초록 ▼

개발 목적 및 필요성
[연구개발 목적]
- 생활폐기물 소각 바닥재 등 무기성폐기물의 실증플랜트 구축/운영 및 순환 자원화를 통한 CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) 수익 모델 제시
[연구개발 필요성]
- 기후온난화의 가속화로 인하여 온실가스 저감을 위한 연구와 노력이 전 세계적으로 진행되고 있으며 폐기물 처리 및 재활용이 사회적 이슈로 대두되어있기 때문에 즉시 적용 가능한 해법 제시가 시급히 요구된다.

연구개발 결과
본 연구는 매립에 의존하던 소각재 등 각종

개발 목적 및 필요성
[연구개발 목적]
- 생활폐기물 소각 바닥재 등 무기성폐기물의 실증플랜트 구축/운영 및 순환 자원화를 통한 CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) 수익 모델 제시
[연구개발 필요성]
- 기후온난화의 가속화로 인하여 온실가스 저감을 위한 연구와 노력이 전 세계적으로 진행되고 있으며 폐기물 처리 및 재활용이 사회적 이슈로 대두되어있기 때문에 즉시 적용 가능한 해법 제시가 시급히 요구된다.

연구개발 결과
본 연구는 매립에 의존하던 소각재 등 각종 무기성폐기물에 온실가스(CO₂)를 고정화하여 유해 중금속의 용출을 억제함으로써 안전한 순환골재를 생산하는 CCS와 순환자원화 기술을 융합한 친환경 폐기물 처리공정 개발 실증화 및 실증설비 실증화 매뉴얼 DB 구축, CDM을 통한 수익 모델을 연구하였다.
- 본 연구의 최종 결과물이며, 실증 연구를 위한 실증플랜트의 개요는 다음과 같다.
* 소 재 지 : 인천시 서구 백석동 수도권매립지 제 1공구
* 연 면 적 : 1,238.82 m²
* 건물용도 : 무기성폐기물 탄산화 설비 연구동
* 준공일자 : 2012년 5월 21일(2012년 6월 ~ 10월 : 시설보완)
* 시설용량 : 폐기물처리용량 50,000톤/년
CO₂ 포집용량 3,000톤/년
- 160톤/일 규모의 실증플랜트 구축 및 공정 최적화를 확립하였으며, 실증화 운전은 2012년 11월 - 2013년 4월까지 총 65일 가동하였고, 운전기간 동안 무기성폐기물 6,078톤을 처리(생활쓰레기 소각재 5,338톤, 무기성폐기물 740톤) 하고, CO₂ 360톤을 포집 했다.
- 실증화 운전 총괄표(단위 : 톤)
a) 투입원료 대비 CO₂ 포집비율(%) = CO₂ 포집량 / 투입원료 * 100
b) 탄산화율(%) = CO₂포집량 / (반응물질 + CO₂포집량)
- 실증플랜트에서 처리된 부산물을 활용하여 도로용 보조기층재 포설(15m²) 및 블록 제조를 위한 콘크리트 배합실험을 실행하였으며, 이를 통해 무기성 폐기물의 순환골재 활용화 부분에 대한 기술을 확립할 수 있었다.
- 본 사업을 CDM으로 추진하는데 있어 절차상에 특별한 문제는 없으나, 향후 CDM을 추진 시 신규 방법론 개발이 필요하다.

성능사양 및 기술개발 수준
- CO₂ 포집능력 측면에서는 폐기물 내 CaO, MgO 등 결합 가능한 반응물질 함량에 따라 미분기준으로 약 5~30%(5%, 19%, 31%)의 탄산화율을 보이고 있으며, 안정화된 순환골재의 경우 도로보조기층재 등 토건재료로써 관련 기준에 적합한 것으로 연구되었다.
- 본 기술은 실증플랜트에서 실증화 연구를 진행하였고, 상용화를 추진하고 있다.

활용계획
- 연간 폐기물 100,000톤 처리, 블록 등 콘크리트 제품을 연간 20,000m² 생산 규모의 상용플랜트를 건설할 계획이다.
- 현 실증플랜트는 상용플랜트 준공 전까지 연구 및 홍보시설로 이용할 계획이다.

(출처 : 요약서 3p)

Abstract ▼

IV. Outcomes
1. Construct and operate a recycle treatment demonstration plant capable of treating 50,000ton/year of inorganic wastes, such as municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash, and capture 3,000 ton/year of CO₂
o This research aims to develop and demonstrate an environmentally frie

IV. Outcomes
1. Construct and operate a recycle treatment demonstration plant capable of treating 50,000ton/year of inorganic wastes, such as municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash, and capture 3,000 ton/year of CO₂
o This research aims to develop and demonstrate an environmentally friendly waste treatment process by integrating CCS and resource recycling technology. The technology fixes greenhouse gas (CO₂) in various inorganic wastes, such as incineration ash and others, which are traditionally buried, to manufacture safe cyclic aggregates by preventing the elution of harmful heavy metals.
- The current demonstration plant mainly treats municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and KR slag produced during the steel-making process.
- The imported wastes go through impurities removal, primary size sorting, iron separation, and other pretreatment processes. The wastes are finally categorized into cyclic aggregates for manufacturing processes and CCS processes through secondary size sorting.
- The fine powder wastes under a 100mesh (0.15mm) are made into a slurry of an appropriate solid-liquid ratio in a mix-tank, and combined with exhaust gas (CO₂) in a loop-reactor to collect CO₂ in large amounts, and then discharged after the dehydration process.
- Particles larger than a 100mesh (0.15mm) go through dry carbonation, dechlorination, and other stabilization processes that generate carbonate layers on the particle surfaces in an extractor. The particles are then recycled and stored as cyclic aggregates.
- Such pretreatment, cyclic aggregates production, CCS, and other processes of the demonstration plant are composed as an automated central system controlled by a small number of people.
- The system operation was stabilized through a test run in the second half of 2012 and a complement study period of 2012. 11. 01 ~ 2012. 12. 31, and the plant processed 15~20 tons of waste every hour during the period of 2013. 3. 8 ~ 2013. 4. 23. (Demonstration result)
- In CO₂ capturing, bottom ash powders, KR slag, and combination of the bottom ash and KR slag in a 10:1 ratio yielded stable carbonization rates of approximately 5%, 31%, and 19%, respectively, in CO₂ capture.

o Paving sub-base material for roads
- In order to confirm the suitability of the cyclic aggregate produced from the demonstration plant as a sub-base material for roads, a simulated road was constructed near the demonstration plant to conduct a field paving experiment in accordance with the standard specifications.
- In order to objectively confirm the suitability of the cyclic aggregate, produced from the demonstration plant, for roads, a test analysis of the cyclic aggregate was commissioned to a nationally certified testing laboratory, Korea Conformity Laboratory. The test analysis results were compared with the road sub-base material specifications (KS Standard KS F 2474 Road sub-base cyclic aggregates application) from and confirmed to satisfy the specification standard.
- For 15m(length) x 3m(width) x 0.3m(depth) paving of road sub-base material, mixed aggregates of 15m³ in a 1(cyclic aggregate):2(natural aggregate) ratio were prepared. The construction proceeded in the order of two runs of paving of 0.15m followed by a compacting process.
- Derive a verification plan for long term stability and conduct continuous monitoring

o Manufacture concrete blocks
- Concrete blocks were manufactured utilizing the cyclic aggregates produced from the demonstration plant, and their strength was tested in accordance with the KS standard.
- The cyclic aggregate produced from the demonstration plant has a specific gravity of 1.82, which corresponds to the type-2 aggregate of KS F 4570 standard, and its absorption rate and wear rate also satisfy the standard.
- Cyclic aggregates of 5mm or smaller were used in the production of concrete blocks for strength and appearance. Numerous mixings were designed for the replacement ratio of the cyclic aggregates and the produced specimens were strength tested.
- Although the results of the strength test satisfied the standard of KS F 4570, the cyclic aggregate manufactured from the demonstration plant has a higher absorption rate than conventional natural aggregates. Due to the higher absorption rate, which increases the possibility of freezing and thawing, a replacement ratio of 20% or below was determined to be suitable.

2. Determination of the process reaction factors and optimization for fixations of carbon dioxide by the process simulation program
o Development of carbon dioxide gas concentration process of the cement industry flue gas using an amine wet absorption method
- Because of the amino and carboxyl group or bulky substituents which have adjacent between molecules structure, the initial rate of stripping is faster, so initial rate of absorption can be reduced and the effective absorption capacity be increasing.
- The initial absorption rate, as well as the initial rate of stripping was enhanced by the addition of a small amount of a Piperazine in steric hinderance amino acids (Alanine, Serine etc).
- Therefore, these will be much more effective carbon dioxide absorbent than MEA.

o Process reaction factors and foundation optimization for fixations of carbon dioxide by the process simulation program
- By recycling the waste bottom-ash material through the carbonation method, the mineral carbonates can be reused such in the cement production can be stabilized. Moreover, it also contributes to reduce the carbon dioxide emission into the environment.
- The aim of this study was to decide the basic and optimum factors which form the precipitation of CaCO₃ for bench-class plant process using Aspen plus process modeling program. For increasing the production yield, the optimum factor for precipitation of CaCO₃ was decided by the simulated reaction model. The result data of computer simulation program compared with the actual operating plant data of Landfill site and evaluated the suitability of this study.
- The yield of carbonate in Aspen plus simulation is 11% and it is similar to the yield of carbonate in actual plant data in landfill site. And in atmospheric condition, the amount of fixations for carbon dioxide were calculated. So through this process, the carbon dioxide is fixed by 27,164 ton/year.
- Therefore, schematic of Aspen plus model and the data is determined to optimal conditions for economics.
- However, we simplified the process simulation using only CaO (carbon oxide). The municipal solid waste in landfill contains heavy metals which exceed the permitted limit and other materials. So, the next research need to consider these materials to be generated in the process before and after the processing.

3. Establish CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) through resource recycling of municipal solid waste incineration ash and others
o Review the feasibility with respect to prior consideration
- CDM prior consideration refers to the process in which a licensee who wishes to start a CDM business has to prove that the licensee has considered starting a CDM business. Since this project is looking into conducting a demonstration project in the second half of this year, the project could fulfill the requirement of CDM prior consideration by submitting a letter of intent to a related agency prior to starting the demonstration project.

o Review the feasibility of the methodology
- A methodology is a guideline of the CDM project with respect to each technology. A CDM project cannot proceed if there is no authorized methodology corresponding to the project.
- Of the CDM methodologies currently registered to UNFCCC, methodologies AM0027 and AM0063 are similar to this project. However, only a part of AM0063 methodology can be used in replacing CO₂ required for carbonation.

o Review the feasibility of additionality
- Identification of business satisfaction of current regulations: This project satisfies the corresponding item since this project involves a technology that reduces greenhouse gas through a waste treatment. It follows national and local regulations and it is not a business enforced by regulations.
- Investment analysis: Without taking the CDM project into account, the internal rate of return (IRR) of this project is 3.799%, which is 2.7% higher than a relative comparison index, the 10-year government bond (the most conservative index).
- Of the additionality analyses, investment analysis proves the additionality of the business when the internal rate of return is higher than the comparison index in the barrier analysis, and thus the CDM project could proceed.
- Barrier analysis: This project utilizes technology rarely used in Korea, and the technology has never been developed into a demonstration project. The development of a new technology that contributes to greenhouse gas reduction and waste treatment secures technological additionality.
- Case study: Although this project is in the research phase, the demonstration plant will soon be completed, and it can be viewed as the only commercialized facility that it can be considered as the "first of its kind".

o Review
- The most critical problem in promoting this project as CDM is the absence of an appropriate methodology. Therefore, development of a novel methodology must be the beginning of future CDM promotion.
- Although there is no particular obstacle, other than the absence of the methodology, in promoting a CDM project, the development of a methodology requires a lot a time and high cost. In addition, changes in the market should be closely observed as difficulties in the projects can be predicted with aggravation of the business environment such as the recent crash in the CER price and strengthened CDM standard requirements in developing countries, such as in Korea.

3. Research on pre-treatment of inorganic wastes and CO₂ fixation technology for overseas technology transfer of resource recycling treatment technology.
o Application of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash
- For carbonation reaction to take place there must be large amounts of materials capable of reacting with CO₂ The municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash includes materials, such as portlandite, ettringite, and hydrocalumite, which react easily with CO₂ (the total content of the 3 materials show values of approximately 13-19 mass% in the particle size under 0.15mm).
- The amount of materials capable of reacting with CO₂ increases as the size of the particles decreases. Therefore, this research focuses on securing resource recycling technology of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash through an analysis from the perspective of CCS by preventing the elution of harmful heavy metals by fixing greenhouse gas(CO₂) through carbonation reactions.
- The decompositions of portlandite, ettringite, and hydrocalumite through carbonation reaction are confirmed. Municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash goes through a radical chemical change and stabilizes the elution of heavy metals.
- Designing a flowchart of the overall treatment is possible due to the identification of the characteristics of the municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash.
· Steel/nonferrous metals, uninflammable materials, can be removed through physical sorting. After the sorting, materials affected by carbonation reaction are sorted through particle size separation.
· Sorted bottom ash with a regular size can be stabilized through a carbonation reaction and it will be converted to a material capable of being recycled as a cyclic aggregate.
· A flowchart of the overall process can be designed with the results of the above, and a demonstration plant process can be designed with this.

o Development of CO₂ fixation technology through accelerated carbonation method.
- Accelerated carbonation has been developed and it has been commercialized CO₂-is artificially injected into the target material, the waste, to accelerate the carbonation reaction, and the treatment is not limited by space. Therefore, time and space are saved compared to natural carbonation. .
· In addition, the main culprit of the greenhouse effect, CO₂, is produced in many areas. Using CO₂ to accelerated carbonation is a significantly effective method from the perspective of CCS.
· Major factors in accelerated carbonation include temperature, water content, CO₂ density, and pressure, and these factors are closely related to reaction rate. The reaction rate increases with increasing temperature, However, high temperature has a negative effect on high CO₂ content.
· The actual CO₂ employment obtained from the process demonstration in pilot plant scale using the municipal waste was 26.0kg-CO₂/ton-waste, and 35.0kg-CO₂/ton-waste under 4.75mm. Considering the domestic municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash production, CO₂ emission reduction of 16,500 ton/year is expected.
· The highest carbonation rate was observed in 4.75mm or smaller bottom ash at 20°C, solid-liquid ratio of 0.3, and 30% of CO₂, proving the efficiency of the utilization of incinerator exhaust gas. The phase-boundary control reaction was dominant in the initial rate-determining step of dry carbonation. However, it was later revealed that the product layer diffusion control reaction becomes the rate-determining step as the reaction proceeds.
· The result also showed effective reduction of Pb and Cu, which exceed the elution standard, among the heavy metals of domestic municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash.
· The heavy metal stabilization of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash seems to be comprehensively influenced by the generation of stable compounds, such as carbonate, due to the decrease in pH, physical blocking with capsulation, and the generation of absorbents from the decomposition of hydrates.

o Applications of other inorganic wastes
- Inorganic wastes include not only municipal solid waste but also other various wastes. This research confirmed the impacts on carbonation reaction with industrial waste incineration ash, KG slag, paper mill sludge incineration ash, blast furnace slag and converter slag, electric arc furnace oxidizing slag, and blast furnace air-cooled slag. CO₂ employment rate, which is an essential factor in the applicability of CCS, was measured with the result.

(출처 : SUMMARY 23p)

목차 Contents

• 표지 ... 1
• 제출문 ... 2
• 요약서 ... 3
• 요약문 ... 6
• SUMMARY ... 18
• 목차 ... 34
• 표목차 ... 38
• 그림목차 ... 41
• 제1장 서론 ... 46
• 제1절 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 46
• 1. 연구개발의 목적 및 필요성 ... 46
• 가. 온실 가스 저감의 필요성 ... 46
• 나. 무기성 폐기물 순환자원화 필요성 ... 51
• 다. CO₂의 탄산화를 통한 무기성 폐기물의 순환자원화 ... 53
• 2. 연구개발대상 기술의 차별성 ... 55
• 가. CO₂ 탄산화를 통한 고정화 기술의 차별성 ... 55
• 나. CO₂ 탄산화를 통한 생활폐기물 소각바닥재 자원처리 연구 차별성 ... 56
• 제2절 연구개발의 국내외 현황 ... 58
• 1. 국외 기술 현황 ... 58
• 가. 해외 CO₂ 포집 및 저장 기술 현황 ... 58
• 나. 해외 무기성 폐기물의 CO₂ 탄산화 기술 현황 ... 63
• 2. 국내 기술 현황 ... 67
• 가. 국내 CO₂ 포집 및 저장 기술 현황 ... 67
• 나. 국내 무기성 폐기물의 CO₂ 탄산화 기술 현황 ... 70
• 제3절 연구개발의 내용 및 범위 ... 72
• 1. 연구개발의 최종목표 ... 72
• 2. 연도별 연구개발 목표 및 평가방법 ... 73
• 3. 연도별 추진체계 ... 75
• 제2장 연구개발 수행내용 및 결과 ... 76
• 제1절 연구개발 결과 및 토의 ... 76
• 1. 무기성 폐기물의 순환자원화 및 CO₂ 고정화 공정 실증화 연구 ... 76
• 가. 무기성 폐기물의 순환자원화 실증 플랜트 구축 ... 76
• 나. 탄산화 처리된 무기성 폐기물의 순환 자원화 활용 ... 212
• 다. CO₂ 고정화 기술 연구 ... 227
• 라. 온실가스 탄산화를 통한 CO₂ 고정화 공정에서의 CDM 및 KVER 타당성 평가 ... 289
• 2. 무기성 폐기물의 전처리 및 CO₂ 고정화 기술에 관한 연구 ... 346
• 가. 생활폐기물 소각 바닥재의 적용 ... 346
• 나. 그 밖의 무기성 폐기물의 적용 ... 418
• 제2절 연구개발 결과 요약 ... 420
• 1. 무기성 폐기물의 순환 자원화 및 CO₂ 고정화 공정 실증화 연구 ... 420
• 가. 무기성 폐기물의 순환자원화 실증 플랜트 구축 ... 420
• 나. 탄산화 처리된 무기성 폐기물의 순환 자원화 활용 ... 422
• 다. CO₂ 고정화 기술 연구 ... 424
• 라. 온실가스 탄산화를 통한 CO₂ 고정화 공정에서의 CDM 및 KVER 타당성 평가 ... 427
• 2. 무기성 폐기물의 전처리 및 CO₂ 고정화 기술에 관한 연구 ... 428
• 가. 생활폐기물 소각 바닥재의 적용 ... 428
• 나. 그 밖의 무기성 폐기물의 적용 ... 430
• 제3장 목표 달성도 및 관련분야 기여도 ... 431
• 제1절 연도별 연구개발목표의 달성도 ... 431
• 제2절 관련분야의 기술발전 기여도(환경적 성과 포함) ... 432
• 1. 기술적 측면 ... 432
• 2. 환경적 측면 ... 433
• 3. 경제적·산업적 측면 ... 433
• 제4장 연구개발결과의 활용계획 등 ... 434
• 제1절 연구개발 결과의 활용계획 ... 434
• 1. 사업 추진 계획 ... 434
• 가. 사업개요 ... 434
• 나. 폐기물 처리 및 재활용 제품 생산계획 ... 434
• 다. 제품 판매계획 ... 435
• 라. 생산시설 조성계획 ... 435
• 마. 인력운영 계획 ... 436
• 바. 투자 및 자금조달 계획 ... 436
• 사. 사업성 검토 ... 436
• 2. 실증화 Plant 활용 계획 ... 437
• 가. 과제 종료 후 활용방안 ... 437
• 나. 활용기간 ... 437
• 다. 운영주체 ... 437
• 라. 실증플랜트 운영계획 협조 공문 ... 438
• 3. 사업화가능성 SWOT 분석 ... 439
• 제2절 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외 과학기술정보 ... 440
• 제3절 연구개발결과의 보안등급 ... 441
• 제4절 NTIS에 등록한 연구시설·장비현황 ... 442
• 제5장 참고문헌 ... 443
• 끝페이지 ... 449