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Kafe 바로가기주관연구기관 | 전라남도농업기술원 |
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보고서유형 | 최종보고서 |
발행국가 | 대한민국 |
언어 | 한국어 |
발행년월 | 2015-02 |
과제시작연도 | 2014 |
주관부처 | 농촌진흥청 Rural Development Administration(RDA) |
등록번호 | TRKO201500010456 |
과제고유번호 | 1395037373 |
사업명 | 농업실용화기술R&D지원 |
DB 구축일자 | 2015-07-11 |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO201500010456 |
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
갈색거저리는 높은 단백질 함량을 포함하고 있어 사료곤충으로 적합하나 유충 수확 시에 많은 노동력을 필요로 하여 유충 일시수확을 위한 성충 산란틀을 이용한 이동 간격시기 결정하였다. 3일(1주일에 2회)에 산란성충 이동을 하고 우화성충은 초기에 산란을 하지 않으므로 5일 후에 산란틀에 옮겨 산란 유도하면 수확시기인 100일 후에 12 및 13령의 비율 99% 이상으로 높은 수확량 확보 가능하다. 또한 갈색거저리 대량사육 시 사육단가를 줄이기 위한 버섯 폐배지 혼합비율 결정하였다. 버섯 폐배지는 느타리, 새송이,
Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
갈색거저리는 높은 단백질 함량을 포함하고 있어 사료곤충으로 적합하나 유충 수확 시에 많은 노동력을 필요로 하여 유충 일시수확을 위한 성충 산란틀을 이용한 이동 간격시기 결정하였다. 3일(1주일에 2회)에 산란성충 이동을 하고 우화성충은 초기에 산란을 하지 않으므로 5일 후에 산란틀에 옮겨 산란 유도하면 수확시기인 100일 후에 12 및 13령의 비율 99% 이상으로 높은 수확량 확보 가능하다. 또한 갈색거저리 대량사육 시 사육단가를 줄이기 위한 버섯 폐배지 혼합비율 결정하였다. 버섯 폐배지는 느타리, 새송이, 표고, 팽이를 사용하고 밀기울+버섯폐배지 혼합비율은 70%:30%에서 생육이 가장 좋았다. 유충 100kg 생산 시 사료비가 1백만원 절감되었다. 갈색거저리 건조 시에는 동결건조가 이용되고 있으나 시설비나 건조비용이 높아 비용 증가의 원인이다. 동결건조를 대체하는 방법으로 열풍 40℃ 건조가 필수아미노산 함량은 가장 높았다. 열풍 40℃에서 갈색거저리 100kg 건조 시 동결건조 비용(100만원)의 33%만 소요되었다.
갈색거저리 사료첨가제 급여 가금류 사양효과에서는 육계는 1% 급여 시에 6.4% 증체되고 사료요구 3% 줄어들고 반면에 도계율은 2.3% 증가하였다. 또한 육질은 불포화지방산 5.4% 증가하였으며 포화지방산은 11.4% 감소하여 육질이 개선되었다. 산란계는2% 급여 시에 산란율은 10∼15%, 달걀 신선도는 4∼10% 증가하였으며 초산일령은 4일 단축되고 난중은 4g 높았으며 난황색깔이 좋아졌다. 이러한 결과를 이용하여 사료용 곤충 이용 육계 및 산란계 사료첨가제로 과립형과 펠렛형을 개발하였다.
1. Development of food sources and mass breeding for the mealworm
The mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) can be used in animal diet as a high protein supplementation and mass-rearing techniques are required due to the expansion of market. In this study, I analyzed feedstuff, larvae harvest period, su
1. Development of food sources and mass breeding for the mealworm
The mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) can be used in animal diet as a high protein supplementation and mass-rearing techniques are required due to the expansion of market. In this study, I analyzed feedstuff, larvae harvest period, suitable rearing temperature, and larval development model of mealworm, to develop the mass-rearing techniques of the mealworm. Wheat bran represented the most efficient main feed for mealworm larvae and supplementary feed programs added lung mushroom showed superior growth of mealworm larvae. The movement of adults oviposit-isolation case at 3 days intervals and larvae harvest after 100 days were effective for determining larvae harvest period. The developmental times of mealworm larvae were studied at six temperatures ranging from 15 to 30℃ with 60~70% RH, and a photoperiod of 14L:10D.
The developmental times of mealworm beetle larvae was the longest at 17℃ for 244.3 days and the shortest at 30℃ for 110.8 days. Developmental times of larvae was decreased by temperature shift. The relationship between developmental rates and temperatures was fitted by a linear model and nonlinear model Logan-6(r2=0.95). The distribution of completion of each development stage was well described by the 2-parameter Weibull function (r2=0.8502~0.9390). Larval development times obtained from this results was shorter than the expected.
2. Feed supplementation of mealworms improves growth performance and carcass yield with Ross breeds in Broiler
Effects of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) as feed supplements on the growth performance and carcass yield in broilers(Ross breeds) were assessed. The study used 5 treatments at inclusion levels of 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 10% ground yellow mealworms, and replicated twice. Results showed that overall body weight gain was significantly higher in 1% treatments (1,536g) compared with control (1,412g), 0.5% (1,416g), 2% (1,512g) and 10% (1,517g) treatments. Overall feed conversion ratio values were significantly better for control treatments (2.11) compared with 0.5% (2.03), 1% (2.01), 2% (2.02) and 10% (1.81) treatments, which shows a decreasing trend of FCR when the percentage of ground yellow mealworm added increases. The 2% treatments remained significantly superior (P<0.0001) over the other treatments in three weight categories of the carcass yield, which are slaughter weight, dressed carcass weight and eviscerated weight. Trends were highly variable among all internal organs. However, control treatments showed the highest mean weight (37.63 g) as compared to all other treatments. 1% treatments had the highest abdominal fat weight (P<0.0001), while 2% treatments had the lowest. Small intestines from 1% treatments had significantly higher than all other treatments. 1% treatments showed significantly high percentage of moisture in the thigh region as compared to the control and other treatments, whereas 1% treatments had the lowest moisture content in the breast area. 10% treatments showed the highest percentage of fat for thigh and breast, 6.30% and 1.25%, respectively. There is a slight increase of protein content in the treatments as compared to the control treatments. 1% treatments showed the highest percentage of protein in the breast portion of the meat. It is therefore concluded that addition of ground yellow mealworms to common feedstuff can improve the growth performance and carcass yield of broiler chickens.
3. Feed supplementation of mealworms improves blood characteristics and meat quality with Arbor acres breeds in Broiler
This experiment was conducted to test yellow mealworm (YM) and slough of mealworm (SM) supplementation as protein sources in broiler(Arbor acres breeds). Two-hundred broilers (Arbor acres, day old) were randomly assigned in five treatments (control, 0.5% YM, 1.0% YM, 2.0% YM, 1.0% SM) with 2 replicates and then fed 6 weeks. Blood and meat samples were collected after feeding trial. Body weight gain was the highest in 1.0% YM treatment. Feed requirement was lowest in 1.0% YM treatment.
There were no negative effect on palatability and texture of mealworm. Live weight and carcass weight were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in control. Carcass quality was highest in 1.0% YM treatment. WBC, which were related to infection, was not affected by mealworm supplementation. RBC, which were related to anemia, was significantly (P<0.05) increased in all supplementation groups. Serum components were higher in supplementation group than in control group. However, there were no pathological and metabolic disease. Crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash were high in supplementation group, and meat color a* and b* were significantly (P<0.05) high in 1.0% YM treatment. Heating loss and shear force were reduced a little. By mealworm supplementation, saturated fatty acid was reduced and unsaturated fatty acid was increased. Therefore, fatty acid composition was improved by supplementation in broiler meat. In conclusion, yellow mealworm would be a good protein source for broiler without any detrimental effect.
4. Effect of mealworms feed supplementation on egg productivity and quality in Layers
The mealworm(M) and fly(F) could be used in poultry animal diet as a protein supplementation. One-hundred layer chickens (Hyline, 2-day old) were randomly assigned in 5 treatments. The treatments were T0 (control), T1 (1.0% M), T2 (2.0% M), T3 (1.0% M + 1.0% F), T4 (2.0% F) supplement with 2 replicate (10 birds per replicate) for 6 weeks. Feed consumption was measured daily and body weight was measured twice a week. Carcass characteristics were analysed individually. Growth performance and feed efficiency were high in mealworm supplement (T1, T2) but were low in fly supplement (T3, T4) treatment(p<0.05). These result was similar in carcass characteristics. However, there were no differences in visceral organs. In result, mealworm and fly supplementation were improve growth performance and carcass characteristics without detrimental effects on visceral organs in layer chicken during growing period for 6 weeks. Animal sources protein would be important for egg production in layers. Yellow mealworm(MW) was supplemented in layers feed to test as a protein sources for animal. Layers (Hy-Line Brown, one-hundred twenty, 15 weeks old) were randomly assigned in three treatment (control, 1% MW, 2% MW). Animal diet was mixed based on nutrient requirement for layers and then fed 12 weeks. Egg production rate was increased significantly (p<0.05) in mealworm supplemented group than that in control group. Egg production increased about 2~3% would be big benefit for poultry farmers. Egg shell color and Hough Unit were reduced in both treatment groups. However, linoleic acid and linolenic acid were significantly (P<0.05) increased in mealworm supplemented groups. Saturated fatty acids was decreased, and the unsaturated fatty acid is increased, the proportion of saturated fatty acids was decreased significantly. Therefore, mealworm supplementation would be positive effect on egg production and egg quality in layers. In addition of mealworm in broiler diet, egg yolk cholesterol content was low in 2.0% mealworm and 2.0% fly addition. Gene expression of somatotrophin was increased significantly (P<0.05) in all treatment and then positive effect on broiler growth rate and laying rate. However, IGF-1 and insulin gene expression was not changed by insect addition.
5. Effect of Broiler on processed diet formulations made with mealworm
In addition of insect processed diet, growth rate was increased a little in all treatment and feed requirement was lower in treatment (1.83) than that in control (1.94). Also, cholesterol level was decreased and glucose level was increased. Therefore, these would positive effect on feed efficiency by enhanced fat and glucose metabolism. Dressing rate was increased significantly(P<0.05) in 1.0% pellet and 2.0% crumble addition. Redness(*a) was increased in 2.0% pellet by the addition of insect process feed in chicken meat. Fatty acid contents were decreased by addition. Therefore, broiler productivity was improved by increased growth and decreased feed requirement.
6. Chemical Characterization of forage insects
After the analysis of the composition of mealworm beetle larvae (Tenebrio molitor L.), moisture conditions 4.3~7.8%, crude protein 27.2~34.0%, crude fat 34.6~37.8% and crude ash 2.7~2.9% were optimal conditions. The oleic acid among the contents of fatty acids was the highest. Contents of free amino acids of mealworm beetle larvae were 7.46% in freeze drying and 4.89% in hot air drying. Essential amino acids were 1.62% in freeze drying and 0.90% in hot air drying.
7. Forage insect antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activity assays
Antioxidant activity of mealworm beetle larvae was higher at methanol extraction in freeze drying and at distilled water extraction in hot air drying. In antimicrobial activity assays of solvent extracts, distilled water extract showed the highest activity compared with other extracts. The antimicrobial activity of distilled water extracts of mealworm beetle larvae in freeze drying showed higher than in hot air drying. Cytotoxic activity of HepG2, HT-29 cancer cell lines was measured by MTT assays.
8. Useful component analysis according to the method of dry forage insects
The drying temperature by the end time of the forage insects is as follows. Hot-air drying of mealworm beetle larvae took 72 hours in 40℃ and 6 hours in 80℃. That is, the higher the drying temperature is decreased rapidly the end time. It took 96 hours pupa fly hot air drying 40℃, 80℃ in the 8 hours it took more time than mealworm beetle larvae. The fat content in accordance with the drying time of Mealworm increase the drying temperature is higher and the highest content was at 80℃. Total amino acid was the highest in the freeze-dried 7.46g and the second highest value was 7.13g in a hot-air drying 40℃. But an essential amino acid content was the highest in a hot air drying 40℃.
9. Analysis of material extraction of forage insects
Mealworm beetle larvae was extracted into ethanol in accordance with the dry method. As a result, it showed 56.49% in the freeze dried, 15.45% in the hot air dried and 14.96% in the microwave dried. The freeze-dried exhibited the highest yield. Mealworm beetle larvae fat extraction by supercritical extraction method was more than twice the alcohol extraction method. And High protein content of the alcohol extraction is more than five times the supercritical extraction method.
10. Safety studies of Mealworm beetle larvae(Tenebrio molitor L.)
LD50 was more than 2,000㎎/㎏ at single and 14-day toxicity test. Symptoms of poisoning, such as Proptosis, decreased movement and gait abnormality were not detected. Weight change caused by the test drugs was observed. The results of the autopsy on the control and test groups, hematological, blood biochemical tests were normal with no abnormalities at all.
11. Effective testing of livestock farmers for feed additive insects for chickens Feed insect species has been selected as Mealworm, the farmers who live in Hampyeonggun was selected in 2012. In 2013, by selected farmers who are interested in Yellow Mealworm breeding in Damyang, to transfer the current five farms breeding technology developed by fostering the average monthly per farm produces 500kg.
This study was conducted to test Mealworm supplementation as protein sources in broiler. One-hundred broiler chicks(6-day old) were randomly assigned in 3 treatments (control, 0.5%, 1.0% mealwarm supplement) with 2 replicate (10 birds per replicate) for 3 months. Broilers are similar to the start weight were selected and the average weight is 247g. Were compared to the weight broiler breeding end, from Mealworm powder was added 1% increase was higher body weight, daily feed intake was lowest. Three months later compared the weight of broilers. In addition Yellow Mealworm 1% increase was higher body weight, daily feed consumption is lowest. In addition, feed requirement is also the lowest. In result, mealwarm supplementation were improve growth performance in broiler chicken.
Mealworm was supplemented in layers feed to Demonstration farms as a protein sources for animal. Layers (Lohman Brown, two-hundred thirty) were randomly assigned in three treatment (control, 1%, 2% mealwarm supplement). Egg production rate was increased about 4% in mealworm supplemented group than that in control group. Egg production increased about 3~4% would be big benefit for poultry farmers. The quality of laying hens eggs, egg weight, Haugh unit, egg shell color, egg yolk color and showed a tendency to improve, the egg shell thickness were not affected. Mealworm added at 2%. Saturated fatty acids was decreased, and the unsaturated fatty acid is increased, the proportion of saturated fatty acids was decreased significantly. Therefore, mealworm supplementation would be positive effect on egg production and egg quality in layers.
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