[보고서]울릉도에서 발생 가능한 화산분화 유형 연구

황상구

보고서 정보

주관연구기관

안동대학교
AnDong National University

연구책임자

황상구

보고서유형

최종보고서

발행국가

대한민국

언어

한국어

발행년월

2021-03

과제시작연도

2020

주관부처

기상청
Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA)

연구관리전문기관

한국기상산업기술원
The Korea Meterological Institute

등록번호

TRKO202200010072

과제고유번호

1365003157

사업명

기상·지진See-At기술개발연구(R&D)

DB 구축일자

2022-10-06

키워드

폭발성 분화.플리니언 분화.수증기플리니언 분화.스트롬볼리언 분화.분류성 분화.Explosive eruption.Plinian eruption.Phreatoplinian eruption.Strombolian eruption.Effusive eruption.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.23000/TRKO202200010072

표 (a) D-F diagram used to characterise different types of pyroclastic fall deposits (Walker, 1973); (b) Cartoon explaining D-F plot in term of eruption column height and explosiveness (Cas and Wright, 1987)
표 (a) Physiographic map of the East Sea showing the location of Ulleung Island. (b) Stereoscopic model of Ulleung Island showing its topography. M, Mireuksan; N, Naribong; S, Seonginbong
표 Generalized geological map of the Ulleung Island after Hwang et al. (2012), showing the sampling localities of Naesujeon hill (site A) and Jeodong hill (site B) in the extracaldera
표 Outcrop photographs showing the depositional features in U-3 and U-2 members of the extracaldera Maljandeung Tuff. (a) Overall view of the pyroclastic sequence of the U-3 and U-2 members near the Naesujeon hill; (b) Overall view of the upper pyroclastic sequence of the U-2 member near the Naesujeon hill
표 Columnar sections for extracaldera pyroclastic sequences of the Maljandeung Tuff near Naesujeon hill (a) and Jeodong hill (b)
표 Outcrop photographs showing some lithofacies in U-4 and U-3 members of the extracaldera Maljandeung Tuff near Naesujeon hill. (a) Overall view of extracaldera pyroclastic sequence; (b) Pumice deposits of the upper U-4 member; (c) Coarse tuffs and lapillistones to lapilli tuffs in the lower U-3 member; (d) Pumice deposits in the upper U-3 member; (e) Openwork feature of the pumice deposits; (f) Air-fall tuff between both pumice beds
표 (a) Gran size and (b) component distributions for the sample of the pumice deposit in the upper U-4 member; Pie diagram consists of juvenile (unornamented), crystals (stippled) and lithics (solid)
표 Granularity (a) and component (b) distributions for the samples of the pyroclastic sequence in the U-3 member; Broken line graphs include three coarse tuffs (○), a lapillistone (△) and five pumice deposits (□); Circle diagram consists of juvenile (unornamented), crystals (stippled) and lithics (solid)
표 Outcrop photographs showing some lithofacies in U-2 members of the extracaldera Maljandeung Tuff. (a) Overall view of U-2 pyroclastic sequence near Naesujeon hill; (b) Basal coarse tuff (t1) intercalated with two thin fine lapilli tuff beds; (c) Another coarse tuff to lapilli tuff (t2) in the basal U-2 member; (d) Lapillistone (l2) between both coarse tuffs; (e) Another lapillistone (l4) between both coarse tuffs; (f) Pumice deposits showing openwork feature in the upper U-2 member; (g) Pumice deposits dipping at 30˚ in the upper U-2 member near Jeodong hill; (h) Remarked reverse grading within each pumice deposit
표 Granularity (a) and component (b) distributions for the samples of the pyroclastic sequence in the U-2 member; Broken line graphs include three coarse tuffs (○), three lapillistone (△) and four pumice deposits (□); Circle diagram consists of juvenile (unornamented), crystals (stippled) and lithics (solid)
표 Densities and vesicularities for eruptive units sampled from members U-3 and U-2 of the Maljandeung Tuff
표 Lowest (□), mean (◆) and highest (△) density values for samples collected at sites A and B against normalized stratigraphic column
표 Lowest (□), mean (◆) and highest (△) vesicularity values for samples collected at sites A and B against normalized stratigraphic column
표 Histograms showing density distribution for the pumice samples from stratigraphic units of members U-3 and U-2 in the medial zones of the Maljandeung Tuff
표 Photomicrographs captured from pumice clast of eruptive units that show textural features in the Member U-3 of the extracaldera Maljandeung Tuff. (a) Coarse tuff t2 showing small pumice clasts in a fine ash matrix; (b) Stretched fine to intermediate vesicles in a pumice clast from lapillstone l1; (c) Very fine vesicles between intermediate vesicles in a pumice clast from lapillstone l2; (d) A coarse vesicle surrounded by fine vesicles in a pumice clast from pumice deposits p1; (e) Range of fine vesicle sizes is evenly distributed in a pumice clast from pumice deposits p2; (f) Domains of very fine vesicles surrounded by intermediate to coarse vesicles in a pumice clast from pumice deposits p4; (g) Coarser vesicles are dominated in a pumice clast from pumice deposits p3; (h) Range of vesicle sizes is evenly distributed in a pumice clast from pumice deposits p5. Length of the white bars in all images is 200 μm
표 Photomicrographs captured from pumice clasts from eruptive units that show textural features in the Member of the extracaldera Maljandeung Tuff. (a) coarse tuff t3 showing small pumice clasts in a fine ash matrix; (b) A coarser vesicle crossing fine vesicles in a pumice clast from lapillistone l1; (c) Complex vesicle shapes among fine vesicles in a pumice clast from lapillistone l2; (d) Range of vesicle sizes is evenly distributed in a pumice clast from pumice deposits p1; (e) Complex vesicle shapes are exhibited and range of vesicle sizes is evenly distributed in a pumice clast from pumice deposits p2; (f) Range of smaller vesicle sizes is evenly distributed in a pumice clast from pumice deposits p3; (g) Coarser vesicles surrounded by domains of smaller stretched vesicles in a pumice clast from pumice deposits p4. Length of the white bars in all images is 200 μm
표 Carton illustrating evolution of conduit processes and fragmentation styles with time, based on textural evidences. Size and shape of vesicles display the incidence and relative significance of nucleation (N), growth (G), coalescence (C1), collapse (C2) and outgassing (O)
표 (a) Location map; (b) Geological map of the Ulleung Island; (c) Geological map around the Jugam scoria cone, modified from Hwang et al. (2012)
표 Typical scoriaceous lapilli and bomb fragment collected from the lower and upper parts of the Jugam Scoria Deposits. (a) S-type scoriaceous lapillus showing fine vescles; (b) S-type scoriaceous lapillus with fluidal surface; (c) ST-type scoriaceous lapillus, with vesicles coarsening from rim to interior; (d) T-type scoriaceous lapillus with some coarse vesicles; (e) T-type scoriaceous lapillus consisting of coarse vesicles; (f) Scoriaceous bomb fragment showing separately quantified textural zones S, ST and T. Similar divisions were made, but are not shown for the other clasts
표 Photomicrographs that show typical vesicle textures in types S, ST and T of modal scoriaceous lapilli, under plane light. (a) Type S in the lower part; (b) Type ST in the lower part; (c) Type T in the lower part; (d) Type S in the upper part; (e) Type ST in the upper part; (f) Type T in the upper part. Arrows indicate microlites of feldspars in the T zones. All images are taken at 25x magnification
표 Quantitative parameters of scoriaceous lapilli from the Jugam Scoria Deposits
표 Histograms showing density range for the scoriaceous lapilli from (a) Ja1 and (b) Ja2 of the lower part, and (c) Ja3, and (d) Ja4 of the upper part in the Jugam Scoria Deposits
표 Histograms showing vesicularity distribution for the scoriaceous lapilli from (a) Ja1 and (b) Ja2 of the lower part, and (c) Ja3, and (d) Ja4 of the upper part in the Jugam Scoria Deposits
표 Geological map of Nari caldera region, showing the sampling sites in the Nari Scoria Deposits and Albong Trachyandesite
표 Features of Nari cladera and major outcrops. (a) Overview of the Nari caldera showing Albong lava dome (A), Nari Scoria Deposits (N), and western caldera rim, which linked by a few of peaks: Hyeongjebong (H), Mireuksan (M), Yudubong (Y) and Gitdaebong (G); (b) Trachyandesite lava capturing a vesicular scoria; (c) Polygonally jointed trachyandesite lava
표 Various scoriae collected from the surface of the Nari Scoria Deposits. (a) scoriaceous lapilli showing various vesicularities; (b) Scoriaceous bomb with fluidal surface; (c) Scoriaceous bomb showing cauliflower form; (d) Scoriaceous bomb with bread-crusted cracks; (e) Scoriaceous bomb characterized by fine to coarse vesicles; (e) Scoriaceous bomb characterized by medium to fine vesicles
표 Densities and vesicularities measured for samples from Nari Scoria Deposits and Albong Trachyandesite
표 Histograms showing vesicularity distribution for the scoriaceous lapilli collected from the Nari Scoria Deposits
표 Photomicrographs at the same scale for (a) and (b) highly vesicular scoriae (HVS), (c) and (d) moderately vesicular scoriae (MVS), and (e) and (f) lowerly vesicular scoriae (LVS). Length of the white bars in bottom right corners of all images is 200 μm
표 Photomicrographs at the same scale for (a) low density lava (LDL), and (b) high density lava (HDL). Length of the white bars in bottom right corners of all images is 200 μm
표 Parameters for representative samples from Nari Scoria Deposits and Albong Trachyandesite
표 Distributions of vesicule volume for lower, moderate and high density lavas (LDL, MDL and HDL, respectively). (a) Histograms showing the distributions of vesicule volume against vesicle size; (b) Cumulative volume percent diagram, showing that intersection of 50% with curves gives median vesicle sizes
표 Various scoriae collected from the surface of the Nari Scoria Deposits. (a) scoriaceous lapilli showing various vesicularities; (b) Scoriaceous bomb with fluidal surface; (c) Scoriaceous bomb showing cauliflower form; (d) Scoriaceous bomb with bread-crusted cracks; (e) Scoriaceous bomb characterized by fine to coarse vesicles; (e) Scoriaceous bomb characterized by medium to fine vesicles
표 Representative images of lithologies showing features of groundmass feldspar microlites. (a) Highly vesicular scoriae (HVS) from Nr 3 at the Slope; (b) Moderately vesicular scoriae (MVS) from Nr 15 at the Flat; (c) Lowerly vesicular scoriae (LVS) from Nr 18 near the dome; (d) Low density lava (LDL) from UL 22 on the dome; (e) High density lava (HDL) from UL 23 on the dome; (f) Low density lava (LDL) from UL 22 at the coulee
표 Textural parameters of feldspar microlites for representative samples from Nari Scoria Deposits and Albong Trachyandesite
표 Variation in textural parameters for Nari Scoria Deposits and Albong Trachyandesite. (a) Areal feldspar microlite number density (NA mm-2) vs. feldspar microlite crystallinity (φ); (b) Areal feldspar microlite number density (NA mm-2) vs. mean crystal area (μm2); (c) Areal feldspar microlite number density (NA mm-2) vs. short and long axis (S/L); (d) Mean crystal area (μm2) vs. short and long axis (S/L)
표 Areal feldspar microlite number density (NA mm-2) vs. feldspar microlite crystallinity (φ) for Nari Scoria Deposits and Albong lava dome (trachyandesite), compared to samples of higher intensity from the pre-climatic stages of the Pinatubo 1991 eruption (Hammer et al., 1999)
표 Temporal variations in feldspar microlite textural parameters for Nari Scoria Deposits and Albong lava dome. NA, areal feldspar microlite number density; φ, feldspar microlite crystallinity; S/L, ratio of short and long axes
표 Features of major outcrops in Dodong Basaltic Rocks, Ulleung Group and Seonginbong Group. (a) Hyaloclastite, and (b) pillow lava with some pillow clasts in the Dodong Basaltic Rocks; (c) Sadong Breccia, and (d) trachyte lava with basal breccia in the Ulleung Group; (e) Sataegam Tuff showing better bedding, (f) its pumice lapillistone part, (g) trachyte lava showing flow foliation, and (h) Gombawi Welded Tuff in the Seonginbong Group
표 Features of major outcrops in Nari Group. (a) Scoria beds showing normal grading, and (b) massive welded in Bongrae Scoria Deposits; (c) Tuff and lapilli tuff showing better bedding and bomb-sag, and (d) pumice deposits in Maljandeung Tuff; (e) Some scoriae from Nari Scoria Deposits; (f) Albong Trachyandesite lava including some vesicular scoriae
표 Volcanic processes and eruption styles for stratigraphy in the Ulleung volcano
표 Relationship diagram between the eruption types and the average SiO2 contents for the pyroclastic deposits from the Ulleung volcano. Dispersion of deposits and height of eruption column inferred from the eruption types of pyroclastic deposits from the Ulleung Volcano (Walker, 1973; Cas and Wright, 1987). Solid symbols represent phreatomagmatic deposits, and open ones magmatic deposits
표 Relationship diagram between the eruption types and the stratigraphy for the pyroclastic deposits from the Ulleung volcano. Dispersion of deposits and height of eruption column inferred from the eruption types of pyroclastic deposits from the Ulleung Volcano (Walker, 1973; Cas and Wright, 1987). Symbols are the same as in Fig, 3; Solid symbols represent phreatomagmatic deposits, and open ones magmatic deposits
표 Topographic map with 50 m contour interval. The rectangular box in the map represent the location of Fig. 2 and 3
표 Geological map of Nari caldera region, showing the bounding ring faults and topographic rims
표 Skeamatic map of the Nari caldera complex summarizing the main structural and morphological features of the calderas
표 Main morphological features in the Nari caldera complex. (a) Overview of the Nari caldera complex, showing opening rim northward; (b) Morphological feature showing dendritic pattern in the southern caldera wall; (c) Morphological feature with scalloped pattern in the western caldera wall; (d) Feature exhibiting scalloped pattern in the middle part and coveered with rock-falling scree deposits in the lower part of the eastern caldera wall
표 Main lithological images of collapse-maker deposits involved the Nari caldera complex. (a) Bongrae welded tuff occurred at the base of Bongrae Scoria Deposits in a valley over the Bongrae Fall; (b) Welded tuff lithology of a megablock at the base of landslide breccia outcropped in a valley west of Maljandeung; (c) Landslide breccia exposed below the Maljandeung Tuff in a valley west of Maljandeung; (d) Block-rich tuff breccia overlying crudely bedded lapill tuff in Member N-4
표 Caldera elements and calculated volumes for the Nari caldera
표 Section view of the Nari caldera complex summarizing collapse pattern for piston caldera with small deep chamber
표 Variation diagram between subsidence (s) and diameter (d) of he worldwide 47 calderas (modified from Acocella, 2007). The calderas are classified according to the 4 experimental stages of Acocella (2007). Dashed lines define specific d/s ratios for each caldera stage. The symbol patterns in the inset represent the DRE volume of erupted deposits during the formation of the caldera

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