[보고서]표준관측소를 활용한 강수관측 정확도 검정기술 개발

이규원

표준관측소를 활용한 강수관측 정확도 검정기술 개발 원문보기

보고서 정보
주관연구기관	경북대학교 KyungPook National University
연구책임자	이규원
보고서유형	최종보고서
발행국가	대한민국
언어	한국어
발행년월	2017-04
과제시작연도	2016
주관부처	기상청 Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA)
과제관리전문기관	한국기상산업진흥원 Korea Meteorological Industry Promotion Agency
등록번호	TRKO201800022623
과제고유번호	1365002386
사업명	기상기술개발사업
DB 구축일자	2018-06-23
키워드	스파이스(고체강수비교 검증실험).강수량.적설량.강우량.정확도.SPICE.snowfall.snow depth.rainfall.uncertainty.

초록 ▼

연구의 목적 및 내용
[목적]
· WMO SPICE(고체강수 비교검증 실험) 프로그램 지원 및 강수 집중 관측
· 적설계/무게식 강수량계 정확도 평가

· 신개념 장비를 이용한 강수 추정 기술개발

[내용]
1. WMO SPICE 프로그램 지원
- WMO SPICE 관측자료 분석 및 평가
- SPICE 기술보고서 작성 참여

2. 표준관측소를 활용한 강설 정확도 평가
- 기상청 관측소를 활용한 겨울철 집중관측
- 고창 표준관측소 강설 정확도 평가
- 적설관측 정확도 평가

3. 집중관측 자료를 활용한 강수관측정확도 평가
- 적설계 종류별(초음파, 레이더) 정확도 평가
- 무게식 강수량계 정확도 검증 및 평가
- 기상인자에 따른 무게식 강수량계 보정기법 개발

4. 신개념 강수관측 가능성 진단
- 신개념 장비를 활용한 집중관측 수행
- 무게식 강수량계 및 우적계 우량 비교 검증
- 신개념 장비 기반 강수산출 기술 개발

연구개발성과
- SPICE 참여 사이트 중 캐나다 CARE 사이트, 핀란드 Sodankyla 사이트, 고창 적설 자료 분석
- SPICE 기술 보고서 참여(SPICE R2 기준장비 비교, CARE 사이트 적설자료 정확도 평가)
- 바람막이에 따른 무게식 강수량계의 오차 정량화(고창, CARE 사이트)
- SCI 논문 4편 게재, 국내 소프트웨어 2건 등록, 학회발표 12건(국내 6건/국제 6건)

연구개발성과의 활용계획(기대효과)
- 현업 활용 적설량계 또는 강수량계의 체계적인 검증을 통한 운영방안 제시
- WMO SPICE 프로그램 참여를 통한 대한민국 기상청의 국제적 위상 정립
- 강설 정확도 비교검증 기술 확보
- 강수관측 정확도 향상을 위한 강수량계 운영방안 확보

(출처 : 요약문 4p)

Abstract ▼

Purpose & Contents
[Purpose]
- Support of SPICE program and intensive observation of precipitation
- Evaluation of accuracy of snow depth sensors and weighing gauges
- Development of precipitation estimation techniques using new instruments based on emerging technologies

[Contents]
1. Support of WMO SPICE program
- Analysis and evaluation for the observation data of WMO SPICE
- Participation in the final repot of SPICE

2. Evaluation of accuracy of snowfall using standard observatory site
- Intensive observation for winter season using standard observatory of KMA
- Evaluation of accuracy for amount of snowfall at Gochang site.
- Evaluation of accuracy for snow depth

3. Evaluation of accuracy for the precipitation amount using intensive observation data
- Evaluation of accuracy for different type of snow depth sensors
- Verification and evaluation for weighing precipitation gauges
- Development of correction techniques for weighing gauges considering environmental conditions

4. Tests for the ability of precipitation observation using new instruments based on emerging technologies
- Intensive observation using instruments based on new technology
- Intercomparison analysis between the amounts of rain rates of weighing gauge and disdrometer
- Development of precipitation observation technique based on new technologies

Results
- Uncertainty analysis for the snow depth data of SPICE participating site at Canada CARE site, Finland Sodankyla site, and Gochang site.
- Participation in the SPICE Technical report (comparison of SPICE standard reference 2, accuracy evaluation of snow depth data at CARE site) conditions
- Quantification of errors in weighing gauges for different wind shields (Gochang site, CARE site)
- Published 4 SCI papers, registered 2 softwares, and had 12 presentations at conferences

Expected Contribution
- Suggestion of operational plan about instruments of field work though a systematic verification about snow depth sensors or precipitation gauges
- Enhancement of global positioning of Korea in the related fields by participation in WMO SPICE program
- Obtained technology for comparing snow depth accuracy
- Insurance of operational plan for improvement of accuracy of precipitation observation

(출처 : SUMMARY 5p)

목차 Contents

표지 ... 1
제출문 ... 2
보고서 요약서 ... 3
국문 요약문 ... 4
SUMMARY ... 5
Contents ... 6
목차 ... 7
표목차 ... 10
그림목차 ... 12
제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 ... 23
제1절 연구개발의 목적 ... 23
제2절 연구개발의 필요성 ... 23
제3절 연구 내용과 범위 ... 24
1. WMO SPICE 프로그램 지원 ... 24
2. 표준관측소를 활용한 강설 정확도 평가 ... 24
3. 집중관측을 활용한 강수관측 정확도 평가 ... 24
4. 신개념 강수관측 가능성 진단 ... 25
제2장 국내외 기술 개발 현황 ... 26
제1절 국내기술 현황 ... 26
1. 기상장비 비교 관측 분석 수행 ... 26
2. 국제 수준의 고체강수 비교 관측을 위한 고창관측소 관측체계 변경 ... 26
3. 강우강도 정확도 평가기술 개발 ... 27
제2절 국외기술 현황 ... 29
제3장 연구 수행 내용 및 성과 ... 34
제1절 WMO SPICE 프로그램 지원 ... 34
1. WMO SPICE 관측자료 분석 및 평가 ... 34
2. SPICE 기술보고서 작성참여 ... 79
제2절 표준관측소를 활용한 강설 정확도 평가 ... 121
1. 표준관측소를 통한 겨울철 집중관측 ... 121
2. 고창표준관측소의 강설 정확도 평가 및 보정 기법 개발 ... 123
3. 고창 표준관측소의 적설 정확도 평가 ... 130
제3절 집중관측 자료를 활용한 강수관측 정확도 평가 ... 140
1. 적설계 종류별 정확도 평가 ... 140
2. 무게식 강수량계 정확도 평가 ... 145
3. 기상인자(환경)에 따른 무게식 강수량계의 보정기법 개발(고창) ... 165
4. POSS의 낙하속도를 이용한 보정 함수 모델링 ... 167
제4절 신개념 강수관측 가능성 진단 ... 172
1. 신개념 장비를 활용한 집중관측 수행 ... 172
2. 무게식 강수량계 및 우적계의 우량 비교 ... 173
3. 신개념 장비 기반 강수산출 기술 개발 ... 194
제4장 목표 달성도 및 관련 분야 기여도 ... 211
제1절 목표 달성도 ... 211
제2절 관련 분야 기여도 ... 212
1. WMO SPICE 프로그램 지원 ... 212
2. 표준관측소를 활용한 강설 정확도 평가 ... 212
3. 집중관측자료를 활용한 강수관측 정확도 평가 ... 212
4. 신개념 장비 강수관측 가능성 진단 ... 212
제5장 연구개발성과의 활용계획 ... 213
1. 다양한 통계 자료를 통한 기준 자료로써의 활용 ... 213
2. 외부 환경에 따른 보정인자 ... 213
3. 현업용 장비의 효율적 구축에 대한 가이드라인 제시 ... 213
4. 품질관리 방법 제공 ... 213
제6장 연구 과정에서 수집한 해외 과학기술 정보 ... 214
제7장 연구개발성과의 보안등급 ... 215
제8장 국가과학기술종합정보시스템에 등록한 연구시설·장비 현황 ... 216
제9장 연구개발과제 수행에 따른 연구실 등의 안전 조치 이행 실적 ... 217
제10장 연구개발과제의 대표적 연구 실적 ... 218
제11장 기타 사항 ... 219
제12장 참고 문헌 ... 220
끝페이지 ... 226

표/그림 (153)

표 Accuracy assessment of each precipitation gauge at Gochang using the data before 12 December 2013.
표 Correction factors as a function of wind speed and temperature
표 The residuals after applying the correction factor of Fig. 3.1.2
표 Time series examples for DFIR (dark blue), SDFIR(red), BDA(yellow), DA(purple), SA (green), unshielded (light blue) at US Marshall site
표 The number of temperature distribution events of 30-min classified as snow, mixed precipitation, and rain from US Marshall site
표 An example of transfer function for US site using the sigmoid function suggested from Wolff et al.
표 Uncorrected (a) and corrected (b) SA precipitation (x-axis) versus DFIR precipitation for snow event, where snow is here defined as T < -2.5 ℃
표 (a) Layout of Sodankyla site and (b) automatic snow depth sensors intercomparison analysis in SPICE program. SL300, USH-8, and SR50A are Ultrasonic type and SHM30 is laser (courtesy by FMI and EC).
표 General characteristics of snow depth sensors. The L, φ, W, and H represent length, diameter, width, and height.
표 One of the Manual sticks at Sodankyla site. (courtesy by FMI)
표 Time series of snow depth measurements obtained from manual sticks during (a) from 30 October 2013 to 18 May 2014 (UTC), and (b) from 1 October 2014 to 30 April 2015 (UTC).
표 Comparisons between manual observations during the (a) 2013-2014, and (b) 2014-2015 winter seasons.
표 (a) Bias error of each manual observation when Stick 1 is used a reference. (b) Uncertainties of manual observations using Sticks 1~4.
표 Description of the different quality flags used for SoG(Snow on Ground) data.
표 Time series of snow depth by automatic snow depth sensors (a) from 30 October 2013 to 18 May 2014 (UTC), and (b) from 1 October 2014 to 30 April 2015 (UTC).
표 Mean bias error of each automatic snow depth sensor when SL300 is used a reference.
표 Scatter plots and statistical errors between measurements of automatic snow depth sensors for 2013-2014 winter season.
표 Scatter plots and statistical errors between measurements of automatic snow depth sensors for 2014-2015 winter season.
표 Scatter plots of measurement of snow depth obtained by manual observation and automatic snow depth sensor in 2013-2014 winter
표 Scatter plots of measurement of snow depth obtained by manual observation and automatic snow depth sensor in 2014-2015.
표 (a) Bias error when nearest stick is used as a reference when 2013-2014 (blue line) and 2014-2015 (read dotted line). (b) RMSE and (c) BRRMSE of measurements between automatic sensors and nearest manual sticks.
표 Site layout of CARE (20 November 2014 – present).
표 WMO SPICE reference system R1(WMO 2017).
표 Photos of different wind shields.
표 Used types, capacities, locations and file prefixes of weighing gauges.
표 Time series of accumulated precipitation data for (a) Geonor and (b) Pluvio sensors with different wind shields types during the 2014-2015 (left) and 2015-2016 (right) winter seasons
표 Scatter plots of Geonor in DFIR-fence (first row), in BDA (second row), in CDA (third row), in SA (fourth row), and with no shield (fifth row), which are compared with the average of R2G and R2P
표 Scatter plots of Pluvio in DFIR-fence (first row), in BDA (second row), in CDA (third row), in SA (fourth row), and with no shield (fifth row), which are compared with the average of R2G and R2P
표 Box plots of distribution of the difference P-μ, where P is precipitation rate of Geonor (left) or Pluvio (right) with the different wind shield types, and is the mean value of the two references R2G and R2P
표 The quartile statistic values and IQRs(Inter Quartile Ranges) of Pij-μ[mm/h] for all precipitation types
표 Box plots the ratio P/μ, where P is precipitation rate of a gauge (Geonor or Pluvio) with the different wind shield types
표 The quartile statistics values of the distribution of the ratio Pij-μ for all precipitation types
표 Relative biases Rβij and uncertainties Rσij of all gauges for Model I.  
표 Relative biases Rαi and Rβj for ith gauge and jth wind shield. 
표 Relative total bias Rαi + Rβj and uncertainty Rσij for all gauges (Model II)
표 The coefficients of transfer function for catch ratio and their relative uncertainties for Model III
표 Comparisons of bias (left) between Model I and II, and comparisons of uncertainties (right) among Model I, II, and III
표 Catch ratios and its sigmoid function of Geonor gauge (left) and Pluvio gauge (right) as a function of wind speed U and temperature T
표 Adjusted bias functions using Model III for all gauges when T = 5 ℃(first row), 0 ℃(second row), and –5 ℃(third row)
표 Uncertainty comparisons between Model II and IV when U ≤ 2 m/s
표 Relative uncertainties Rσij for Model II and Model IV when U < 2 m/s. 
표 DFAR Cross-section
표 Photo of Geonor T-200B3 (left) and OTT Pluvio² 200 (right) at Canada CARE site
표 Site layouts of (a) CARE site (November 20. 2014 ~ Present), (b)Bratt’s Lake site, and (c) Gochang site
표 Used sensors for ancillary measurements, and temporal resolution of data for each site
표 Time series of QC-ed accumulated precipitation data R2G (blues line) and R2P (red line) and time series of 1-min temperature at CARE site(first row),Bratt’s Lake site (second row), and Gochang site (third row)during the (a) 2014-2015 winter and (b) 2015-2016 winter seasons
표 Time series of QCed wind speed U (green colored line) and relative humidity RH (blue lines) at CARE site (first row), Bratt’s Lake site (second row), and Gochang site (third row) during the 2014-2015 winter and 2015-2016 winter seasons
표 The all averaged values of temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed for different precipitation types using 30-min sample events
표 Probability density function (PDF) of (a) precipitation intensity (PI), wind speed (U), environmental temperature (T), and (d) relative humidity (RH) of the 30-min averaged data of each site when P0 = 0.25 mm/h is fixed
표 Environmental temperature (x-axis) and dew-point temperature (y-axis) scatter plots when the values of R2P and R2G are not equal each othe for different thresholds P = 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mm/h. Red dots and blue circles represent the events R2P > R2G and R2P < R2G, respectively
표 Comparisons between temperature (x-axis) and dew-point temperature (y-axis) when one of R2P and P2G detect a precipitation only. Cyan circles and magenta circles represent LPM also detect a precipitation
표 Comparisons between R2G and R2P as a scatter plots of precipitation intensities for all sites and all types (P0=0.25 mm/h).
표 Statistical values of R2P-R2G for different precipitation types and thresholds of 30-min sampling sets.
표 Relative systematic difference Rd (left) and relative standard deviation (Rs) of the difference R2P-R2G as a function of the threshold P0 for the three precipitation types
표 Catch ratio distribution box plot of 30-min data for different precipitation types (a) rain, (b)mixed precipitation, (c)snow, and thresholds
표 The case examples when the differences of 30-min intensities of R2P and R2G are larger than 0.35 mm/h for Bratt’s Lake site
표 Cumulative precipitation of R2G and R2P and environmental conditions for four precipitation events when the difference 30-min intensity between R2P and R2G exceed 0.35
표 (a) Layout of snow depth measurement system at the CARE site during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 winter seasons. The large circles (squares) represent bases (snow depth targets). (b) Plot of wind rose at CARE site during the winter experiment period. The 1-min data of wind speed and wind direction are measured at 2 m height by the ultrasonic wind sensor: Vaisala NWS425
표 Snow depth measurement system.
표 Technical specifications and measuring field and areas corresponding to their heights from ground and beam angles
표 (a) Felix SL300-SD Snow Depth Sensor (Felix Technology Inc.), (b) USH-8 Snow Depth Sensor (Sommer Messtechnik), (c) SR50A Sonic Ranging Sensor (Campbell Scientific), (d) SHM30 Snow Depth Sensor (Jenoptik). (e) Overview example of the relation of the sensor height and beam angle of USH-8
표 Time series of manual snow depth measurements and temperature during 13-14 and 14-15 winter seasons
표 The percentage of seasonal missing data and removed data after data quality control process
표 Time series of the measurements of automatic snow depth sensors
표 MDs of (a) manual, and (b) automatic measurement values when the mean of all manual measurement values, and mean of all automatic measurement values are used as references, respectively
표 RMSEs and SDs of (a) manual, and (b) automatic measurement values when the mean of all manual measurement values, and mean of all automatic measurement values are used as references, respectively.
표 Time series of snow depths observed by SR50A on each base when the spatial variability of snow depth values was significant
표 (a) Mean difference with error bars (MD±SD), (b) RMSEs (square), and SDs (circle) of each snow depth sensor when the manual snow depth value on the same target is used a reference
표 Scatter plots for the values of ultrasonic sensor and laser type sensor on the same target with different temperature. (b) Moving average values of normalized MD by varying the temperature when the manual snow depth on the same target is used as the reference
표 Scatter plots of snow depth values measured by ultrasonic sensors, (b) and box plots of distributions of relative mean bias (NMB) for different air temperature when the laser sensor SHM30 is used as a reference. For air temperature, Vaisala HMP155 at 1.5 m height is used.
표 Configuration layout of Gochang site from Nov 11 2014 to present.
표 Models of Pluvio and Geonor, and their wind shields at Gochang.
표 Used wind shields and weighing gauges at Gochang site for experiments
표 Time series of accumulated precipitation during snowfall episodes, December 15 to 24 2014 at Haukeliseter site (captured image from SPICE final report).
표 Snow capping on Geonor at Haukeliseter site, December 5 to 10 2014
표 Accretion of snow on (a) heated Pluvio2 (b) heated Geonor (c) unheated Geonor. All gauges in double alter configuation at CARE site.
표 (a) Time series of accumulated precipitation snowfall episode at Marshall, April 14 to 18 2014. (b) Catch ratio of unshielded gauge (UN) versus the reference measurement in a DFAR, as a function of wind speed for 30 minutes periods
표 Summary of all relevant factors for capping issues
표 Scatter plot (left) and box plot (right) for the comparison between manual observation(x-axis) and the precipitation recorded by R2P(y-axis) at Gochang.
표 Quartile analysis for the ratio between manual observation and R2P at Gochang site.
표 Scatter plot (left) and box plot (right) for the comparison between manual observation(x-axis) and the precipitation recorded by R2P(y-axis) at Daegwallyeong site
표 Quartile analysis for the ratio between manual observation and R2P at Daegwallyeong site
표 Layout of snow depth measurement system at Gochang site during 14-15 and 15-16 winter seasons
표 Specifications of snow depth sensors at Gochang site.
표 (a)~(e) Automatic snow depth sensors and (f) CCTV monitor for manual observation at Gochang in 14-15 and 15-16 winter seasons
표 Time series of 14-15 and 15-16 manual and automatic snow depth observations.
표 Comparison of the snow depth between automatic sensor and adjacent manual observation using time series during from 12:00 31 Dec 2014 to 5 Jan 2015
표 Scatter plots of snow depth measurements of manual observations.
표 Mean bias when manual 1 is used reference and uncertainty of each manual snow depth measurements
표 adjacent manual observation using time series during from 12:00 1 Dec 2014 to 8
표 Scatter plots of snow depth measurement values between automatic observation and adjacent manual observation
표 Normalized mean bias, normalized RMSE, and normalized standard deviation of automatic snow depth measurement when the adjacent manual observation value is used a reference
표 Moving average values of mean bias of automatic snow depth measurement by increasing snow depth when the adjacent manual observation value is used a reference
표 Moving average values of mean bias of automatic snow depth measurement by increasing the air temperature when the adjacent manual observation value is used a reference
표 The test period for the comparison analysis of R2P and R2G.
표 Time series of accumulated precipitation of R2G and R2P with temperature during the period of (a) event 1 and (b) event 2. The bottom time series represent the time series of the wind speed and relative humidity in the same periods.
표 Scatter plots for the comparison between R2P and R2G for (a) rain,(b) mixed precipitation, and (c) snow events during the periods event 1 and event 2.
표 (a) Time series of precipitation accumulation of R2P and R2G with temperature during the event 2. (b) Time series of R2G and R2P with temperature for the period suspected capping event of R2G
표 (a) Time series for the event 3, and (b) event 4.
표 Scatter plots for the comparison between R2P and R2G (a) before installing a rim heating, and (b) after equipment of rim heating for R2G when threshold P0 is 0.5 mm/h
표 Wind induced noise plotted as standard deviation of the transducers and their average amount, over 30 minute periods, with no precipitation.
표 The effect of air temperature variation on the precipitation amount reported by the transducers of Geonor R2.
표 The shape of wind shield and gauges (a) DFIR-fence, (b) single Alter, (c) Geonor, and (d) Pluvio at Gochang.
표 Time series of precipitation amount of Pluvio and Geonor with difference wind shields.
표 Catch ratio of each gauge against wind speed and different wind shield.
표 Scatter plots of R2P versus of all gauges for rain events.
표 Scatter plots of R2P versus all gauges for mixed precipitation.
표 Scatter plots of R2P versus other gauges for snow events.
표 Box plots of the ratio R = */R2P for (a) rain, (b) mixed precipitation, and (c) snow events
표 Bias and uncertainty of gauge with different wind shield type using Model I~III.
표 Layout of TBRG at base 5 and TBRG in single Alter shield located ar base 12.
표 Time series of accumulated precipitation amount of R2P
표 Scatter plots of R2P versus TBRG(NS) and RBRG(SA).
표 Layout of pit gauge and Geonor in pit gauge on base 15.
표 Time series of R2P versus Geonor in pit gauge on base 15.
표 Scatter plots of precipitation intensity of R2P versus Geonor in pit gauge.
표 Pitting function of catch ratio as a function of wind speed and temperature.
표 Before and after adjustment of Pluvio(SA, NS), and the reference is R2P.
표 Scatter plots of catch rations for Geonor NS and their fittings for fixed (a) T= -1.9 ℃ and Vn = 2.5 m/s and (b) for fixed T= -1.9 ℃, and U =3.1 m/s
표 Scatter plots of catch rations for Geronor SA and their fittings for fixed (a)
표 Fitted surface when T = -1.9 ℃ is fixed.
표 RMSE of each residual is changed (a) 0.46 mm/h to 0.35 mm/h, and (b) 0.36 mm/h to 0.35 mm/h after adding the mode velocity term Vn in original Bayesian model.
표 The layout of equipments for winter intensive observation at (a) Gochang site and (b) Daegwalleong site
표 Time series of accumulated precipitation of R2P(black line), and 2DVD (blue line).
표 The number of observed data by 2DVD and R2P for each intensity.
표 The scatter plots between measurement values of R2P and 2DVD for varying the time intervals 1, 5, 10, and 30 minutes.
표 Box plots of the catch ratio 2DVD/R2P by varying intensities and time intervals.
표 Used catchment type gauges and noncatchment type sensor for test at CARE site.
표 Used utput data for each sensors at CARE site
표 The number of catch ratio(CR) events for test.
표 Moving average intervals and ranges of intensity and wind speed for analysis of catch ratio
표 Total precipitation amounts of all sensors.
표 Scatter plots of 30-min precipitation intensities obtained from all sensors
표 Scatter plots of 30-min precipitation intensities obtained from all sensors
표 Scatter plots of 30-min precipitation intensities obtained from all sensors
표 (a) BE(Bias error), (b) RMSE(root mean square error) and (c) correlation coefficients graphs of all sensors for different precipitation types
표 Box plots of CR distribution data
표 Catch ratio distribution of each sensor as a function of 30-min intensity for rain (red), mixed precipitation (black), and snow (blue) events
표 Moving averaged values of CR data using the average interval 0.25 mm/h and the range 0.25 mm/h for (a) all types, (b) rain events, (c) mixed precipitation, and (f) snow events
표 Distribution of distributions for each sensor as a function of wind speed
표 The moving average values of CR as a function of wind speed.
표 Layout of 2DVD
표 The area of the intersection of two cameras vertically (10 cm × 10 cm) is the actual observation area of 2DVD, and the distance between the two lights is about 6.2 mm
표 (a) The center of a spherical water droplet with a diameter of 4 mm completely covers 20 pixels and covers 48 % of one pixel, (b) the center of water droplets of the same size and shape completely cover 20 pixels, covering pixels by 24 %
표 Photograph example of snowflake on collection plate
표 January 1, 2015 06 UTC satellite composite image
표 (a) V-D plot when the first process is applied in quality control, and (b) V-D plot when the last process is applied
표 A graph that averages all the DSDs generated every minute
표 (a) 1-minute snowfall intensity time series of 2DVD and R2P, (b) 5-minute time series, and (c) 10-minute time series
표 (a) Scatter plots of 1-minute. (b) 5-minute, and (c) 10-minute intensities between 2DVD and R2P
표 Time series of 5-minute intensity during (a) 02:30 ~ 03:15 UTC, and (b) 04:30~05:30 UTC
표 Picture of snowflake on collection plate: 02:30 ~ 03:15 UTC.
표 Picture of snowflake on collection plate: 04:30 ~ 05:30 UTC.

과제명(ProjectTitle) :	-
연구책임자(Manager) :	-
과제기간(DetailSeriesProject) :	-
총연구비 (DetailSeriesProject) :	-
키워드(keyword) :	-
과제수행기간(LeadAgency) :	-
연구목표(Goal) :	-
연구내용(Abstract) :	-
기대효과(Effect) :	-

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 제목(한글), 저자명(한글), 발행일자, 전자원문, 초록(한글), 초록(영문) 관리번호, 제목(한글), 제목(영문), 저자명(한글), 저자명(영문), 주관연구기관(한글), 주관연구기관(영문), 발행일자, 총페이지수, 주관부처명, 과제시작일, 보고서번호, 과제종료일, 주제분류, 키워드(한글), 전자원문, 키워드(영문), 입수제어번호, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 목차
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증

표준관측소를 활용한 강수관측 정확도 검정기술 개발 원문보기