본 연구에서는 생물처리장치의 충진재로써 오리나무 열매의 효용성과 제거특성 등 주요인자에 대하여 다양한 실험을 실시하였다. 또한, 충진재에 부착되어 있는 과잉미생물 제거를 위한 초음파 병용 역세척 가능성과 생물처리장치를 이용한 BTX 가스의 분해능 및 분해특성 등을 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 1. 생물처리장치에서의 ...
본 연구에서는 생물처리장치의 충진재로써 오리나무 열매의 효용성과 제거특성 등 주요인자에 대하여 다양한 실험을 실시하였다. 또한, 충진재에 부착되어 있는 과잉미생물 제거를 위한 초음파 병용 역세척 가능성과 생물처리장치를 이용한 BTX 가스의 분해능 및 분해특성 등을 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 1. 생물처리장치에서의 toluene 가스 처리특성 및 영향인자 발암의 유해성과 다양한 발생원에서 대량 발생하여 문제가 되는 toluene 가스를 환경친화적이면서 고효율, 저비용의 청정기술인 생물학적처리장치를 이용한 처리특성을 조사하였다. 오리나무 열매 (Alnus Firma Fruit : AFF)의 생물처리장치의 충진재로써의 사용 가능성 여부 및 효용성과 기초적인 운전인자들을 파악하기 위하여 생물처리장치 운전요소인 압력손실, 영양물질 공급, 체류시간 등에 대한 연구를 수행하였으며 filter media로서 많이 사용되고 있는 기존의 생물활성탄(Biological activated carbon : BAC)과의 제거 특성을 비교하였다. 미생물 접종 충진재 이용시 toluene의 지속적인 생분해가 가능하였으며, 오리나무 열매를 충진한 생물처리장치에서 미생물이 가장 활성적인 최적운전조건은 온도 32℃, 함수율 65％, pH 7(±0.3)로 나타났다. AFF의 경우 초기 미생물 부착량이 2.3×10^(7)CFU/g dry AFF로 생물활성탄의 5.5×10^(6)CFU/g dry BAC에 비해 초기 미생물 밀도가 높게 나타났으며 제거효율이 90％ 이상 증가하기까지의 순응시간은 약 2주정도 소요되었다. 시간에 따른 압력손실을 비교한 결과 SV(Space Velocity) 25h^(-1)에서 130일 경과 후 BAC의 경우 과량의 biomass가 축적되어 높은 압력손실(0.53→54.7mmH_(2)O)발생으로 제거효율이 크게 떨어지는 경향을 보였으나, AFF의 경우 초기 압력손실 0.27mmH_(2)O의 약 2배 가량 높은 0.53mmH_(2)O로 큰 변화가 없었으며 제거효율 또한 지속적으로 높게 나타났다. 따라서 AFF를 생물처리장치의 충진재로 사용 시 정화효율의 향상을 도모할 수 있는 생물여상을 제공할 수 있었으며 압력손실이 적어 충진재의 교체나 역세정 주기를 연장할 수 있어 운전비용면에서도 경제적인 충진재로 조사되었다. 무기재료를 충진재로 사용 시 영양물질 공급 여부는 biofilter의 성능에 민감하게 작용하였으며, 흡착능이 낮은 AFF의 경우 에틸알콜을 첨가함으로써 톨루엔 용해도의 증가로 미생물에 의한 산화분해가 활발하게 일어나 제거율을 높일 수 있었다. 유속과 유입농도가 증가할수록 제거율이 저하되었으며 특히 농도의 증가보다 유속의 중가에 의해서 제거율이 큰 폭으로 감소하였다. 2. 생물처리장치에 의한 BTX 혼합가스 처리 실제 오염배출원은 하나의 오염물질이 존재하는 것이 아니라 BTX와 같은 혼합물의 형태로 존재하고 있기 때문에 생물학적처리에 있어 BTX의 거동을 예측하기 위해서는 기질사이의 상호작용을 연구하는 것이 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 혼합미생물에 의한 각 기질의 분해능과 오리나무 열매를 충진한 생물처리장치에서의 단독 및 혼합가스의 분해특성을 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 회분식 방법을 이용한 단일기질의 분해실험결과 benzene, toluene의 경우 첨가되는 기질의 양이 증가할수록 지체기 없이 빠른 속도로 분해되었으나 xylene isomers의 경우 물리적 제거율에 비해 미생물에 의한 분해율이 매우 낮게 나타났다. 단일기질에서의 분해속도 측정결과 benzene ＞ toluene ＞ m-xylene ＞ o-xylene ＞ p-xylene의 순으로 분해가 일어났다. 또한, 오리나무 열매를 충진한 생물처리장치에서의 BTX 단독 및 저농도(80~150ppm) 혼합가스 유입의 경우 p-xylene을 제외하곤 제거율이 높았으나 고농도(300~450ppm) 유입시 전체적으로 제거율이 저하되는 경향을 보였다. 이는 고농도 혼합가스가 동시에 유입됨에 따라 균주에 대한 기질이 독성으로 작용했을 것으로 사료된다. 특히 p-xylene 존재 시 benzene, toluene의 제거율이 상대적으로 매우 낮게 나타나 단독기질 유입시 제거율 96％, 98％에 비해 37％, 58％정도 밖에 제거되지 않아 benzene과 toluene의 분해는 p-xylene에 의해 방해영향이 관찰되었다. 3. 초음파를 이용한 잉여미생물 제거 생물활성탄을 이용한 생물처리장치에서의 톨루엔 가스 제거특성과 과잉미생물 제거에 있어 물과 초음파 병용 역세척 이용 가능성과 기초적인 운전인자들을 조사하였다. 실험변수로는 공간속도(25~100h^(-1)), 유입농도(200~2,103ppmv), 유입부하량(21~449.3g/㎥·hr) 등이 적용되었으며 제거율, 최대제거용량, 역세척 효율 등을 살펴보았다. 실험결과 생물활성탄의 초기 제거효율은 매우 높았으나 과잉미생물 증식으로 인한 압력손실 증가로 시간에 따라 제거율이 감소하였으며 농도 증가에 비해 유속 증가의 영향이 더 높았다. 역세척 효율 조사결과 물단독, 공기병용 역세척에 비해 초음파 병용 역세척 시 유출수의 탁도, VSS, 총탁질지수가 가장 높아 초음파 병용 역세척 시 역세수량 절감 및 과잉미생물의 높은 제거효율을 가질 수 있었다.
본 연구에서는 생물처리장치의 충진재로써 오리나무 열매의 효용성과 제거특성 등 주요인자에 대하여 다양한 실험을 실시하였다. 또한, 충진재에 부착되어 있는 과잉미생물 제거를 위한 초음파 병용 역세척 가능성과 생물처리장치를 이용한 BTX 가스의 분해능 및 분해특성 등을 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 1. 생물처리장치에서의 toluene 가스 처리특성 및 영향인자 발암의 유해성과 다양한 발생원에서 대량 발생하여 문제가 되는 toluene 가스를 환경친화적이면서 고효율, 저비용의 청정기술인 생물학적처리장치를 이용한 처리특성을 조사하였다. 오리나무 열매 (Alnus Firma Fruit : AFF)의 생물처리장치의 충진재로써의 사용 가능성 여부 및 효용성과 기초적인 운전인자들을 파악하기 위하여 생물처리장치 운전요소인 압력손실, 영양물질 공급, 체류시간 등에 대한 연구를 수행하였으며 filter media로서 많이 사용되고 있는 기존의 생물활성탄(Biological activated carbon : BAC)과의 제거 특성을 비교하였다. 미생물 접종 충진재 이용시 toluene의 지속적인 생분해가 가능하였으며, 오리나무 열매를 충진한 생물처리장치에서 미생물이 가장 활성적인 최적운전조건은 온도 32℃, 함수율 65％, pH 7(±0.3)로 나타났다. AFF의 경우 초기 미생물 부착량이 2.3×10^(7)CFU/g dry AFF로 생물활성탄의 5.5×10^(6)CFU/g dry BAC에 비해 초기 미생물 밀도가 높게 나타났으며 제거효율이 90％ 이상 증가하기까지의 순응시간은 약 2주정도 소요되었다. 시간에 따른 압력손실을 비교한 결과 SV(Space Velocity) 25h^(-1)에서 130일 경과 후 BAC의 경우 과량의 biomass가 축적되어 높은 압력손실(0.53→54.7mmH_(2)O)발생으로 제거효율이 크게 떨어지는 경향을 보였으나, AFF의 경우 초기 압력손실 0.27mmH_(2)O의 약 2배 가량 높은 0.53mmH_(2)O로 큰 변화가 없었으며 제거효율 또한 지속적으로 높게 나타났다. 따라서 AFF를 생물처리장치의 충진재로 사용 시 정화효율의 향상을 도모할 수 있는 생물여상을 제공할 수 있었으며 압력손실이 적어 충진재의 교체나 역세정 주기를 연장할 수 있어 운전비용면에서도 경제적인 충진재로 조사되었다. 무기재료를 충진재로 사용 시 영양물질 공급 여부는 biofilter의 성능에 민감하게 작용하였으며, 흡착능이 낮은 AFF의 경우 에틸알콜을 첨가함으로써 톨루엔 용해도의 증가로 미생물에 의한 산화분해가 활발하게 일어나 제거율을 높일 수 있었다. 유속과 유입농도가 증가할수록 제거율이 저하되었으며 특히 농도의 증가보다 유속의 중가에 의해서 제거율이 큰 폭으로 감소하였다. 2. 생물처리장치에 의한 BTX 혼합가스 처리 실제 오염배출원은 하나의 오염물질이 존재하는 것이 아니라 BTX와 같은 혼합물의 형태로 존재하고 있기 때문에 생물학적처리에 있어 BTX의 거동을 예측하기 위해서는 기질사이의 상호작용을 연구하는 것이 중요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 혼합미생물에 의한 각 기질의 분해능과 오리나무 열매를 충진한 생물처리장치에서의 단독 및 혼합가스의 분해특성을 조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 회분식 방법을 이용한 단일기질의 분해실험결과 benzene, toluene의 경우 첨가되는 기질의 양이 증가할수록 지체기 없이 빠른 속도로 분해되었으나 xylene isomers의 경우 물리적 제거율에 비해 미생물에 의한 분해율이 매우 낮게 나타났다. 단일기질에서의 분해속도 측정결과 benzene ＞ toluene ＞ m-xylene ＞ o-xylene ＞ p-xylene의 순으로 분해가 일어났다. 또한, 오리나무 열매를 충진한 생물처리장치에서의 BTX 단독 및 저농도(80~150ppm) 혼합가스 유입의 경우 p-xylene을 제외하곤 제거율이 높았으나 고농도(300~450ppm) 유입시 전체적으로 제거율이 저하되는 경향을 보였다. 이는 고농도 혼합가스가 동시에 유입됨에 따라 균주에 대한 기질이 독성으로 작용했을 것으로 사료된다. 특히 p-xylene 존재 시 benzene, toluene의 제거율이 상대적으로 매우 낮게 나타나 단독기질 유입시 제거율 96％, 98％에 비해 37％, 58％정도 밖에 제거되지 않아 benzene과 toluene의 분해는 p-xylene에 의해 방해영향이 관찰되었다. 3. 초음파를 이용한 잉여미생물 제거 생물활성탄을 이용한 생물처리장치에서의 톨루엔 가스 제거특성과 과잉미생물 제거에 있어 물과 초음파 병용 역세척 이용 가능성과 기초적인 운전인자들을 조사하였다. 실험변수로는 공간속도(25~100h^(-1)), 유입농도(200~2,103ppmv), 유입부하량(21~449.3g/㎥·hr) 등이 적용되었으며 제거율, 최대제거용량, 역세척 효율 등을 살펴보았다. 실험결과 생물활성탄의 초기 제거효율은 매우 높았으나 과잉미생물 증식으로 인한 압력손실 증가로 시간에 따라 제거율이 감소하였으며 농도 증가에 비해 유속 증가의 영향이 더 높았다. 역세척 효율 조사결과 물단독, 공기병용 역세척에 비해 초음파 병용 역세척 시 유출수의 탁도, VSS, 총탁질지수가 가장 높아 초음파 병용 역세척 시 역세수량 절감 및 과잉미생물의 높은 제거효율을 가질 수 있었다.
In this study, various experiments were conducted on major factors, such as the utility and eliminating characteristics of fruits of Alnus Firma Fruit(AFF) as a media for a biological treatment process. Also, as a result of investigating into the possibility of backwashing in combination with ultras...
In this study, various experiments were conducted on major factors, such as the utility and eliminating characteristics of fruits of Alnus Firma Fruit(AFF) as a media for a biological treatment process. Also, as a result of investigating into the possibility of backwashing in combination with ultrasonic for removing excess biomass clinging to the media and the biodegradation and decomposition characteristics of BTX gas through the use of the biological treatment process, the following conclusion could be obtained. 1. Characterization of toluene vapor removal in a biological treatment process and effective factors This study was to examine characteristics of treating toluene gas, which gets to be problematic due to its harmful oncogenicity and mass generation from various sources, through a biological treatment apparatus which is environment-friendly and adopts a high-efficient and low-cost clean technology. In order to identify whether Alnus Firma Fruit (AFF) can be used as a filler for a bioreactor, its utility and basic operating factors, a study was conducted on pressure loss, supply of nutrient substances and retention time which are operating factors of a bioreactor, and eliminating characteristics were compared between AFF and the conventional biological activated carbon(BAC) widely used as filter media. When the filler inoculated with microbes was used, continuous biodegradation of toluene was available. It was shown that optimum operation conditions under which microbes were most active in the biological treatment process filled with Alnus Firma Fruit(AFF) were as follows: Temperature 32℃, Moisture Content 65％, pH 7 (±0.3). In the case of AFF, the initial microbial deposits was 2.3×10^(7)CFU/g dry AFF, which represents the initial microbial density higher than the case of bioactive charcoal showing 5.5×10^(6)CFU/g dry BAC. And it took about 2 weeks to adapt until its eliminating rate got to be increased over 90％. As a result of comparing pressure loss taking place with the lapse of time between BAC and AFF, after 130 days passed at SV 25h^(-1), BAC showed that its eliminating efficiency had a tendency to drop greatly due to a great pressure loss (0.53→54.7mmH_(2)O) caused by an excess of biomass as accumulated. On the other hand, AFF showed that the pressure loss was 0.53mmH_(2)O, about 2 times as much as the initial pressure loss of 0.27mmH_(2)O, which represents no great change in the pressure loss, and its eliminating efficiency was also shown to be continuously high. Therefore, when AFF was used as a filler for a biological treatment apparatus, a biological coimage enabling improvement of the purifying efficiency to be promoted could be provided, and moreover, the pressure loss was so small that the filler replacement cycle or the back flushing cycle could be extended. So, even in terms of the operating cost, it was identified to be an economical filler. When an inorganic material was used as a filler, the biofilters performance acted sensitively on whether nutrient substances were supplied or not. In the case of AFF with low adsorptivity, addition of ethyl-alcohol increased the solubility of toluene, and consequently, oxidizing disintegration got to be actively made by microbes, and thus, its eliminating rate could be increased. As the flow velocity and the inflow concentration got to be more increased, its eliminating rate got to be lower, and particularly, an increase in the flow velocity made its eliminating rate drop more greatly than an increase in the concentration. 2. Treatment of BTX Mixed Gas by the Biological Treatment Process In an actual contaminant discharging source, only one contaminant substance does not exist, but the contaminant exists in the form of a mixture, such as BTX. Therefore, it is important to study on interactions between gases in order to forecast behaviors of BTX in biological treatment. Thus, in this study, as a result of investigating into the biodegradation of each gas by mixed microbes and decomposition characteristics of a single gas and a mixed gas in the biological treatment process filled with Alnus Firma Fruit(AFF), the following conclusion was derived. As a result of conducting an experiment on biodegradation of a single substance by using the batch process, in the case of benzene and toluene, as the amount of the substance to be added was more increased, they were decomposed at a fast speed without any lag phase. But, in the case of xylene isomers, it was shown that the decomposition rate by microbes was very lower than the physical elimination rate. As a result of measuring the decomposition speed in the single substance, biodegradation took place in the order of benzene ＞ toluene ＞ m-xylene ＞ o-xylene ＞ p-xylene. Also, in the case of inlet of BTX single gas and a low concentration (80 ~ 150ppm) of mixed gas in the biological treatment system filled with Alnus Firma Fruit(AFF), except for the case of p-xylene, the elimination rate was high, but in the case of inlet of a high concentration (300~450ppm), the overall elimination rate had a tendency of getting lowered. It is thought that as inlet of a high concentration of mixed gas took place at the same time, the gas acted on the strain as toxicity. Particularly, in the case that p-xylene existed, it was shown that the elimination rate of benzene and toluene was relatively very low so that they were eliminated as low as 37％ and 58％, respectively, in comparison with respective elimination rates of 96％ and 98％ in the case of inlet of a single gas. It was, therefore, observed that p-xylene had an inhibitory effect on decomposition of benzene and toluene. 3. Removal of excess biomass using ultrasonic In a biological treatment unit using bioactive charcoal for removing excess microbes by using toluene gas treatment and ultrasonic waves, characteristics of removing toluene gas, the availability of backwash using water and ultrasonic waves at the same time in removal of excess microbes and basic operation factors were examined. As experimental parameters, space velocity (25~100h^(-1)), inflow concentration (200~2,103ppmv) and inflow loading rate (21~449.3g/㎥hr) were applied, and a removal rate, a maximum removing capacity and a backwash efficiency were examined. As a result of conducting an experiment, the initial removing efficiency of bioactive charcoal was very high, but as time passes, the removing rate thereof went down due to an increase in pressure loss resulting from proliferation of excess microbes, and an increase in the flow rate had a higher effect on such removing rate than an increase in the concentration. As a result of examining the backwash efficiency, when backwash was conducted using water and ultrasonic waves at the same time, a degree of turbidity of effluent, VSS and a total turbid index were higher than when backwash was conducted using water alone and using water and air at the same time. Thus, when backwash was conducted using water and ultrasonic waves at the same time, the backwash water quantity could be reduced and a high efficiency of removing excess microbes could be accomplished.
In this study, various experiments were conducted on major factors, such as the utility and eliminating characteristics of fruits of Alnus Firma Fruit(AFF) as a media for a biological treatment process. Also, as a result of investigating into the possibility of backwashing in combination with ultrasonic for removing excess biomass clinging to the media and the biodegradation and decomposition characteristics of BTX gas through the use of the biological treatment process, the following conclusion could be obtained. 1. Characterization of toluene vapor removal in a biological treatment process and effective factors This study was to examine characteristics of treating toluene gas, which gets to be problematic due to its harmful oncogenicity and mass generation from various sources, through a biological treatment apparatus which is environment-friendly and adopts a high-efficient and low-cost clean technology. In order to identify whether Alnus Firma Fruit (AFF) can be used as a filler for a bioreactor, its utility and basic operating factors, a study was conducted on pressure loss, supply of nutrient substances and retention time which are operating factors of a bioreactor, and eliminating characteristics were compared between AFF and the conventional biological activated carbon(BAC) widely used as filter media. When the filler inoculated with microbes was used, continuous biodegradation of toluene was available. It was shown that optimum operation conditions under which microbes were most active in the biological treatment process filled with Alnus Firma Fruit(AFF) were as follows: Temperature 32℃, Moisture Content 65％, pH 7 (±0.3). In the case of AFF, the initial microbial deposits was 2.3×10^(7)CFU/g dry AFF, which represents the initial microbial density higher than the case of bioactive charcoal showing 5.5×10^(6)CFU/g dry BAC. And it took about 2 weeks to adapt until its eliminating rate got to be increased over 90％. As a result of comparing pressure loss taking place with the lapse of time between BAC and AFF, after 130 days passed at SV 25h^(-1), BAC showed that its eliminating efficiency had a tendency to drop greatly due to a great pressure loss (0.53→54.7mmH_(2)O) caused by an excess of biomass as accumulated. On the other hand, AFF showed that the pressure loss was 0.53mmH_(2)O, about 2 times as much as the initial pressure loss of 0.27mmH_(2)O, which represents no great change in the pressure loss, and its eliminating efficiency was also shown to be continuously high. Therefore, when AFF was used as a filler for a biological treatment apparatus, a biological coimage enabling improvement of the purifying efficiency to be promoted could be provided, and moreover, the pressure loss was so small that the filler replacement cycle or the back flushing cycle could be extended. So, even in terms of the operating cost, it was identified to be an economical filler. When an inorganic material was used as a filler, the biofilters performance acted sensitively on whether nutrient substances were supplied or not. In the case of AFF with low adsorptivity, addition of ethyl-alcohol increased the solubility of toluene, and consequently, oxidizing disintegration got to be actively made by microbes, and thus, its eliminating rate could be increased. As the flow velocity and the inflow concentration got to be more increased, its eliminating rate got to be lower, and particularly, an increase in the flow velocity made its eliminating rate drop more greatly than an increase in the concentration. 2. Treatment of BTX Mixed Gas by the Biological Treatment Process In an actual contaminant discharging source, only one contaminant substance does not exist, but the contaminant exists in the form of a mixture, such as BTX. Therefore, it is important to study on interactions between gases in order to forecast behaviors of BTX in biological treatment. Thus, in this study, as a result of investigating into the biodegradation of each gas by mixed microbes and decomposition characteristics of a single gas and a mixed gas in the biological treatment process filled with Alnus Firma Fruit(AFF), the following conclusion was derived. As a result of conducting an experiment on biodegradation of a single substance by using the batch process, in the case of benzene and toluene, as the amount of the substance to be added was more increased, they were decomposed at a fast speed without any lag phase. But, in the case of xylene isomers, it was shown that the decomposition rate by microbes was very lower than the physical elimination rate. As a result of measuring the decomposition speed in the single substance, biodegradation took place in the order of benzene ＞ toluene ＞ m-xylene ＞ o-xylene ＞ p-xylene. Also, in the case of inlet of BTX single gas and a low concentration (80 ~ 150ppm) of mixed gas in the biological treatment system filled with Alnus Firma Fruit(AFF), except for the case of p-xylene, the elimination rate was high, but in the case of inlet of a high concentration (300~450ppm), the overall elimination rate had a tendency of getting lowered. It is thought that as inlet of a high concentration of mixed gas took place at the same time, the gas acted on the strain as toxicity. Particularly, in the case that p-xylene existed, it was shown that the elimination rate of benzene and toluene was relatively very low so that they were eliminated as low as 37％ and 58％, respectively, in comparison with respective elimination rates of 96％ and 98％ in the case of inlet of a single gas. It was, therefore, observed that p-xylene had an inhibitory effect on decomposition of benzene and toluene. 3. Removal of excess biomass using ultrasonic In a biological treatment unit using bioactive charcoal for removing excess microbes by using toluene gas treatment and ultrasonic waves, characteristics of removing toluene gas, the availability of backwash using water and ultrasonic waves at the same time in removal of excess microbes and basic operation factors were examined. As experimental parameters, space velocity (25~100h^(-1)), inflow concentration (200~2,103ppmv) and inflow loading rate (21~449.3g/㎥hr) were applied, and a removal rate, a maximum removing capacity and a backwash efficiency were examined. As a result of conducting an experiment, the initial removing efficiency of bioactive charcoal was very high, but as time passes, the removing rate thereof went down due to an increase in pressure loss resulting from proliferation of excess microbes, and an increase in the flow rate had a higher effect on such removing rate than an increase in the concentration. As a result of examining the backwash efficiency, when backwash was conducted using water and ultrasonic waves at the same time, a degree of turbidity of effluent, VSS and a total turbid index were higher than when backwash was conducted using water alone and using water and air at the same time. Thus, when backwash was conducted using water and ultrasonic waves at the same time, the backwash water quantity could be reduced and a high efficiency of removing excess microbes could be accomplished.
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