Abstract Bioligical Momitiring of Air-Borne Pollutants with use of Transplanted Lichen at Industrial Complex Lee, Gee-Suk Department of Encironmental Education The Graduate School of Education Sunchon National University Advisor : Assistant Prof. Hur, Jae-seoun Assessment of air-borne pollutants was...
Abstract Bioligical Momitiring of Air-Borne Pollutants with use of Transplanted Lichen at Industrial Complex Lee, Gee-Suk Department of Encironmental Education The Graduate School of Education Sunchon National University Advisor : Assistant Prof. Hur, Jae-seoun Assessment of air-borne pollutants was carried out with transplanted lichen to the surrounding area of Pohang Steel Works, Pohang City, Korea. Ten monitoring stations were located within 5 km distance from the steel wirks at 1 km interval of south or West direction. Foliose lichen species, Cetrelia braunsiana, was collected in clean environment of Mt. Jiri, transplanted to the stations on July 20, 2001, and harvested on December 20, 2001. After 5-month-exposure, morphological changes and biochemical reactions of the transplanted lichen were examined. Air-borne pollutants such as heavy metal, sulfur and nitrogen accumulated in the lichen were also analyzed. Air pollution index(API) of the ten stations was calculated with use of degree of damage on the lichen. Summary of the study was followings; 1. Severe change of ultrastructural arrangement were induced in the transplanted lichens. Fresh lichens(control) had intact structure of cortex, algal layer and central medulla and kept normal structural arrangement. symbiotic algal cells also kept typical shape of spherical form and closely contacted with the hyphae of mycobiont. However, the transplanted lichens had no distinct structural arrangement of cortex, algal layer and central medulla, had fewer algal cells than fresh lichens and exhibited severe morphological changes such as contraction or distortion. Morphological disruption more severely occurred in the lichens transplansted at south direction than those at west direction. 2. Accumulated heavy metals were much higher in the lichens transplanted at the South of POSCO direction than those at the West of POSCO direction. Among the lichens at the south stations, accumulation of heavy metals was most remrkable at 3∼4 km stations located in POSCO industrial complex. Contents of heavy metals accumulated in the lichens tended to increase with increase in the distance from thd steel works and sharply reduced at 5 km starion. This suggests that the boundary of heacily polluted area with air-borne pollutnats at south direction is confined within 4 km distance apart from steel works. Among the lichens transplanted at west dirextion, the lichens placed at 1 km and 3 km stations adhacednt to roadside accumulated higher cintents of lead and zinc relted to traffic volume(auto exhaustion emission). 3. There was no significant correlation betweem iron and other heavy metals accumulated in the lichens. Highly positive correlations among arsenic, copper, nickel and zinc contents were found. More survey for the sources of these heavy metals around the steel works is required. Furthermore, extensive progress on monitoring and regulation of heavy metals emission in POSCO industrial complex should be made in the near future. 4. Among the biochemical responses measured in this study, OD435/OD415 and reltive k^+ ion content indicating a degradation of chlorophylls and cell membrane leakage reaction, respectively, were most sensitive parameters to air pollution damage occurred in the transplanted lichens. significant difference in the biochemical responses between the lichens transplanted to south and west direction was found. Generally, the southern stations exhibited more severe damage than the western stations. Disruption of biochemcal responses of the transplanted lichens was consisted with heavy metal accumulation. This also confirms that the boundary of heacily polluted area with air-borne pollutants at south direction is confined within 4 km distance apart from ateel works. 5. For the assenssment of environment risk induced by air-borne pollutants around the steel works, air pollution index(API) was calculated with use of biochemical reactions of the transplanted lichens. Environment risk of each station was ranked in order according to the API as followings; southern station at 4km{the most heavily polluted (disturbed) area}>souther stations at 1 km and 3km > southern stations at 2 km and 5km, and western stations of 1km and 4km > southern station at 5 km and western stations at 4 km and 5 km. 6. correlation between API and accumulated heavy metal contents wsa analyzed for the identification of majot causal agents driginated from atmospheric environment. Significant correlation between them was found in As, Cu, Ni, Pb,Zn and Fe and these heavy metals were considered to be involved in biochemical malfunction of the lichens. Their coefficients were as followings; Ni(0.910), As(0.871), Cu(0.817), Pb(0.810) and Fe(0.723). However, contents of sulfur and nitrogen related with atmospheric oxidants such as SO₂and NOx had no significant correlation with API. This suggests that the surrounding area of the steel works within 5 km cna be influenced mainly by short-distance-transportable air-borne pollutants such as heavy metals rather than long-distance-transportable air pollutants such as So₂and NOx. 7. Foliose lichen species, Parmotrema tinctorum, known to be sensitive to acidic air pollutants such as SO₂and NOx was found in natural forest ecosystem located over 5 km from the steel works. This finding implies that the surrounding area of the steel works is unlikely influenced by gaseous acid air pollutants.
Abstract Bioligical Momitiring of Air-Borne Pollutants with use of Transplanted Lichen at Industrial Complex Lee, Gee-Suk Department of Encironmental Education The Graduate School of Education Sunchon National University Advisor : Assistant Prof. Hur, Jae-seoun Assessment of air-borne pollutants was carried out with transplanted lichen to the surrounding area of Pohang Steel Works, Pohang City, Korea. Ten monitoring stations were located within 5 km distance from the steel wirks at 1 km interval of south or West direction. Foliose lichen species, Cetrelia braunsiana, was collected in clean environment of Mt. Jiri, transplanted to the stations on July 20, 2001, and harvested on December 20, 2001. After 5-month-exposure, morphological changes and biochemical reactions of the transplanted lichen were examined. Air-borne pollutants such as heavy metal, sulfur and nitrogen accumulated in the lichen were also analyzed. Air pollution index(API) of the ten stations was calculated with use of degree of damage on the lichen. Summary of the study was followings; 1. Severe change of ultrastructural arrangement were induced in the transplanted lichens. Fresh lichens(control) had intact structure of cortex, algal layer and central medulla and kept normal structural arrangement. symbiotic algal cells also kept typical shape of spherical form and closely contacted with the hyphae of mycobiont. However, the transplanted lichens had no distinct structural arrangement of cortex, algal layer and central medulla, had fewer algal cells than fresh lichens and exhibited severe morphological changes such as contraction or distortion. Morphological disruption more severely occurred in the lichens transplansted at south direction than those at west direction. 2. Accumulated heavy metals were much higher in the lichens transplanted at the South of POSCO direction than those at the West of POSCO direction. Among the lichens at the south stations, accumulation of heavy metals was most remrkable at 3∼4 km stations located in POSCO industrial complex. Contents of heavy metals accumulated in the lichens tended to increase with increase in the distance from thd steel works and sharply reduced at 5 km starion. This suggests that the boundary of heacily polluted area with air-borne pollutnats at south direction is confined within 4 km distance apart from steel works. Among the lichens transplanted at west dirextion, the lichens placed at 1 km and 3 km stations adhacednt to roadside accumulated higher cintents of lead and zinc relted to traffic volume(auto exhaustion emission). 3. There was no significant correlation betweem iron and other heavy metals accumulated in the lichens. Highly positive correlations among arsenic, copper, nickel and zinc contents were found. More survey for the sources of these heavy metals around the steel works is required. Furthermore, extensive progress on monitoring and regulation of heavy metals emission in POSCO industrial complex should be made in the near future. 4. Among the biochemical responses measured in this study, OD435/OD415 and reltive k^+ ion content indicating a degradation of chlorophylls and cell membrane leakage reaction, respectively, were most sensitive parameters to air pollution damage occurred in the transplanted lichens. significant difference in the biochemical responses between the lichens transplanted to south and west direction was found. Generally, the southern stations exhibited more severe damage than the western stations. Disruption of biochemcal responses of the transplanted lichens was consisted with heavy metal accumulation. This also confirms that the boundary of heacily polluted area with air-borne pollutants at south direction is confined within 4 km distance apart from ateel works. 5. For the assenssment of environment risk induced by air-borne pollutants around the steel works, air pollution index(API) was calculated with use of biochemical reactions of the transplanted lichens. Environment risk of each station was ranked in order according to the API as followings; southern station at 4km{the most heavily polluted (disturbed) area}>souther stations at 1 km and 3km > southern stations at 2 km and 5km, and western stations of 1km and 4km > southern station at 5 km and western stations at 4 km and 5 km. 6. correlation between API and accumulated heavy metal contents wsa analyzed for the identification of majot causal agents driginated from atmospheric environment. Significant correlation between them was found in As, Cu, Ni, Pb,Zn and Fe and these heavy metals were considered to be involved in biochemical malfunction of the lichens. Their coefficients were as followings; Ni(0.910), As(0.871), Cu(0.817), Pb(0.810) and Fe(0.723). However, contents of sulfur and nitrogen related with atmospheric oxidants such as SO₂and NOx had no significant correlation with API. This suggests that the surrounding area of the steel works within 5 km cna be influenced mainly by short-distance-transportable air-borne pollutants such as heavy metals rather than long-distance-transportable air pollutants such as So₂and NOx. 7. Foliose lichen species, Parmotrema tinctorum, known to be sensitive to acidic air pollutants such as SO₂and NOx was found in natural forest ecosystem located over 5 km from the steel works. This finding implies that the surrounding area of the steel works is unlikely influenced by gaseous acid air pollutants.
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