on Poorly drained were 18.52±4.58 and 19.01±4.25%, and imperfectly drained paddy soil were 14.87±4.82 and 18.64±3.85%, respectively. The spatial variance of SWC by PDM was reduced while yield of upland crops showed the same trends. Knowledge of the spatial variability of soil water properties is of primary importance for management of agricultural lands. Spatial variance using the geostatistical analysis of soil water content by PDM was reduced, though yield of upland crops showed the same trends. Value of "Semivariance" of SWC was higher in the ODM than in the PDM, calculated as 29 m and 24 m, respectively. The effectiveness PDM was more cleared up than the ODM. It was showed that the PDM had helped in increasing crop yields as well as improving soil productivity and consequently total economic value of such a production
5.2. Response of cereal crops on excessive water stress
The sum of excess water days (SWD30), which was used to represent the moisture stress index, was 42days (the lowest) in the PDM compared with 110 days in the ODM.
Generally, crop yields, proximate and minerals composition of upland crops showed significant differences by drainage methods. It was shown that the PDM had helped in increasing crop yields as well as improving soil productivity and consequently total economic value of such a production. Yield of upland crops in the PDM was continuously increased by the rate of 15.1% on sorghum, 15.4% foxtail millet, 53.6% proso millet, 49.6% soybean and 47.9% adzuki bean as compared in the ODM. Coefficient of variation (C.V) of yield of upland crops was higher in the ODM than in the PDM. C.V of yield in the ODM was 6.59, 25.22, 26.95, 42.07, and 47.55, whereas C.V in PDM was 4.25, 6.31, 11.35, 17.11, and 14.71. In conclusion, the capacity for tolerance by excessive soil water based on yield of each upland crops in the poorly drained sloping paddy fields was the order of sorghum, soybean, foxtail millet, proso millet and adzuki bean. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) is relatively tolerant to waterlogging as well as excessive soil water conditions, therefore, may be successfully grown in poorly drained paddy soil.
5.3. Grain quality of cereal crop under excessive water stress
Distribution ratio of largest seed in accordance with drainage classes and surface drainage methods was higher in ODM than PDM and showed a high uniformity of seed.
Ratio of largest seed(> 3.15 mm diam.) of sorghum varied PDM(28.76%), ODM(45.55%) at PDS and at 39.31%, 42.81% at IDS, respectively.
Generally, proximate and minerals composition such as sorghum, foxtail millet, proso millet, soybean, and adzuki bean showed significant differences by drainage methods. Crude protein, crude fat and crude ash contents of sorghum were 12.70∼14.50, 0.28∼7.02, 4.29∼5.04, and 1.31∼1.93 g/100 g, and P2O5, K, and Ca contents were 206.18∼822.84, 424.16∼579.36, and 27.78∼68.54 mg/100 g, respectively. Moisture, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash contents were 13.00∼14.20, 24.69∼40.44, 15.22∼20.18 and 4.13∼7.09 g/100 g, and P2O5, K, and Ca contents were 446.29∼1,420.47, 1,395.63∼1,871.61 and 351.01∼545.44 mg/100 g, respectively. Moisture, protein, fat and ash contents of adzuki bean with drainage methods were 10.10∼11.60, 14.13∼21.75, 0.02∼0.73 and 2.81∼3.45 g/100 g, respectively.
The total polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin contents of upland crops showed significant differences by drainage methods. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents of sorghum were 28.33∼50.26 mg GAE/g, 5.24∼17.10 mg CE/g, and 9.32∼25.75 mg TAE/g, respectively. The total polyphenol content of foxtail millet and proso millet by drainage methods was 1.69∼2.30 and 1.18∼1.35 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content was 0.31∼0.76 and 0.27∼0.41 mg CE/g, and total tannin content was 0.36∼0.54 and 0.21∼0.28 mg TAE/g, respectively. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents of soybean were 2,780.08 ∼3,097.67 μg GAE/g, 206.78∼422.42 μg CE/g and 555.76∼756.25 μg TAE/g, respectively.
The total polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin contents, and radical scavenging activity of adzuki bean showed significant differences by drainage methods. The total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents by drainage methods were 2.73∼4.14 mg GAE/g, 1.07∼1.43 mg CE/g, and 1.27∼1.84 mg TAE/g, respectively.
Establishment of the suitable ridge height for upland crops cultivation in paddy soils
This study was carried out to identify the effect of vinyl mulching and ridge method on soybean and sorghum growth and yield in paddy field. It was conducted for 3 years from 2012 to 2014 in Goesan, Chungcheongbuk-do province and National Institute of Crop Science (NISC), Korea. The results of the study in the sandy loam paddy field conditions were as follows.
Seedling establishment rate was higher in vinyl mulching and high ridge cultivation than in none mulching and level low cultivation, tend to be increased in high ridge cultivation than level low cultivation. Wet injury in soybean was no significant difference among all treatment, but that of high ridge cultivation in sorghum was less than level row cultivation. There was no significant difference in flowering date of soybean depending on vinyl mulching and ridge method, but that of sorghum was 6 days early, and vinyl mulching cultivation was faster than none. Growing characteristics, stem length, stem width, length of branch of vinyl mulching cultivation in soybean was plenty of none, and number of matured pods and seeds are many in vinyl mulching cultivation than none. The effect of vinyl mulching was higher in sorghum than in soybean. Optimum planting time under paddy field in Sorghum is at June 10, and grain yields per 10a were in mulching cultivation by 10∼18%, compared to that of none. The grain yield of dwarf sorghum newly cultivar ‘Sodamchal’ was increased 15∼18% at dense planting, and It had good adaptability on planting density. In results, soybean and sorghum growth and yield in paddy field tended to be higher in sandy loam in combination with high ridge compared to clay with level row.