초록 ▼

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
1) 세부 1과제 : GM 작물 환경방출에 따른 농업환경 생물종 발굴 및 평가 기술 개발
○ 수서 생물상에 대한 급성 독성영향 평가
- 가뭄저항성벼 Agb0103에 대한 잉어, 미꾸리, 물벼룩 급성 독성 분석 및 EC₅₀ 산출
- 비타민 E 강화콩에 대한 물벼룩 급성 독성 분석 및 EC₅₀ 산출
○ GM작물별 환경 방출 유형별/시기별 목적유전자 발현 분석
- GM벼/GM콩에 대한 PAT 단백질 발현도 분석(ELISA)
○ GM벼에 대한 멸

Ⅳ. 연구개발결과
1) 세부 1과제 : GM 작물 환경방출에 따른 농업환경 생물종 발굴 및 평가 기술 개발
○ 수서 생물상에 대한 급성 독성영향 평가
- 가뭄저항성벼 Agb0103에 대한 잉어, 미꾸리, 물벼룩 급성 독성 분석 및 EC₅₀ 산출
- 비타민 E 강화콩에 대한 물벼룩 급성 독성 분석 및 EC₅₀ 산출
○ GM작물별 환경 방출 유형별/시기별 목적유전자 발현 분석
- GM벼/GM콩에 대한 PAT 단백질 발현도 분석(ELISA)
○ GM벼에 대한 멸구류 영향 평가 및 위해성 검증
- 가뭄저항성 Agb0103과 해충저항성 Bt벼에 대한 벼멸구 영향 평가
○ GM/non-GM콩 지렁이 영향 평가
- 비타민 E 강화콩에 대한 지렁이 영향 평가
○ 비표적 생물체 영향 평가를 위한 농업생물종 평가 기술 개발 및 가이드라인 제시

2) 세부 2과제 : GM벼 유전자이동성 예측 모델링 연구
○ 화분 비산에 의한 유전자 이동성 모델 수식
- 화분 매개에 의한 유전자 이동성의 여러 요인 분석
* 화분 밀도, 수정률, 화분 활력 등
- 화분 매개 유전자 이동 빈도 예측 모델식 도출
○ 화분매개에 의한 유전자 이동률 및 최대 이동거리 산출
- 유전자 이동률 : 0.0095%, 이동거리 : 13m
○ 모델식 및 검정을 통한 이격거리 도출

제3세부과제 : 제초제저항성 유채의교잡 및 잡초화가능성 연구
○ GM 유채와 십자화과 재배종(15종)과 교잡을 통한 유전자 이동성 분석
- 제초제저항성 생물검정을 통한 유전자 이동성 분석
- 분자생물학적 방법을 통한 유전자 이동성 분석
- FISH 분석을 통한 GM 유채와 배추와의 교잡성 분석
- 지방산 분석을 통한 GM 유채와 십자화과 재배종과의 교잡성 분석
○ F1 hybrid를 이용한 2차 유전자 이동성 분석
- 배추와 GM 유채와 교잡을 통해 얻은 F1 hybird 자가교잡을 통한 후대 전개
- 여교배를 통한 BC1 세대 전개를 통한 유전자 이동성 분석
○ 교잡 십자화과 작물의 잡초화 가능성 분석
- 개화 유전자 및 지방산 분석을 통한 잡초화 가능성 분석

제4세부과제 : GM 콩의 유전자이동성 분석을 통한 안전관리 체계 구축
○ 매개충에 의한 GM콩 도입유전자 이동 실험체계 구축 및 유전자 이동성 평가
- GM콩 유전자이동 분석을 위한 격리온실 내 실험 설계 구축
- 제초제선발과 진단막대 검정, PCR분석 수행을 통한 매개충의 도입유전자 이동 확인
- GM콩 코어 면적에 따른 유전자이동성 분석
○ 십자화과 GM작물 환경모니터링 기술 개발 및 안전관리 체계 구축
- 제초제저항성 유채를 이용한 거리 별 유전자 이동분석
- 포장 주변 화분에 의한 근연 야생종으로의 유전자 이동 분석 및 모니터링
- 효과적 모니터링을 통한 안전관리 체계 구축 방안 제시

제1협동과제 : 유전자변형 십자화과 작물의 안전관리를 위한 유전자이동성 평가 및 환경 모니터링 기술 개발
○ 제초제저항성 유채로부터 배추로의 유전자이동성 평가
- 유전자이동성평가를 위한 실험계 설계 및 시험포장 조성
- 유전자이동성 평가 수행 및 분석 진행
○ 환경방출 모니터링 시스템 개발
- 교잡종 검정법 개발을 위한 제초제저항성 유채와 배추의 교잡종 개발
- PCR법을 이용한 교잡종 분석법 개발
- GM유채의 확산 예측 모델 개발을 위한 환경모니터링 수행

Abstract ▼

Commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops have to be required the evaluation of risk assessments before the release of GM crops. Between the many of environmental risk assessments items, the investigation of non-target organisms between GM and non-GM is necessary for the environmental ris

Commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops have to be required the evaluation of risk assessments before the release of GM crops. Between the many of environmental risk assessments items, the investigation of non-target organisms between GM and non-GM is necessary for the environmental risk research of GM crops.
This study was carried out to test for the effects on survival of non-target organism, oach (M. anguillicaudatus) and carp (C. carpio), commonly used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies between GM and non-GM.. The evaluation of acute and subchronic toxicity on loach (M. anguillicaudatus) and carp (C. carpio) for nontarget organism assessment. For biosafety assay, GM rice, drought-tolerant, Vitamin E biofortified, Desease resistant rice, were assessed for the effects on viability of loach and carp. Acute toxicity test showed that no critical differences in abnormal response and cumulative immobility of loach and carp fed on between GM and non-non-GM. The LC50 values were not significantly different between GM and non-GM rice within 48hr and 96hr. These results suggested that there was no significant difference in acute toxicity for aquatic organisms (loach and carp) between GM and non-GM rice

Although genetically modified (GM) crops have never been cultivated commercially in Korea, it is necessary for a thorough assessment of the risks associated with their environmental release. Gene flow event from GM rice to adjacent non-GM rice lines naturally happen in the field. To predict rice pollen flow distance, we estimated average and maximum flow distance by stoke's law on the assumption that it blows 2m/m wind speed. As a result, average and maximum flow distances were predicted a range on 3.1-5.3m and 5.3-10.6m respectively. Our objective is to test prediction model on gene flow under natural cultivated condition. For the gene flow research, we used Hwangkembyeo (containing beta-carotene enhancing gene and bar gene) and Nakdongbyeo (mother plant of Hwangkembyeo). 84 among 882,392 seeds from non-GM rice which were planted around Hwangkembyeo were detected to hybrids. Results showed that most gene flow events occurred within the 1m range of cores(GM rice). The maximum distance for gene flow events was observed at 13m range however the sharp cut point distance was on 60-90cm. Wind direction and distance were found to be the most important factors for determining rice out-crossing rate. But for more accurate prevention of GM gene flow, many factors should be considered like local weather condition, wind direction, speed and flowering time for safe cultivation.

A number of studies have been conducted on hybridization or backcross between transgenic B. napus and B. rapa in nature. However, not only the effects of transgene but also the trait changes due to hybridization of two species need to be analyzed to evaluate sustainability of their hybrids in nature. In this study, early flowering transgenic B. napus which expresses BrAGL20 and B. rapa were hybridized to verify the early flowering phenomenon in F1 hybrid due to gene flow of BrAGL20, and also the trait characters of F1 hybrid was analyzed to predict the impact on the environmental sustainability. F1 hybrid bloomed a week slower than early flowering transgenic B. napus, however it bloomed in the greenhouse without vernalization due to BrAGL20 gene flow, which was identical with the expression of flowering-related genes, and such phenomenon was considered to be due to the additive transgene expression. The size of seeds, morphological characteristics of pollen and stomatal apparatus, and composition of fatty acids were surveyed to observe the trait changes in hybrids by genetic load between the two crops. The size of F1 hybrid seeds was in between the size of transgenic B. napus and B. rapa. Although it displayed strong viviparous germination from the early phase of seed development, germination of the seeds developed normally as well as outcrossing rate marked 100%. In the observation of pollen morphology, abnormal sizes and forms were frequently observed compared to the parent, which was accounted for about 40% of the total number. The form of stomatal apparatus of F1 hybrid was in between transgenic B. napus and B. rapa, and the number of stomatal apparatus was analyzed to be close to the average of the two plants. As for fatty acid composition, the change was detected in F1 hybrid compared to the parent. Erucic acid showed the greatest change marking the value in between transgenic B. napus and B. rapa, which was due to polymorphism of two paralogous genes of fatty acid elongase 1 (FAE1) in A and C genome that are involved in the synthesis of erucic acid. In the analysis of fertility for F1 hybrid by self-pollination and backcross, F2 hybrid could not be obtained. However, BC 1 progenies were obtained upon hand pollination of F1 hybrid as pollen donor to B. rapa as seed plant at the hybridization rate of 50%. Therefore, the transgene was thought to be located homologously in A genome. In conclusion, BrAGL20 was successfully transferred to F1 hybrid. Although sustainability of the transgene was verified by obtaining BC1 progeny, its sustainability in the ecosystem upon genetic load of crop-derived genes transferred via hybridization and backcross should be investigated further.

We investigated the pollinator have an influence on insect-mediated gene transfer from GM soybeans. Hybrid was induced from GM soybeans by honeybee and western flower thrips, and non-GM soybeans were used as pollen receptor. In the result of the analysis, three hybrids were detected on the distance 15, 75, 105 cm from pollen source in western flower thrips treatment. In honeybee treatment, one hybrid was detected in the farthest distance (300 cm). We also investigated the change of gene flow by core size of GM soybeans and surveyed the weediness potential from GM X wild soybean hybrids.
We conducted the research of risk management in gene flow assessment and environmental monitoring of GM Brassicaceae crops. In the research we developed species specific markers from A and B genom, and chloloplast DNA to use environmental monitoring of GM canola to other Brassicaceae plants. We also surveyed the gene flow from herbicide canola to B. rapa (Michihili, Tatsoi, Turnip) and B. juncea (Pacific gold), and established basic of GM canola gene prediction model system.