본 논문은 한국사회에 팽배해있는 소위 진보주의적 개혁에 대한 하나의 비판을 목적으로 하고 있다. 즉, 보수주의적 개혁이 어떻게 가능한가에 대한 하나의 답을 제공하기 위해 기획된 것이다.
이를 위해 생산수단의 소유여부를 중심으로 파악하던 기존의 계층론에 반하여 교육을 중심으로 새롭게 계층구분을 시도하고 이를 한국 사회에 적용하여, 교육과 사회계층간의 관계를 새롭게 살펴보았다. 이를 통해, 본 논문이 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다.
한국사회에서 계층의 고착화가 이루어졌지만, 계층이동 가능성은 다른 나라에 비해 높다는 점이다. 즉, 공정한 ...
본 논문은 한국사회에 팽배해있는 소위 진보주의적 개혁에 대한 하나의 비판을 목적으로 하고 있다. 즉, 보수주의적 개혁이 어떻게 가능한가에 대한 하나의 답을 제공하기 위해 기획된 것이다.
이를 위해 생산수단의 소유여부를 중심으로 파악하던 기존의 계층론에 반하여 교육을 중심으로 새롭게 계층구분을 시도하고 이를 한국 사회에 적용하여, 교육과 사회계층간의 관계를 새롭게 살펴보았다. 이를 통해, 본 논문이 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다.
한국사회에서 계층의 고착화가 이루어졌지만, 계층이동 가능성은 다른 나라에 비해 높다는 점이다. 즉, 공정한 룰에 의한 현실주의적 평등주의적인 변화의 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 불평등을 강조하던 기존 계층론의 논의는 일면적인 면만 파악하였으며, 계층위화감은 언론에 의해 조장된 측면이 강하다. 결국, 한국사회는 여전히 높은 이동가능성을 보이고 있으며 이는 교육을 통해 이루어지는 것이다. 공정한 게임의 규칙은 제대로 된 교육개혁을 통해 나온다는 것을 알 수 있다.
그리고 이러한 교육영역에서의 공정한 게임의 룰을 지키는, 올바른 교육개혁을 모색하기 위해 교사집단의 계층적 위치와 계층이동에 있어서의 이들의 역할을 살펴보았다. 중산층 교육의 장인 학교에서 교사들의 계층인식이 무엇보다 중요하며, 이를 통해 현실주의적 평등주의적 개혁이 가능함을 알 수 있었다.
마지막으로 본 논문에서 보였던 현실주의적 평등주의의 논리를 사회전반의 개혁에 적용시켜보았다. 이를 통해 진보주의적 개혁 논리에 대응한 보수주의적 개혁 논리의 윤곽을 드러내고자 하였다.
본 논문은 한국사회에 팽배해있는 소위 진보주의적 개혁에 대한 하나의 비판을 목적으로 하고 있다. 즉, 보수주의적 개혁이 어떻게 가능한가에 대한 하나의 답을 제공하기 위해 기획된 것이다.
이를 위해 생산수단의 소유여부를 중심으로 파악하던 기존의 계층론에 반하여 교육을 중심으로 새롭게 계층구분을 시도하고 이를 한국 사회에 적용하여, 교육과 사회계층간의 관계를 새롭게 살펴보았다. 이를 통해, 본 논문이 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다.
한국사회에서 계층의 고착화가 이루어졌지만, 계층이동 가능성은 다른 나라에 비해 높다는 점이다. 즉, 공정한 룰에 의한 현실주의적 평등주의적인 변화의 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 불평등을 강조하던 기존 계층론의 논의는 일면적인 면만 파악하였으며, 계층위화감은 언론에 의해 조장된 측면이 강하다. 결국, 한국사회는 여전히 높은 이동가능성을 보이고 있으며 이는 교육을 통해 이루어지는 것이다. 공정한 게임의 규칙은 제대로 된 교육개혁을 통해 나온다는 것을 알 수 있다.
그리고 이러한 교육영역에서의 공정한 게임의 룰을 지키는, 올바른 교육개혁을 모색하기 위해 교사집단의 계층적 위치와 계층이동에 있어서의 이들의 역할을 살펴보았다. 중산층 교육의 장인 학교에서 교사들의 계층인식이 무엇보다 중요하며, 이를 통해 현실주의적 평등주의적 개혁이 가능함을 알 수 있었다.
마지막으로 본 논문에서 보였던 현실주의적 평등주의의 논리를 사회전반의 개혁에 적용시켜보았다. 이를 통해 진보주의적 개혁 논리에 대응한 보수주의적 개혁 논리의 윤곽을 드러내고자 하였다.
From some time on, the belief that something progressive is good and conservative badl has become predominant. Progressives and conservatives are two sides of a wheel in which when one tries to destroy the other, the whole society falls apart. Progressives dominate the society's upper-structure such...
From some time on, the belief that something progressive is good and conservative badl has become predominant. Progressives and conservatives are two sides of a wheel in which when one tries to destroy the other, the whole society falls apart. Progressives dominate the society's upper-structure such as the media and the academic circle. Through their invisible process of institutionalization, the progressives are putting out endless stream of young progressives. Thus conservatives are never popular in any time or space. The reason this article is written the way it is, is because one may not sit idly blaming on its unpopularity. As much inequality exists in society so does it in education. Then how is the inequality in education to be treated? Should such inequality be overcome even at the expense of equal opportunity and fairness of college entrance system? The progressives are keeping silence on that matter. The reason is not because they don't have a solution but because they are unable to deal with the social unrest that such solution would bring. Their solution is clear. Open up colleges according to the order of awareness. Allow those students who are aware of the true education and who have the willingness to de-construct the social inequality to enter the best colleges based on their teachers' recommendations. Therefore, the college entrance examination must be abolished and teachers' evaluation system must be established. This means reordering the class structure in accordance with one's awareness. When those progressives read this article, they may feel unbearable resistance. But what can be done about the same feeling when a conservative reads a progressive's article?
Here is the summary of the article. From Korea's class structure perspective, upper-middle class (upper 10% of the whole population) with civic-oriented manners and politeness is differently classified from middle class (40%). For convenience college graduates are set as the standard, however, because the number of college graduates is increasing rapidly, it may require another standardized medium.
On perspective, it points out the lack of a viable solution that would satisfy the progressives unless the entrance of college is not done according to one's awareness. It is because there can not be another value that could replace equal opportunity and fairness. The lower middle class of our country mechanically tend to think the social equality as entering of the best colleges according to the population ratio of their class. The source of the only way to ensure both a viable solution and the perfect equality would be to separate the children and have them live in communes, but this would mean the break down of the family system.
Is teacher a professional or a laborer? It focuses on the fact that a teacher's social stratum is the middle class. This is because a teacher transforms persons into human beings unlike a laborer only transforms materials into products. One may not be called a laborer simply because one works or because one gets paid . Laborer is a professional terminology given to those who simply labor and do not have any freedom of decision in making products.
What is reform? The article points out the fact that there are two kinds of reforms: one based on rationality and the other based on equality. However, it also points out that the reforms based on rationality ensure social change while reforms based on equality only enhance social unrest.
For conclusion, although many people wish for a class-less society but that is only ideal. Such ideal society would be possible only when functional classes exist and oppressive classes do not, and where humans do not suppress humans and human rights are preserved, such ideal society would be possible. And such ideal society can only be achieved through rational reforms.
Additionally, let us examine the means of production and exploitation. Until now, the class theory is based on the division of those who own the means of productions and those who do not. However, in current society the ownership of the means of production may no longer serve as the standard division point of classes in class theory. As society develops, the importance of education outweighs the importance of wealth. Therefore the class of educated professionals inevitably become the dominant leading power of the society and such class still enjoys its predominance regardless of their ownership of the means of production. Is a college professor lower in the hierarchy of social class than a owner of a medium-sized company simply because the professor receives a salary? The majority of parents wish for their children to receive proper education and become part of the leading professional class while there are no parents who would not discourage their children from running their own businesses. Had the ownership of the means of production still been the standard of dividing social classes, would such phenomenon come in place? Is it not true that when a company goes bankrupt, the employees only lose their place of work and not a dime of their wealth? And is it not also true that the owner of the company would sit on a hill of debts and be on the run from creditors? It is only logical to think that when a person can not find him or herself employed, because one may not sit idly, the person would then start a small or medium-sized manufacturing company.
Exploitation also needs to be looked at from a different perspective. There may be times when a company exploits on its laborers (slave-labor), when laborers exploit on their company (radical unions), when the management and labor-union collaborate in order to exploit on the company (state-owned companies), and when the management exploits on small stock holders (as most companies did before the IMF crisis). Because not every company makes profit and 90% of companies go bankrupt within 3 years from their establishment, and because even the profit making companies endlessly deteriorate due to the market competition, the average life time of even the best companies does not exceed 30 years.
Therefore, the orthodox application of concepts from Marx's era such as the ownership of means of production and exploitation can no longer serve as an analysis tool in this real world.
I established the standard class model simply as upper(2%)- upper middle(10%)-middle(40%)-lower middle(40%)-lower(7%) class according to the standard of education and proposed to use auxiliary model by making several modifications according to the standard of property, occupation and etc.
From some time on, the belief that something progressive is good and conservative badl has become predominant. Progressives and conservatives are two sides of a wheel in which when one tries to destroy the other, the whole society falls apart. Progressives dominate the society's upper-structure such as the media and the academic circle. Through their invisible process of institutionalization, the progressives are putting out endless stream of young progressives. Thus conservatives are never popular in any time or space. The reason this article is written the way it is, is because one may not sit idly blaming on its unpopularity. As much inequality exists in society so does it in education. Then how is the inequality in education to be treated? Should such inequality be overcome even at the expense of equal opportunity and fairness of college entrance system? The progressives are keeping silence on that matter. The reason is not because they don't have a solution but because they are unable to deal with the social unrest that such solution would bring. Their solution is clear. Open up colleges according to the order of awareness. Allow those students who are aware of the true education and who have the willingness to de-construct the social inequality to enter the best colleges based on their teachers' recommendations. Therefore, the college entrance examination must be abolished and teachers' evaluation system must be established. This means reordering the class structure in accordance with one's awareness. When those progressives read this article, they may feel unbearable resistance. But what can be done about the same feeling when a conservative reads a progressive's article?
Here is the summary of the article. From Korea's class structure perspective, upper-middle class (upper 10% of the whole population) with civic-oriented manners and politeness is differently classified from middle class (40%). For convenience college graduates are set as the standard, however, because the number of college graduates is increasing rapidly, it may require another standardized medium.
On perspective, it points out the lack of a viable solution that would satisfy the progressives unless the entrance of college is not done according to one's awareness. It is because there can not be another value that could replace equal opportunity and fairness. The lower middle class of our country mechanically tend to think the social equality as entering of the best colleges according to the population ratio of their class. The source of the only way to ensure both a viable solution and the perfect equality would be to separate the children and have them live in communes, but this would mean the break down of the family system.
Is teacher a professional or a laborer? It focuses on the fact that a teacher's social stratum is the middle class. This is because a teacher transforms persons into human beings unlike a laborer only transforms materials into products. One may not be called a laborer simply because one works or because one gets paid . Laborer is a professional terminology given to those who simply labor and do not have any freedom of decision in making products.
What is reform? The article points out the fact that there are two kinds of reforms: one based on rationality and the other based on equality. However, it also points out that the reforms based on rationality ensure social change while reforms based on equality only enhance social unrest.
For conclusion, although many people wish for a class-less society but that is only ideal. Such ideal society would be possible only when functional classes exist and oppressive classes do not, and where humans do not suppress humans and human rights are preserved, such ideal society would be possible. And such ideal society can only be achieved through rational reforms.
Additionally, let us examine the means of production and exploitation. Until now, the class theory is based on the division of those who own the means of productions and those who do not. However, in current society the ownership of the means of production may no longer serve as the standard division point of classes in class theory. As society develops, the importance of education outweighs the importance of wealth. Therefore the class of educated professionals inevitably become the dominant leading power of the society and such class still enjoys its predominance regardless of their ownership of the means of production. Is a college professor lower in the hierarchy of social class than a owner of a medium-sized company simply because the professor receives a salary? The majority of parents wish for their children to receive proper education and become part of the leading professional class while there are no parents who would not discourage their children from running their own businesses. Had the ownership of the means of production still been the standard of dividing social classes, would such phenomenon come in place? Is it not true that when a company goes bankrupt, the employees only lose their place of work and not a dime of their wealth? And is it not also true that the owner of the company would sit on a hill of debts and be on the run from creditors? It is only logical to think that when a person can not find him or herself employed, because one may not sit idly, the person would then start a small or medium-sized manufacturing company.
Exploitation also needs to be looked at from a different perspective. There may be times when a company exploits on its laborers (slave-labor), when laborers exploit on their company (radical unions), when the management and labor-union collaborate in order to exploit on the company (state-owned companies), and when the management exploits on small stock holders (as most companies did before the IMF crisis). Because not every company makes profit and 90% of companies go bankrupt within 3 years from their establishment, and because even the profit making companies endlessly deteriorate due to the market competition, the average life time of even the best companies does not exceed 30 years.
Therefore, the orthodox application of concepts from Marx's era such as the ownership of means of production and exploitation can no longer serve as an analysis tool in this real world.
I established the standard class model simply as upper(2%)- upper middle(10%)-middle(40%)-lower middle(40%)-lower(7%) class according to the standard of education and proposed to use auxiliary model by making several modifications according to the standard of property, occupation and etc.
주제어
#사회계층
#사회계층이동
#현실주의적 평등주의
#진보주의
#교육개혁
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