In visible trade of selling and buying commodities between nations, a seller and a buyer can't pay or receive a bill as soon as a transaction is made so they are in a conflict of interests. That is, a seller wants to receive the money from a buyer at the time of making a shipment for an order, while...
In visible trade of selling and buying commodities between nations, a seller and a buyer can't pay or receive a bill as soon as a transaction is made so they are in a conflict of interests. That is, a seller wants to receive the money from a buyer at the time of making a shipment for an order, while the buyer wants to pay after confirming that the seller performs the contract sincerely. Both the seller and the buyer can't help depending on a reliable third party in order to exert themselves to trade with confidence, escaping from this matter of paying or receiving a bill for the order. It is the system of L/C that elevates the seller's and the buyer's trust to a bank's trust. Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, and Uniform Commercial Code specify that the basic principle of L/C-based transactions is that a bank makes a transaction based on documents, not on commodities. In this L/C-based transaction, the most important issue for the seller and the buyer is the principle of documentary transaction and the principle of strict compliance which are the principles of L/C-based transactions. The principle of strict compliance is a logic conclusion that supports the principle of documentary transaction. In other words, in order to receive the payment for the L/C-based transaction, the seller is obliged to submit the documents that comply with the conditions and requirements specified on an L/C, and the bank should strictly review the received documents, through which the original goal of L/C-based transactions can be attained. However, in the process that the goal of L/C-based transactions is attained, an issued is raised. It is if the L/C opening bank applies the principle of strict compliance to reviewing the conditions specified in the L/C that are required by the beneficiary or its designated bank. According to the leading cases in England and America where the practice of L/C-based transactions was created and developed, the descriptions of the commodities specified on all the documents which are submitted based on an L/C, should be identical to the descriptions of commodities specified in the L/C. And further, many leading cases of L/C continuously repeat to emphasize strict compliance. The party who makes a shipment based on an L/C should strictly observe each condition specified in the L/C, and if the submitted documentary bill is not identical to the L/C, the bank is not obliged nor authorized to accept the bill and make the payment, which can be seen in many leading cases. However, the recent leading cases in and out of the country show that the principle of strict compliance is being eased. The leading cases in America show three trends of easing the principle of strict compliance. That is, on the contrary to strict compliance, America tends to apply substantial compliance (which puts more value on the substance of the documents) and conditional compliance (which is a compromise between strict compliance and substantial compliance). These leading cases reflect the attitudes of the judicial and the legislative authorization that don't want to approve formal approach to the commercial law. However, this inconsistent approach of applying substantial compliance or conditional strict compliance, makes the L/C processing slow and further, drives the bank to be entangled into a lawsuit. And further, inconsistent processing of L/C can make different legal effects of a transaction, depending on a competent court, which becomes contrary to specificity, a condition of an L/C that is a protective means for buyers. Recently, the Supreme Court of Korea is giving a decision on the principle of strict compliance, "The documents attached to an L/C should strictly comply with the conditions in the L/C, but it doesn't mean that they should be perfectly identical without any mistake in words. In case the bank can understand through reasonable care that a small mistake in words is too trivial to give different meaning or to give damage to the conditions of the L/C, the documents are regarded to comply with the conditions of the L/C. However, the judgment should be based on whether the difference between the documents and the L/C can be admitted by the international standard bank transaction practice or not." This decision tells that the principle of strict compliance is quite much modified so application of this modification can't be ignored. However, from the viewpoint of the party who requests to open an L/C, there is a criticism that a bank's arbitrary judgement can be involved. If the principle of strict compliance is restricted to whether the documents submitted to the bank comply with the L/C in terms of its original goal or not, it will result in reducing usefulness of an L/C in international transactions because: it (the bank's examination of the submitted documents is restricted to whether they comply with the L/C in terms of the goal) is to protect the bank only; in order to protect the buyer (the party who requests to open an L/C), strictness in compliance of documents should be obtained; and a bank's arbitrary interpretation can be involved in the judgment, which makes the buyer's position unstable. Therefore, reviewing the original purpose of L/C-based transactions (activating international transactions), the principle of strict compliance may be thought old-fashioned because it emphasizes a form, but in reality, for prompt transaction and payment, the principle of strict compliance should be observed in L/C-based transactions. And further, if a legislative device is prepared to systematically compensate for several side-effects, the principle of strict compliance will improve dynamic flow of prompt and low-costly L/C-based transactions. On the other hand, it will be able to protect the interested parties.
In visible trade of selling and buying commodities between nations, a seller and a buyer can't pay or receive a bill as soon as a transaction is made so they are in a conflict of interests. That is, a seller wants to receive the money from a buyer at the time of making a shipment for an order, while the buyer wants to pay after confirming that the seller performs the contract sincerely. Both the seller and the buyer can't help depending on a reliable third party in order to exert themselves to trade with confidence, escaping from this matter of paying or receiving a bill for the order. It is the system of L/C that elevates the seller's and the buyer's trust to a bank's trust. Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, and Uniform Commercial Code specify that the basic principle of L/C-based transactions is that a bank makes a transaction based on documents, not on commodities. In this L/C-based transaction, the most important issue for the seller and the buyer is the principle of documentary transaction and the principle of strict compliance which are the principles of L/C-based transactions. The principle of strict compliance is a logic conclusion that supports the principle of documentary transaction. In other words, in order to receive the payment for the L/C-based transaction, the seller is obliged to submit the documents that comply with the conditions and requirements specified on an L/C, and the bank should strictly review the received documents, through which the original goal of L/C-based transactions can be attained. However, in the process that the goal of L/C-based transactions is attained, an issued is raised. It is if the L/C opening bank applies the principle of strict compliance to reviewing the conditions specified in the L/C that are required by the beneficiary or its designated bank. According to the leading cases in England and America where the practice of L/C-based transactions was created and developed, the descriptions of the commodities specified on all the documents which are submitted based on an L/C, should be identical to the descriptions of commodities specified in the L/C. And further, many leading cases of L/C continuously repeat to emphasize strict compliance. The party who makes a shipment based on an L/C should strictly observe each condition specified in the L/C, and if the submitted documentary bill is not identical to the L/C, the bank is not obliged nor authorized to accept the bill and make the payment, which can be seen in many leading cases. However, the recent leading cases in and out of the country show that the principle of strict compliance is being eased. The leading cases in America show three trends of easing the principle of strict compliance. That is, on the contrary to strict compliance, America tends to apply substantial compliance (which puts more value on the substance of the documents) and conditional compliance (which is a compromise between strict compliance and substantial compliance). These leading cases reflect the attitudes of the judicial and the legislative authorization that don't want to approve formal approach to the commercial law. However, this inconsistent approach of applying substantial compliance or conditional strict compliance, makes the L/C processing slow and further, drives the bank to be entangled into a lawsuit. And further, inconsistent processing of L/C can make different legal effects of a transaction, depending on a competent court, which becomes contrary to specificity, a condition of an L/C that is a protective means for buyers. Recently, the Supreme Court of Korea is giving a decision on the principle of strict compliance, "The documents attached to an L/C should strictly comply with the conditions in the L/C, but it doesn't mean that they should be perfectly identical without any mistake in words. In case the bank can understand through reasonable care that a small mistake in words is too trivial to give different meaning or to give damage to the conditions of the L/C, the documents are regarded to comply with the conditions of the L/C. However, the judgment should be based on whether the difference between the documents and the L/C can be admitted by the international standard bank transaction practice or not." This decision tells that the principle of strict compliance is quite much modified so application of this modification can't be ignored. However, from the viewpoint of the party who requests to open an L/C, there is a criticism that a bank's arbitrary judgement can be involved. If the principle of strict compliance is restricted to whether the documents submitted to the bank comply with the L/C in terms of its original goal or not, it will result in reducing usefulness of an L/C in international transactions because: it (the bank's examination of the submitted documents is restricted to whether they comply with the L/C in terms of the goal) is to protect the bank only; in order to protect the buyer (the party who requests to open an L/C), strictness in compliance of documents should be obtained; and a bank's arbitrary interpretation can be involved in the judgment, which makes the buyer's position unstable. Therefore, reviewing the original purpose of L/C-based transactions (activating international transactions), the principle of strict compliance may be thought old-fashioned because it emphasizes a form, but in reality, for prompt transaction and payment, the principle of strict compliance should be observed in L/C-based transactions. And further, if a legislative device is prepared to systematically compensate for several side-effects, the principle of strict compliance will improve dynamic flow of prompt and low-costly L/C-based transactions. On the other hand, it will be able to protect the interested parties.
Keyword
#엄격일치 L/C-Based transaction 신용장거래
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