In order to clarify the taxonomic status of Korean subspecies of the Siberian chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus barberi). We observed and analyzed their 1) the morphological taxonomic characters (31 external and cranial ones), 2) ultra-structure of hair, and 3) molecular taxonomic characters (mitochondrial...
In order to clarify the taxonomic status of Korean subspecies of the Siberian chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus barberi). We observed and analyzed their 1) the morphological taxonomic characters (31 external and cranial ones), 2) ultra-structure of hair, and 3) molecular taxonomic characters (mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene and control region and nuclear DNA c-myc exon-2 gene sequences). In addition, the morphological and DNA characters of Siberian chipmunk from northeastern China and nearby Russia (T. s. orientalis) were also examined and compared with those of Korean chipmunks. In the comparison of 31 morphological characters between Korean subspecies of 55 individuals and northeastern Chinese subspecies of 22 ones by cluster, principal component, discriminant analyses, 1) Siberian chipmunks from six localities in Korea (Mt. Palgong, Gongju, Mt. Songri, Cheongju, Mt. Weolak, and Mt. Seolak) were not different geographically, 2) Siberian chipmunks from northeastern China and far-eastern Russia did not differ each other, and 3) Korean subspecies were found to be different from northeastern Chinese subspecies to be recognized as two distinct groups. In this multivariate analyses with external and cranial characters, it is confirmed that Siberian chipmunks from Korea is a distinct subspecies of T. s. barberi, as noted by Jones & Johnson (1965) based on body colour and uni-variate analyses of external and cranial characters. The seven characters in the guard hair of Siberian chipmunk from Korea were similar with those of Siberian chipmunk from China by Teerink (1991), and it is concluded that hair characters are not differentiated among subspecies in T. sibiricus. In the analyses of cytochrome b gene, 47 haplotypes of Siberian chipmunk (26 from Korea and 21 from northeastern China and nearby Russia) were obtained, and they were compared with the 20 haplotypes of genus Tamias from GenBank. Siberian chipmunk from Korea (T. sibiricus barberi) were distinct from Siberian chipmunk from northeastern China and nearby Russia [Tamura-Nei genetic distances between two groups are in average 11.81% (range from 10.64% to 13.06%)], and Siberian chipmunk (T. sibiricus) was different from other 19 species of the genus Tamias. In control region analyses, 25 haplotypoes of Siberian chipmunk from Korea (T. sibiricus barberi) were distinct from 16 haplotypes of Siberian chipmunk from northeastern China and nearby Russia, T. s. orientalis [Tamura-Nei genetic distances between two groups were in average 6.96% (range from 6.04% to 8.57%)]. In nuclear DNA c-myc exon2, 23 Siberian chipmunks from Korea showed the same, one haplotype, and 21 Siberian chipmunks from northeastern China and nearby Russia, another haplotype: these two haplotypes differed in 3 of 629 bp (0.48%). The difference between these two subspecies are revealed, and this present result is the first one, which nuclear DNA marker of c-myc exon2 were applied for the resolution of taxonomic status at subspecies level. In summary, in the ultra-structure of the hair, Siberian chipmunk from Korea were not different from Siberian chipmunk from northeastern China and nearby Russia. But they differ in morphological and mtDNA cytochrome b gene and control region characters, and it is confirmed that Siberian chipmunk from Korea is a distinct subspecies of T. s. barberi, as concluded by Jones & Johnson (1965). Furthermore, these two subspecies of Siberian chipmunk were different in nuclear DNA c-myc exon2 gene sequences, and nuclear DNA difference indicate that there is no breeding between them. It can be concluded that T. s. barberi from Korea is reclassified into T. barberi, but it is necessary to perform further studies with northeast Asian specimens including north Korean. The Siberian chipmunk from Korea showing morphological and genetical distinctiveness was found to have such ecological aspects as followings. The food, habitat, and breeding behaviour of Siberian chipmunk from Korea were not mainly different from those of other subspecies resulted from other ecologists. Siberian chipmunks from Korea mainly feed on nuts and seeds of various plants, but they eat plants, mushroom, insects, and young birds varied according to their environmental situation; they inhabits broad-leaved forests from north to south; and their breeding season are from the beginning of April to the beginning of June, and gestation period lasts 28-35 days, and then they breeds 3-7 offsprings in a brood.
In order to clarify the taxonomic status of Korean subspecies of the Siberian chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus barberi). We observed and analyzed their 1) the morphological taxonomic characters (31 external and cranial ones), 2) ultra-structure of hair, and 3) molecular taxonomic characters (mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene and control region and nuclear DNA c-myc exon-2 gene sequences). In addition, the morphological and DNA characters of Siberian chipmunk from northeastern China and nearby Russia (T. s. orientalis) were also examined and compared with those of Korean chipmunks. In the comparison of 31 morphological characters between Korean subspecies of 55 individuals and northeastern Chinese subspecies of 22 ones by cluster, principal component, discriminant analyses, 1) Siberian chipmunks from six localities in Korea (Mt. Palgong, Gongju, Mt. Songri, Cheongju, Mt. Weolak, and Mt. Seolak) were not different geographically, 2) Siberian chipmunks from northeastern China and far-eastern Russia did not differ each other, and 3) Korean subspecies were found to be different from northeastern Chinese subspecies to be recognized as two distinct groups. In this multivariate analyses with external and cranial characters, it is confirmed that Siberian chipmunks from Korea is a distinct subspecies of T. s. barberi, as noted by Jones & Johnson (1965) based on body colour and uni-variate analyses of external and cranial characters. The seven characters in the guard hair of Siberian chipmunk from Korea were similar with those of Siberian chipmunk from China by Teerink (1991), and it is concluded that hair characters are not differentiated among subspecies in T. sibiricus. In the analyses of cytochrome b gene, 47 haplotypes of Siberian chipmunk (26 from Korea and 21 from northeastern China and nearby Russia) were obtained, and they were compared with the 20 haplotypes of genus Tamias from GenBank. Siberian chipmunk from Korea (T. sibiricus barberi) were distinct from Siberian chipmunk from northeastern China and nearby Russia [Tamura-Nei genetic distances between two groups are in average 11.81% (range from 10.64% to 13.06%)], and Siberian chipmunk (T. sibiricus) was different from other 19 species of the genus Tamias. In control region analyses, 25 haplotypoes of Siberian chipmunk from Korea (T. sibiricus barberi) were distinct from 16 haplotypes of Siberian chipmunk from northeastern China and nearby Russia, T. s. orientalis [Tamura-Nei genetic distances between two groups were in average 6.96% (range from 6.04% to 8.57%)]. In nuclear DNA c-myc exon2, 23 Siberian chipmunks from Korea showed the same, one haplotype, and 21 Siberian chipmunks from northeastern China and nearby Russia, another haplotype: these two haplotypes differed in 3 of 629 bp (0.48%). The difference between these two subspecies are revealed, and this present result is the first one, which nuclear DNA marker of c-myc exon2 were applied for the resolution of taxonomic status at subspecies level. In summary, in the ultra-structure of the hair, Siberian chipmunk from Korea were not different from Siberian chipmunk from northeastern China and nearby Russia. But they differ in morphological and mtDNA cytochrome b gene and control region characters, and it is confirmed that Siberian chipmunk from Korea is a distinct subspecies of T. s. barberi, as concluded by Jones & Johnson (1965). Furthermore, these two subspecies of Siberian chipmunk were different in nuclear DNA c-myc exon2 gene sequences, and nuclear DNA difference indicate that there is no breeding between them. It can be concluded that T. s. barberi from Korea is reclassified into T. barberi, but it is necessary to perform further studies with northeast Asian specimens including north Korean. The Siberian chipmunk from Korea showing morphological and genetical distinctiveness was found to have such ecological aspects as followings. The food, habitat, and breeding behaviour of Siberian chipmunk from Korea were not mainly different from those of other subspecies resulted from other ecologists. Siberian chipmunks from Korea mainly feed on nuts and seeds of various plants, but they eat plants, mushroom, insects, and young birds varied according to their environmental situation; they inhabits broad-leaved forests from north to south; and their breeding season are from the beginning of April to the beginning of June, and gestation period lasts 28-35 days, and then they breeds 3-7 offsprings in a brood.
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