초록 ▼

Ⅳ. 연구개발 결과
1. 간척지 토양에서 기장 및 수수의 적정 파종방법 구명
○ 간척지에서 기장(Panicum miliaceum L.) 재배시 입모불량원인 구명 및 파종조건 구명
- 간척지토양에서 기장 파종 깊이는 1-2cm로 파종시 높은 입모율을 나타냈다.
- 입모율은 토양수분함량 31-50kpa에서 입모가 촉진되었다
- 토양염농도에 따른 입모율은 무염대비 1.6 dS m^-1(0.1%)농도에서부터 감소가 시작된 후 3.2 dS m^-1(0.2%)까지는 비슷한 입모율을

Ⅳ. 연구개발 결과
1. 간척지 토양에서 기장 및 수수의 적정 파종방법 구명
○ 간척지에서 기장(Panicum miliaceum L.) 재배시 입모불량원인 구명 및 파종조건 구명
- 간척지토양에서 기장 파종 깊이는 1-2cm로 파종시 높은 입모율을 나타냈다.
- 입모율은 토양수분함량 31-50kpa에서 입모가 촉진되었다
- 토양염농도에 따른 입모율은 무염대비 1.6 dS m^-1(0.1%)농도에서부터 감소가 시작된 후 3.2 dS m^-1(0.2%)까지는 비슷한 입모율을 보이다 다시 4.8 dS m^-1(0.3%)에서 낮아졌다.
- 정식시기에 따른 생육은 이백찰기장, 황금기장 두 품종 모두 6월15일 파종이 간장과 수장이 컷고 건물중도 많았으며 주당 수량 및 조곡수량이 높았다. 재식거리에 따라서는 60×10cm 정식이 다른 밀도들보다 높은 수량을 나타냈으며, 염농도에 따라서는 염농도가 높을 때 감소되었다.
- 시험 전 후 토양화학성 변화 중 토양 EC는 3.2 dS m^-1로 조정하였던 시험구는 시험기간에 약간 감소되어 2.56 dS m^-1를 나타냈으며, 1.6dS m^-1이하 처리구의 염농도는 약간 증가되었다.
○ 간척지에서 수수(sorghum bicolor L.) 재배시 입모불량원인 구명 및 파종조건 구명
- 파종 깊이별 입모율은 남풍수수, 황금찰수수 모두 3cm 깊이에서 높은 입모율을 나타냈다.
- 토양수분함량별 입모율은 품종간에는 황금찰 수수가 높은 경향이었지만, 동일 품종의 토양수분 함량에 따른 차이는 없었다.
- 토양염농도별 입모율은 남풍수수는 1.6 dS m-1농도까지는 무염과 동일한 입모율을 나타냈으나 이후에는 염농도 증가에 따라 감소하였고, 황금찰수수는 1.6 dS m-1에서부터 감소가 시작되었다.
- 파종시기에 따른 수수의 생육은 6월15일 파종시 간장과 주당 곡실중, 수량에서 유의성이 인정되었고, 재식거리에 따라서는 60X10cm에서 간장이 길었고 잎줄기 건중과 이삭 무게는 감소되었으나 재식주수가 많아 수량이 높았다. 토양염농도에 따라서는 3.2 dSm^-1에서 생장 및 결실특성이 저하되었으며 수량도 감소되었다.

2. 간척지 토양에서 기장 및 수수 재배시 적정 질소 시비량 구명
○ 간척지 토양에서 기장 재배시 적정 질소시비량 구명
- 토양은 1년차에서 알칼리성을 나타냈고 유기물, 유효인산 및 치환성 칼슘 함량이 매우 적었으며 치환성 마그네슘 및 나트륨 함량이 많은 반면 2년차에서는 중성을 나타냈다.
- 간척지에서 황금기장 재배시 질소비료 20kg/10a 시비에서 일반농경지 질소 표준시비량 (10kg/10a)보다 조곡 수량이 15%(202kg/10a) 증수되었고 소득이 18% 향상되었다.
- 곡실내 무기성분 함량은 황금기장은 질소 3.17∼3.33%, 인산 0.26∼0.27%, 칼리 0.34∼ 0.35%를 흡수하였고 이백찰기장은 질소 3.08∼3.55%, 인산 0.28∼0.33%, 칼리 0.37∼ 0.46%를 흡수하였다.
○ 간척지 토양에서 수수 재배시 적정 질소시비량 구명
- 수수 성숙기 식물체 부위별 무기양분 흡수율은 경엽에는 질소는 0.6∼0.99%, 인산은 0.14∼0.19%, 가리는 2.05∼3.63% 흡수되었으며, 곡실에는 질소는 1.69∼1.97%, 인산은 0.41∼0.47%, 가리는 0.61∼0.66% 흡수되었다.
- 수량은 황금찰 수수는 질소 100% 증비에서 표준비 대비 유의한 증가를 보였으며, 황금찰 수수는 150% 증비에서 가장 높은 수량을 나타냈다.
- 곡실내 무기성분 함량은 황금찰수수는 질소 2.72∼3.01%, 인산 0.25∼0.27%, 칼리 0.53∼0.55%를 흡수하였고 남풍찰수수는 질소 2.37∼2.83%, 인산 0.22∼0.28%, 칼리 0.53∼0.57%를 흡수하였다.

3. 간척지 토양특성별 기장 수수 재배시 토양재염화 피해 경감기술 개발
○ 간척지 토양특성별 기장, 수수 염피해 억제를 위한 최적관개 방법 설정
- 기장 및 수수의 초기생육은 파종시 관개유무에 의해 크게 영향을 받았으며 특히 기장, 수수의 출현이 5-7일 단축되는 효과를 나타내었다.
- 미사질식양토(영산강)의 기장은 7월중 습해로 인해 고사하였으며, 사양토(새만금) 수수는 파종시 관수에 의하여 입모율이 증가하고, 초기생육이 현격히 증진되었으나 수잉기때 관수에 의한 생육은 영향을 받지 않았다.
○ 간척지 토양특성별 기장, 수수 재배시 피복재료 별 염분상승피해 경감 비교
- 누적 증발산량은 사양토(새만금)가 미사질식양토(영산강)보다 많은 증발산량을 나타내었고, 피복 별 증발산량은 무피복 >갈대 >볏짚 >검정비닐 순이었다.
- 시험기간 동안에 잦은 강우가 발생함으로써 피복이 수분을 잡고 있음으로써 오히려 습해발생 요인으로 작용하였고, 이에 따라 사양토(새만금)에서 기장(이백찰) 생육 및 수량은 무피복 >갈대피복 >볏짚피복 > 검정비닐피복 순을 나타내었고 수수(황금찰) 생육 및 수량은 사양토(새만금)에서 볏짚피복이 생육 및 수량이 부진하였다.
- 미사질양토(영산강)에서는 기장 및 수수 생육 및 수량이 검정비닐피복이 우수하였는데, 이는 생육초기 적은 강우량으로 인하여 검정비닐이 가장 적은 증발산량을 나타내기 때문에 수분을 유지시켜줌으로써 추후 생육에 영향을 미쳤을 거라 판단된다.
○ 새만금간척지 사양토에서 수수 재배시 볏짚량 별 염분상승피해 경감 비교
- 사양토(새만금)에서 수수 재배시 생육 및 수량이 처리구들 간에 유의적인 차이가 있었으며 볏짚량이 적을수록 생육 및 수량이 우수하였다.

Abstract ▼

This study was conducted to test the National Institute of Crop Science in the Saemangeum reclaimed land in Buan, Jeollabuk-do for two years from January 2013 to December 2014 in order to develop cultivation method for the stable production of millet(Panicum miliaceum L.) and sorghum(Sorghum bicolor

This study was conducted to test the National Institute of Crop Science in the Saemangeum reclaimed land in Buan, Jeollabuk-do for two years from January 2013 to December 2014 in order to develop cultivation method for the stable production of millet(Panicum miliaceum L.) and sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.) in reclaimed soil. This study was conducted in three parts: (1) Investigation of a proper sowing method for millet and sorghum in reclaimed soil, (2) Determine the optimum nitrogen fertilization rate of millet and sorghum and (3) Development of a mitigation technique for soil resalinization when cultivating millet and sorghum by the characteristics of reclaimed soil. The results are as follows.

(1) Proper sowing method for millet and sorghum in reclaimed soil
This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse on the effects of sowing depth, soil water content, and soil salinity on seedling establishment with the seeds of Ibaekchal-gijang, Hwanggeum-gijang, and Nampungchal-susu, Hwanggeumchal-susu in reclaimed soil. Then their differences in growth characteristics and yield production by soil salinity, sowing time, and planting distance were examined on a field. The results are as follows.

-Millet
As a result of the greenhouse experiment, for seedling establishment by sowing depth, the seedling establishment of the millet seeds was 90-100% when they were sown at the depth of 1-2 cm, and it decreased at the lengths of over 3 cm. For seedling establishment by soil water content, the Ibaekchal-gijang showed a higher seedling establishment than the Hwanggeum-gijang. For water content, the seedling establishment was higher at 31-50 kpa. For seedling establishment by soil salinity, the seedling establishment began to decrease below the soil salinity of 1.6 dS m^-1 where the Ibaekchal-gijang showed a higher seedling establishment than the Hwanggeum-gijang. For seedling establishment by transplanting method, it was around 57% when the seeds were directly in the soil, but it increased to 93% or more when the seedlings were transplanted. For the seedling establishment by time of direct sowing, the establishment on June 15 was higher than on Jun 25. However, when the seedlings were transplanted, there was no difference by transplanting time. The yield quantities by sowing time, the quantity was higher by 15% seeded on June 15 than that of the seeded on June 25 for Ibaekchal-gijang, and higher by 5% for Hwanggeum-gijang. For yield quantities by soil salinity, the quantity significantly decreased at the soil salinity of 3.2 dS m^-1 regardless of the sowing time for both breeds. For adaptability by soil salinity, Ibaekchal-gijang showed stronger adaptability than Hwanggeum-gijang. According to planting distance, the yield quantity was the highest at the high planting density of 60cm×10cm.

-Sorghum
As a result of the greenhouse experiment, for seedling establishment by sowing depth, it was the highest at 76.7% when the seeds were sown at 3cm depth. The seedling establishment showed no difference by soil water content between 10 kpa and 80 kpa, nor by breed. The seedling establishment showed no difference by soil salinity below to 3.2 dS m-1, but it decreased from 4.8 dS m-1. After, The seedling establishment ratio by sowing time tested on the field experiment, the Nampungchal-susu was high ratio of seedling establishment on June 15 sowing. The Hwanggeumchal-susu showed no difference by sowing time, but it showed a higher seedling establishment when the seeded in low soil salinity condition more than high soil salinity. For yield quantities, the quantity of the seeds sown on June 15 was higher by 13% than those sown on June 25 for Nampungchal-susu, and by 29% for the Hwanggeumchal-susu. The yield quantities according to soil salinity, the quantity at the soil salinity of 3.2 dS m-1 was lower by 23% than the quantity at 1.6 dS m-1 or lower for the Nampungchal-susu, and Hwanggeumchal-susu lower by 30%. And according to planting density, both breeds showed the highest quantities at 60cm×10cm, and no lodging occurred.
These results suggest that the sowing time of June 15 and the planting distance of 60cm×10cm are appropriate for millet and sorghum in the reclaimed land at the central part. The Ibaekchal-gijang showed stronger adaptability to soil salinity than the Hwanggeum-gijang in the case of millet, and the Nampungchal-susu than the Hwanggeumchal-susu in the case of sorghum.

(2) Determination of the optimum nitrogen fertilization rate for millet and sorghum
-Millet
Plot of this experiment were consisted with standard fertilization(SF) and increased percentage of 50·100·150·200 fertilization in addition to non nitrogen fertilization. Soil chemical property, nourishment adsorption, growth and yield potential were examined. The testing soil was showed neutral saline soil with low organic matter contents, less available phosphate and exchangeable calcium while exchangeable potassium and sodium were higher. Germination rate of Hwanggeum-gijang(HGG) in petridish, bed soil was in good and showed a steady lower tendency the higher salt concentration.
In the early growth stage, plant length was longer than Ibaekchal-gijang(ICG) and showed good in increased 50% fertilization plot. The content of nutrients in grain on HGG/ICG were showed nitrogen(3.2∼3.3%/3.1∼3.5), phosphate(0.3%) and potassium(0.3%/0.4 ∼0.5%). Nitrogen uptake increased linearly from 0 to 300 kg ha^-1, and nitrogen use efficiency decreased with increased nitrogen fertilization rate. Yield compoments of HGG showed plenty of ear number in increased 100·150% fertilization plot and plenty of grain number in increased 100% fertilization plot. Yield compoments of ICG showed plenty of ear number in increased 100·150% fertilization plot and plenty of grain number in increased 150% fertilization plot. Grain yield of HGG showed 1,780∼2,070 kg ha^-1 in increased nitrogen fertilization plots compared to that in SF(1,750 kg ha^-1) plot. Grain yield of ICG showed 2,380∼2,730 kg ha^-1 in increased nitrogen fertilization plots compared to that in SF(2,070 kg ha^-1) plot. Soil chemical properties, such as pH, content of exchangeable potassium and sodium were decreased while total nitrogen, available phosphate, content of exchangeable calcium were increased. Results show that grain yield response for nitrogen fertilization rate of millet increased linearly with increasing nutrition fertilizer. The results obtained from this study indicate that nitrogen fertilization rate of 200 kg ha^-1 would be recommendable for stable grain yield of millet(HGG) in reclaimed land.

-Sorghum
Plots consisted of standard fertilization(SF) and increased percentage of 50·100·150·200
fertilization in addition to non nitrogen fertilization. Soil chemical property, nourishment adsorption, growth and yield potential were examined. The testing soil was showed neutral saline soil with low organic matter contents, less available phosphate and exchangeable calcium while exchangeable potassium and sodium were higher. Germination rate of Nampungchal-susoo(NPCS) in petridish, bed soil was in good and showed a steady lower tendency the higher salt concentration. In the early growth stage, plant length was the same tendency in two varities, stem diameter was Hwangeumchal-susoo(HGCS) thicker than NPCS and showed good in increased 50% fertilization plot. The content of nutrients in grain on HGCS/NPCS were showed nitrogen(2.72∼3.01/2.37∼2.83), phosphate(0.25∼ 0.27/0.22~0.28) and potassium(0.53∼055/0.53∼0.57). Nitrogen uptake increased linearly from 0 to 300 kg ha^-1, and nitrogen use efficiency decreased with increased nitrogen fertilization rate. Yield compoments of HGCS showed plenty of ear number in increased 150·200% fertilization plot and plenty of grain number in increased 150% fertilization plot. Yield compoments of NPCS showed plenty of ear number in increased 150% fertilization plot and plenty of grain number in increased 100·150% fertilization plot. Grain yield of HGCS showed 2,550∼2,860 kg ha^-1 in increased nitrogen fertilization plots compared to that in SF(2,530 kg ha^-1) plot. Grain yield of NPCS showed 2,330∼2,830 kg ha^-1 in increased nitrogen fertilization plots compared to that in SF(2,270 kg ha^-1) plot. Soil chemical properties, such as pH and salinity were lower, total nitrogen and contents of exchangeable potassium and sodium were decreased while organic matter, available phosphate and content of exchangeable calcium were increased. Results show that grain yield response for nitrogen fertilization rate of sorghum increased linearly with increasing nutrition fertilizer.

(3) Development of a mitigation technique for soil resalinization when cultivating millet and sorghum by the characteristics of reclaimed soil
-Optimal irrigation management on millet and sorghum Growth and soil salinity at reclaimed tidal lands
This study was to investigate the changes of soil salinity and growth characteristics of millet and sorghum in response to irrigation management at reclaimed tidal lands. Field study was conducted at Saemangum and Yeongsangang reclaimed tidal lands and their dominant soil series were Munpo (coarse-loamy, nonacid, mixed, mesic, typic Fluvaquents) and Pori (fine-mixed, mesic, Typic Haplaquepts), respectively. Millet and sorghum was planted with 60 cm row spacing and 20 kg per ha seeding rate. Soil salinity at surface layer was dramatically increased with furrow irrigation at Yeongsangang, but it was not significantly changed in Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. Emergence rate was significantly greater compared to the control at both locations. Soil salinity was significantly increased in control at Saemangeum soil, which resulted in poor crop development. However, soil salinity at Yeongsangang reclaimed tidal lands was significantly increased with irrigation. The results of this study showed that addition of water significantly influenced on soil salinity at reclaimed tidal lands, and thus proper management practice should be followed to control soil salinity at reclaimed tidal lands.

-Alleviation of Soil salinity by mulching materials in millet and sorghum cultivation at reclaimed tidal lands
This study was conducted to effectively control the soil salinity by using mulching materials in millet and sorghum cultivation at reclaimed tidal lands. Field experiments were conducted in saemangeum and YoungsanGang reclaimed tidal lands to evaluate the effects of three mulching types with soil salinity, soil water, and growth of millet and sorghum. Their soil Soil Properties were Sandy loam and Silty clay loam respectively. Treatments were mulched in the form of Rice straw, reed 12 ton ha^-1 and Black Vinyl. Millet was Seedling Cultivation and sorghum was Hill Seeding. their were planted with 60 cm row spacing and 20cm space between plants
The results showed that decreased soil salinity at surface layer by increasing soil moisture.
Millet yield was good except for the black vinyl at Saemangeum and Survival rate of the millet and yield were the best black vinyl at Yeongsangang.
Sorghum yield was not significantly difference at Saemangeum and the emergence rate of sorghum and yield were good black vinyl
The results of this study showed that frequent rainfall significantly influenced on soil salinity at reclaimed tidal land. The mulch probably the most effective is greater in dry season