충무공 이순신의 리더십에 관한 연구 : 난중일기에 나타난 리더십 사례를 중심으로 A Study on the leadership of Chungmukong Rhee Sunshin and its implications for today's leaders in Korea원문보기
Recently Korea is faced with serious problems in terms of economy, society, government, national security, diplomacy, etc. Korea economy has suffered from a severe recession for a long time since 1997 crisis of foreign exchange. The leftist government has splitted public opinions into two extremes such as pro-American ...
Recently Korea is faced with serious problems in terms of economy, society, government, national security, diplomacy, etc. Korea economy has suffered from a severe recession for a long time since 1997 crisis of foreign exchange. The leftist government has splitted public opinions into two extremes such as pro-American conservatism and pro-North-Korean progressivism. They are wasting a lot of energy for ideological struggles. The national assembly, news media, and even general public are involved in the wasteful struggles everyday. The diplomatic relations with the United States of America, our closest ally for a half century is getting worse and worse. The sunshine policy toward North Korea seems to have failed, and Kim Jong-il still doesn't give up the development plan of atomic weapon. At this time of crisis, we need a great leader who can successfully overcome all these problems. There was Admiral Rhee Sunshin 400 years ago who played a crucial role in winning the Imjin(壬辰) War against Japan. Japan invaded Chosun(朝鮮) in the year of Imjin. Japanese army conquered most of Chosun, but Admiral Rhee, Chief of the Chosun Naval Operations(三道水軍統制使), had successfully defended the seas, so that Japan could not transport food and weapons from Japan to Chosun. Admiral Rhee had won six great sea battles including Hansan(閑山), Myung- rang(鳴梁) battles. He could not obtain government support in terms of weapons, manpower, food, and even the king's trust for the defense of the sea. He invented Turtle Warships(거북선) and organized peasant troops and fed them by fishing and farming. But he had successfully led the troops to destroy the strong fleets of Japan armed newly-invented guns. The main purpose of this study was two-fold : (1) to identify the character- istics of Admiral Rhee Sunshin's leadership and (2) to realize their implications for the leaders in Korea today. To achieve these goals, the author conducted case studies. His study depended mainly upon Nanjung-Ilgi(亂中日記), a war diary written by Admiral Rhee himself during the Imjin War(1592~1598). The author selected six cases of sea battles in the diary and deeply analyzed Admiral Rhee's leadership. Specifically the author analyzed Admiral Rhee's war strategies, battle tactics, leadership styles, traits, affection for subordinates and civilians, loyalty to the King Sunjo(宣祖) and the country, and the factors that made him an everlasting holy hero of Korean nation. According to John P. Kotter, a peacetime army can perform its functions adequately with good management as long as there is some sound leadership at the very top. During war, an army still needs competent management up and down the managerial hierarchy, but it cannot function without lots of good leadership at virtually all levels. We need good leadership not only in military war but also in economic war today. The modern leadership theories that were used for the theoretical framework of analyzing the historical cases of the ancient national hero were as follows : After WWⅡ, the U.S. army conducted a survey on the careers of successful military commanders. The result was the compilation of the list of 14 leadership traits(W.R. Plunket, 1979). They are bearing, courage, decisiveness, dependability, endurance, initiative, integrity, judgement, justice, knowledge, loyalty, tact, and unselfishness. Transactional leaders motivate subordinates to perform at expected levels by helping them recognize task responsibilities, and understand how the rewards are linked to goal achievement. In contrast, transformational leaders motivate subordinates to perform beyond expectations by inspiring them to focus on broader missions that transcend their own immediate self-interests, to concentrate on intrinsic higher-level goals, and to have confidence in their abilities to achieve the extraordinary missions(K.M. Bartol & D.C. Martin, 1991). Charisma is the leader's ability to inspire pride, faith, and respects; and to articulate effectively a sense of mission or vision that inspire subordinates. Leadership is an ability to influenceother's behavior. Sources of leadership influence are coercive power, legitimate power, reward power, expert power, reference power, and information power. Leadership create vision, trust, meaning, success, and healthy environments(W. Bennis, 1997). The results of the study characterize the leadership of Admiral Rhee Sunshin as follows : First, his leadership had been significantly influenced by Confucianism. His leading idea was deeply based on the Confucian thoughts of loyalty to the country(patriotism) and filial duty to his parents. Second, he was the paternalistic and subordinate-centered leader. He had shown his concern, affection, anxiety for subordinates (and people living around the naval bases) repeatedly in his war diary. Third, he was a leader of the decisiveness. He always prepared the battles in desperate situation, getting ready for death. Fourth, he valued the laws, disciplines, rules and regulations in commanding Chosun's Naval Forces, but he practiced them flexibly depending on the given situation. Fifth, he was a man of stern integrity and morality. He was highly disciplined and sternly moral. He was an ideal leaders of incorruption and clean hands. Sixth, he was a transformational leader with strong charisma, who could inspire his subordinates to achieve missions impossible, that is, to win numerous battles against well-armed Japanese fleets. Finally, Admiral Rhee was an outstanding leader of creativity. He built the Turtle warships which played crucial roles in destroying enemy warships. In addition, he created a number of new strategies and tactics which were successfully used against Japanese Naval Forces. In other words, he created success ― winning the war. In conclusion, there are numerous lessons that today's leaders of Korea need to learn from Admiral Rhee's traits, styles, values, personalities, attitudes, and achievements. Their implications are important not only for military commanders, but also for political leaders, diplomats, businessmen (involved in economic war), and many others. They should lead the country so that the current crisis would be successfully overcome.오늘의 韓國은 經濟, 社會, 行政, 安保, 政治 등 여러 分野에서 많은 難關에 直面해 있다. 韓國의 經濟는 1997년 IMF 管理體制에서 벗어난 지 數年이 지났음에도 벌써 제2의 IMF 危機事態를 憂慮하고 있다. 더구나 나라 밖으로는 北核問題의 解決機微가 쉽게 보이지 않으며, 안으로는 國論分裂의 危機感이 國民들을 威脅하고 있다. 이러한 時期에 우리 社會가 危機克服의 卓越한 能力을 갖춘 指導者를 생각하게 되는 것은 너무도 當然한 現狀이다. 따라서 400년 전의 壬辰倭亂이라는 國難의 時期에 戰爭을 勝利로 이끌었던 李舜臣의 業績과 리더십 特性을 照明해봄으로써 우리 社會의 不安과 危機를 解決할 실마리를 찾을 수 있을 것이며, 그 李舜臣의 리더십 特性을 오늘날 指導者들이 본받을 必要가 있다. 따라서 이 硏究의 目的은 壬辰倭亂 당시에 李舜臣이 發揮했던 리더십의 特性을 分析.把握하여 오늘날 우리 社會의 指導者들의 길잡이로 삼는데 있다. 筆者는 壬辰倭亂의 海戰現場에서 직접 戰鬪를 指揮하고, 당시의 狀況과 體驗을, 자신의 戰略과 指揮經驗을, 戰爭과 나라와 백성과 朝廷과 임금에 대한 느낌과 態度를 직접 기록한《亂中日記》를 分析.檢討하여, 여섯 가지 重要 事例를 選別하고, 그 事例 分析을 통하여 李舜臣 리더십의 特性을 도출하려고 하였다. 또한 오늘의 우리 社會 指導者들이 본받아야 할 점들을 李舜臣 리더십의 現代的 意義로 整理해 보려고 하였다. 이 硏究는 16世紀末에 있었던 壬辰倭亂이란 國難의 現場에서 全勝을 거둔 李舜臣 리더십의 特性을 分析하는 것이므로, 오늘의 組織理論家들이 주장하는 狀況接近 理論은 李舜臣의 리더십에는 狀況變數의 規定이 맞지 않기 때문에 設問調査를 통한 資料蒐集과 統計的 分析 및 假說檢定 등의 實證的 硏究方法의 적용은 곤란할 뿐 아니라, 變革的 리더십의 理論도 李舜臣과 李舜臣이 처해 있던 狀況에는 적합하지가 않다. 그래서 당시에 戰爭을 指揮했던 李舜臣이 직접 記述한《亂中日記》와 그가 戰鬪計劃과 結果를 報告한《壬辰狀草》가 있으므로, 이를 리더십 特性을 分析하는 資料로 사용하였다. 이 論文은 探索調査의 形態인 事例硏究 方法을 사용하여 6개 海戰 - 玉浦海戰, 泗川海戰, 閑山大捷, 唐項浦海戰, 白衣從軍과 鳴梁大捷, 露粱海戰을 分析하여 李舜臣 리더십의 特性과 現代的 意義를 살펴보았다. 그 結果를 보면, 李舜臣의 리더십 特性은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 國家와 임금에 대한 忠誠心으로 뭉쳐진 國家觀으로 一貫하였다. 그리고 어렵고 힘들수록 國家가 개인에 優先한다는 事實을 認識시켜주었다. 둘째, 父母에 대한 孝誠으로 다져졌으며, 나보다는 家族을, 家族보다는 百姓을 더 配慮하였고, 犧牲的으로 섬기는 溫情을 베풀었다. 셋째, 不可能한 狀況을 可能한 條件으로 만든 必死則生의 決斷力을 가졌다. 넷째, 法과 原則의 遵守와 融通性을 아울러 發揮하였다. 다섯째, 自身에게는 嚴格한 淸廉性과 道德性으로 組織의 非理.不正을 바로잡음으로써 健康한 組織을 運營하였다. 여섯째, 部下의 意見을 收斂하고 自身의 意見을 밝혀서 計劃의 正當性을 堂堂하게 밝혔으며, 自身을 따르면 언제나 安全하다는 믿음을 갖도록 몸소 實踐하여 部下들의 마음을 사로잡는 人間的 魅力을 가졌다. 일곱째, 끊임없는 創意力을 發揮하여 未來의 狀況을 豫測하고 圖謀해나갔다. 여덟째, 狀況의 緊迫性이나, 內容의 重要度에 따라 融通性보다는 原則中心의 리더십을 더 지켰으며, 危機管理 能力이 卓越하였다. 이러한 리더십 特性에 附加하여 李舜臣은 最小限의 犧牲으로 最大限의 成果를 거둔 指導者로서 世界海戰史에서 前無後無한 成功을 거두었다. 그는 옳은 것에는 목숨을 걸고라도 자신의 카리스마를 實驗이라도 하듯이, 平和時에는 훌륭한 行政家.管理者였을 뿐 아니라, 훌륭한 리더였으며, 戰時에는 오직 자신의 올바른 情報의 蒐集.判斷, 急變하는 狀況에 效果的으로 對處하며 危機를 克服해내는 卓越한 能力의 리더였기 때문에 반드시 이길 수 있는 與件을 만들어서 싸움을 함으로써 部下의 犧牲을 最小化했다. 李舜臣은, 平時나 戰時에서나, 現代에 와서야 發展된 學問의 리더십 스타일에 拘碍되지 않고, 오직 部下.百姓들을 돌보고 섬기며, 그들의 安寧과 護國에 바탕을 두었다. 특히 7년 동안의 戰爭에서 여느 英雄들처럼 國家에서 全幅的으로 支援.後援.補給된 것이 아니라, 오직 李舜臣 스스로 現代的 經營 못지 않게 經營하였다. 그래서 우리는 朝鮮에서 酷甚한 國難이었던 壬辰倭亂에서 全勝했던 李舜臣의 리더십을 敎訓삼고 본받아서 國內外的으로 모든 어려운 狀況을 슬기롭게 對處해 나가야 할 것이다.
Recently Korea is faced with serious problems in terms of economy, society, government, national security, diplomacy, etc. Korea economy has suffered from a severe recession for a long time since 1997 crisis of foreign exchange. The leftist government has splitted public opinions into two extremes such as pro-American conservatism and pro-North-Korean progressivism. They are wasting a lot of energy for ideological struggles. The national assembly, news media, and even general public are involved in the wasteful struggles everyday. The diplomatic relations with the United States of America, our closest ally for a half century is getting worse and worse. The sunshine policy toward North Korea seems to have failed, and Kim Jong-il still doesn't give up the development plan of atomic weapon. At this time of crisis, we need a great leader who can successfully overcome all these problems. There was Admiral Rhee Sunshin 400 years ago who played a crucial role in winning the Imjin(壬辰) War against Japan. Japan invaded Chosun(朝鮮) in the year of Imjin. Japanese army conquered most of Chosun, but Admiral Rhee, Chief of the Chosun Naval Operations(三道水軍統制使), had successfully defended the seas, so that Japan could not transport food and weapons from Japan to Chosun. Admiral Rhee had won six great sea battles including Hansan(閑山), Myung- rang(鳴梁) battles. He could not obtain government support in terms of weapons, manpower, food, and even the king's trust for the defense of the sea. He invented Turtle Warships(거북선) and organized peasant troops and fed them by fishing and farming. But he had successfully led the troops to destroy the strong fleets of Japan armed newly-invented guns. The main purpose of this study was two-fold : (1) to identify the character- istics of Admiral Rhee Sunshin's leadership and (2) to realize their implications for the leaders in Korea today. To achieve these goals, the author conducted case studies. His study depended mainly upon Nanjung-Ilgi(亂中日記), a war diary written by Admiral Rhee himself during the Imjin War(1592~1598). The author selected six cases of sea battles in the diary and deeply analyzed Admiral Rhee's leadership. Specifically the author analyzed Admiral Rhee's war strategies, battle tactics, leadership styles, traits, affection for subordinates and civilians, loyalty to the King Sunjo(宣祖) and the country, and the factors that made him an everlasting holy hero of Korean nation. According to John P. Kotter, a peacetime army can perform its functions adequately with good management as long as there is some sound leadership at the very top. During war, an army still needs competent management up and down the managerial hierarchy, but it cannot function without lots of good leadership at virtually all levels. We need good leadership not only in military war but also in economic war today. The modern leadership theories that were used for the theoretical framework of analyzing the historical cases of the ancient national hero were as follows : After WWⅡ, the U.S. army conducted a survey on the careers of successful military commanders. The result was the compilation of the list of 14 leadership traits(W.R. Plunket, 1979). They are bearing, courage, decisiveness, dependability, endurance, initiative, integrity, judgement, justice, knowledge, loyalty, tact, and unselfishness. Transactional leaders motivate subordinates to perform at expected levels by helping them recognize task responsibilities, and understand how the rewards are linked to goal achievement. In contrast, transformational leaders motivate subordinates to perform beyond expectations by inspiring them to focus on broader missions that transcend their own immediate self-interests, to concentrate on intrinsic higher-level goals, and to have confidence in their abilities to achieve the extraordinary missions(K.M. Bartol & D.C. Martin, 1991). Charisma is the leader's ability to inspire pride, faith, and respects; and to articulate effectively a sense of mission or vision that inspire subordinates. Leadership is an ability to influence other's behavior. Sources of leadership influence are coercive power, legitimate power, reward power, expert power, reference power, and information power. Leadership create vision, trust, meaning, success, and healthy environments(W. Bennis, 1997). The results of the study characterize the leadership of Admiral Rhee Sunshin as follows : First, his leadership had been significantly influenced by Confucianism. His leading idea was deeply based on the Confucian thoughts of loyalty to the country(patriotism) and filial duty to his parents. Second, he was the paternalistic and subordinate-centered leader. He had shown his concern, affection, anxiety for subordinates (and people living around the naval bases) repeatedly in his war diary. Third, he was a leader of the decisiveness. He always prepared the battles in desperate situation, getting ready for death. Fourth, he valued the laws, disciplines, rules and regulations in commanding Chosun's Naval Forces, but he practiced them flexibly depending on the given situation. Fifth, he was a man of stern integrity and morality. He was highly disciplined and sternly moral. He was an ideal leaders of incorruption and clean hands. Sixth, he was a transformational leader with strong charisma, who could inspire his subordinates to achieve missions impossible, that is, to win numerous battles against well-armed Japanese fleets. Finally, Admiral Rhee was an outstanding leader of creativity. He built the Turtle warships which played crucial roles in destroying enemy warships. In addition, he created a number of new strategies and tactics which were successfully used against Japanese Naval Forces. In other words, he created success ― winning the war. In conclusion, there are numerous lessons that today's leaders of Korea need to learn from Admiral Rhee's traits, styles, values, personalities, attitudes, and achievements. Their implications are important not only for military commanders, but also for political leaders, diplomats, businessmen (involved in economic war), and many others. They should lead the country so that the current crisis would be successfully overcome.오늘의 韓國은 經濟, 社會, 行政, 安保, 政治 등 여러 分野에서 많은 難關에 直面해 있다. 韓國의 經濟는 1997년 IMF 管理體制에서 벗어난 지 數年이 지났음에도 벌써 제2의 IMF 危機事態를 憂慮하고 있다. 더구나 나라 밖으로는 北核問題의 解決機微가 쉽게 보이지 않으며, 안으로는 國論分裂의 危機感이 國民들을 威脅하고 있다. 이러한 時期에 우리 社會가 危機克服의 卓越한 能力을 갖춘 指導者를 생각하게 되는 것은 너무도 當然한 現狀이다. 따라서 400년 전의 壬辰倭亂이라는 國難의 時期에 戰爭을 勝利로 이끌었던 李舜臣의 業績과 리더십 特性을 照明해봄으로써 우리 社會의 不安과 危機를 解決할 실마리를 찾을 수 있을 것이며, 그 李舜臣의 리더십 特性을 오늘날 指導者들이 본받을 必要가 있다. 따라서 이 硏究의 目的은 壬辰倭亂 당시에 李舜臣이 發揮했던 리더십의 特性을 分析.把握하여 오늘날 우리 社會의 指導者들의 길잡이로 삼는데 있다. 筆者는 壬辰倭亂의 海戰現場에서 직접 戰鬪를 指揮하고, 당시의 狀況과 體驗을, 자신의 戰略과 指揮經驗을, 戰爭과 나라와 백성과 朝廷과 임금에 대한 느낌과 態度를 직접 기록한《亂中日記》를 分析.檢討하여, 여섯 가지 重要 事例를 選別하고, 그 事例 分析을 통하여 李舜臣 리더십의 特性을 도출하려고 하였다. 또한 오늘의 우리 社會 指導者들이 본받아야 할 점들을 李舜臣 리더십의 現代的 意義로 整理해 보려고 하였다. 이 硏究는 16世紀末에 있었던 壬辰倭亂이란 國難의 現場에서 全勝을 거둔 李舜臣 리더십의 特性을 分析하는 것이므로, 오늘의 組織理論家들이 주장하는 狀況接近 理論은 李舜臣의 리더십에는 狀況變數의 規定이 맞지 않기 때문에 設問調査를 통한 資料蒐集과 統計的 分析 및 假說檢定 등의 實證的 硏究方法의 적용은 곤란할 뿐 아니라, 變革的 리더십의 理論도 李舜臣과 李舜臣이 처해 있던 狀況에는 적합하지가 않다. 그래서 당시에 戰爭을 指揮했던 李舜臣이 직접 記述한《亂中日記》와 그가 戰鬪計劃과 結果를 報告한《壬辰狀草》가 있으므로, 이를 리더십 特性을 分析하는 資料로 사용하였다. 이 論文은 探索調査의 形態인 事例硏究 方法을 사용하여 6개 海戰 - 玉浦海戰, 泗川海戰, 閑山大捷, 唐項浦海戰, 白衣從軍과 鳴梁大捷, 露粱海戰을 分析하여 李舜臣 리더십의 特性과 現代的 意義를 살펴보았다. 그 結果를 보면, 李舜臣의 리더십 特性은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 國家와 임금에 대한 忠誠心으로 뭉쳐진 國家觀으로 一貫하였다. 그리고 어렵고 힘들수록 國家가 개인에 優先한다는 事實을 認識시켜주었다. 둘째, 父母에 대한 孝誠으로 다져졌으며, 나보다는 家族을, 家族보다는 百姓을 더 配慮하였고, 犧牲的으로 섬기는 溫情을 베풀었다. 셋째, 不可能한 狀況을 可能한 條件으로 만든 必死則生의 決斷力을 가졌다. 넷째, 法과 原則의 遵守와 融通性을 아울러 發揮하였다. 다섯째, 自身에게는 嚴格한 淸廉性과 道德性으로 組織의 非理.不正을 바로잡음으로써 健康한 組織을 運營하였다. 여섯째, 部下의 意見을 收斂하고 自身의 意見을 밝혀서 計劃의 正當性을 堂堂하게 밝혔으며, 自身을 따르면 언제나 安全하다는 믿음을 갖도록 몸소 實踐하여 部下들의 마음을 사로잡는 人間的 魅力을 가졌다. 일곱째, 끊임없는 創意力을 發揮하여 未來의 狀況을 豫測하고 圖謀해나갔다. 여덟째, 狀況의 緊迫性이나, 內容의 重要度에 따라 融通性보다는 原則中心의 리더십을 더 지켰으며, 危機管理 能力이 卓越하였다. 이러한 리더십 特性에 附加하여 李舜臣은 最小限의 犧牲으로 最大限의 成果를 거둔 指導者로서 世界海戰史에서 前無後無한 成功을 거두었다. 그는 옳은 것에는 목숨을 걸고라도 자신의 카리스마를 實驗이라도 하듯이, 平和時에는 훌륭한 行政家.管理者였을 뿐 아니라, 훌륭한 리더였으며, 戰時에는 오직 자신의 올바른 情報의 蒐集.判斷, 急變하는 狀況에 效果的으로 對處하며 危機를 克服해내는 卓越한 能力의 리더였기 때문에 반드시 이길 수 있는 與件을 만들어서 싸움을 함으로써 部下의 犧牲을 最小化했다. 李舜臣은, 平時나 戰時에서나, 現代에 와서야 發展된 學問의 리더십 스타일에 拘碍되지 않고, 오직 部下.百姓들을 돌보고 섬기며, 그들의 安寧과 護國에 바탕을 두었다. 특히 7년 동안의 戰爭에서 여느 英雄들처럼 國家에서 全幅的으로 支援.後援.補給된 것이 아니라, 오직 李舜臣 스스로 現代的 經營 못지 않게 經營하였다. 그래서 우리는 朝鮮에서 酷甚한 國難이었던 壬辰倭亂에서 全勝했던 李舜臣의 리더십을 敎訓삼고 본받아서 國內外的으로 모든 어려운 狀況을 슬기롭게 對處해 나가야 할 것이다.
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