Series of studies were carried out to investigate the quantity of manure, and fertilizer components, pollution load, and heavy metals in manure excreted by Korean cattle (Hanwoo). Study 1. The quantity and the characteristics of manure excreted from Korean cattle (Hanwoo) by raising systems Calf, he...
Series of studies were carried out to investigate the quantity of manure, and fertilizer components, pollution load, and heavy metals in manure excreted by Korean cattle (Hanwoo). Study 1. The quantity and the characteristics of manure excreted from Korean cattle (Hanwoo) by raising systems Calf, heifer and mature cow for three treatments were raised in stanchion, and studied to investigate the feed intake, quantity of manure, manure excreted per weight, the ratio of feces to urine, fertilizer components, and pollution concentration and load. The water intake and total quantity of manure excreted were higher for mature cow than those by calf and/or heifer and mature cow (p<.05). The excreted manure per body weight decreased in mature cow compared to those in calf and heifer. * A thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in February 2008. The regression equation between the body weight and the quantity of manure was Y=0,0332xi + 3.8950 (R2=0.7612) where Y is the quantity of manure (㎏), xi is body weight. The correlation coefficient (R2) between body weight and feed intake was 0.7862 and that between feed intake and water intake was 0.8459. BOD5 of feces and urine were 29,905 and 6,011㎎/ℓ for mature cow without statistical difference between treatments. Increased(p<.05) BOD5 value(494.4g) of pollution loads was observed from mature cow compared to those from calf (358.9g) and heifer (377.5g) and mature cow. Total T-N load of feces was highest (p<.05) for mature cow, and that of urine was highest (p<.05) for heifer. Total T-P load was lowest for calf (p<.05). Nitrogen contents in both feces and urine were lowest for mature cow (p<.05). P2O5 was detected less than 0.01% in urine. Study 2. The quantity and the characteristics of manure by growth stage of Korean cattle. The quantity and the characteristics of manure were investigated from the Korean cattle by growth stages. Total feed intake was highest in finisher I stage (p<.05). Total quantity of manure excreted was related to feed intake, thus lowest in starter, but highest in finisher I stage (p<.05). Percentage of total manure excreted to body weight was highest (p<.05) in starter, but lowest (p<.05) in finisher II stage. Percentage of total feces excreted to body weight was also highest (p<.05) in starter, and lowest (p<.05) in finisher II stage. Percentage of total urine excreted to body weight was highest (p<.05) in finisher I and lowest (p<.05) in finisher II stage. This would be related to higher concentrate intake during finisher Ⅰ stage and more urine excreted. The ratio of feces to urine reduced with the growth stages. The regression equation between body weight and the quantity of manure excreted from Korean cattle (Hanwoo) was Y=0.0324xi + 4.4657 (R2=0.8561), where Y is the quantity of manure excreted (㎏), and xi is the body weight (㎏). The correlation coefficients were 0.8738 between body weight and feed intake, and 0.9345 among body weight, feed intake, and water intake. Nitrogen contents of feces and urine on wet basis was lowest as 0.28% and as 0.55%, respectively in finisher I stage. P2O5 content in feces was lowest as 0.17% in starter stage (p<.05). K2O content was highest as 0.13% in feces(p<.05) but no difference was found in urine. BOD5 values of feces and urine from starter period were 20,783~26,801㎎/ℓ and 5,665~7,179㎎/ℓ, respectively. Total-N of feces and urine were 1,630~1,997㎎/ℓ (p<.05) and 5,880~7,963㎎/ℓ, respectively. Total BOD5 load of manure per day was lowest for grower stages. Total-N excreted in both feces and urine was lowest during starter stage (p<.05). Total-P load of manure was also lowest for starter stages (p<.05). Study 3. Effect of seasons and managements on the quantity and the characteristics of manure excreted from mature cow(Hanwoo). The quantity and the characteristics of manure excreted were investigated with mature cow (Hanwoo) raised in stanchion system as influenced by seasons, concentrate, forage and water intake. Average water intake of heifer was highest (37.2%, p<.05) during summer. Urine excretion also had the seasonal effect (p<.05). Rice straw intake by mature cow decreased as concentrate intake increased (p<.05). Water intake was highest with increased concentrate feeding level (p<.05). Same trend in total manure excretion was observed as in water intake (p<.05), showing positive correlation between the concentrate intake and water intake. Lowest amount of water intake was obtained from the cows fed silage (p<.05). Roughage type did not affect the fecal production, ranged from 14.5 to 15.5kg but affected the amount of urine excreted with the lowest amount from the cows fed rice straw (p<.05). While moisture contents of feces were not influenced by the roughages, those of urine increased (p<.05) for grass hay and corn silage compared to that for rice straw. When water intake was restricted to 50% of requirement rice straw intake by mature cow reduced (p<.05), and excretions of feces and urine decreased (p<.05) due to the reduced rice straw intake. Moisture content of feces and urine even decreased (p<.05) when the water intake was restricted. Nitrogen contents in urine and those of P2O5 and K2O in feces reduced at spring (p<.05) compared to those in other seasons. As the concentrate intake increased, contents of N and P2O5 in feces decreased (p<.05) but N content in urine increased (p<.05) with the amount of feed intake. pH of feces was affected by the season as that in pH during winter lowered (p<.05) compared to those in other seasons. BOD5 of feces during winter was lowest (p<.05) while that in urine was highest (p<.05) among four seasons. CODMN values of feces and urine were lowest (p<.05) during spring among seasons while SS was highest (p<.05) during autumn. Concentrations of T-N and T-P were not affected by the season. Regardless of seasons. characteristics of manure excreted by mature cows were estimated for the level of concentrate intake. pH of feces increased (p<.05) with the level of concentrate feed intake. CODMN vakue was highest (p<.05) in the cows fed 5.0kg daily while content of SS in urine and content of T-P in feces were highest (p<.05) for the lowest level (2.6kg/day) of intake. BOD5 and T-N content were not influenced by the concentrate intake. Daily pollutant loads were compared among seasons for the manure excreted from mature cows. BOD5 was lowest (p<.05) in feces but was highest (p<.05) in urine during summer among seasons. CODMN in feces during spring showed the highest (p<.05) value while that in urine was highest (p<.05). Manure excreted in autumn had the highest value of SS. Content of T-N was not influenced both in feces and urine by season but T-P content in urine was higher in summer than those in other seasons. Daily pollutant loads were also compared between levels of concentrate intake for the manure excreted from mature cows. BOD5 was not influenced in both feces and urine by the concentrate feeding levels, but CODMN in urine increased in the manure excreted from the cows fed the highest (p<.05) level of concentrate. Contents of SS, T-N and T-P were highest (p<.05) in the feces at the highest level (5.0kg/day) of intake, at 3.8kg/day in urine and at 2.6kg/day in the feces, respectively. Study 4. The quantity and the characteristics of manure excreted from Korean cattle(Hanwoo) in commercial farms The quantity and the characteristics of manure from the cows in tie stall barn and the cows in free stall systems by seasons were investigated in commercial farms. The cows in the tie stall barn during summer fed concentrate least (p<.05) but fed water most (p<.05). Manure production was highest in autumn but moisture content was not affected by the season. Yearly manure production from the cows in free stall barn and moisture content of the manure varied with the farm. Nitrogen content was lowest (p<.05) in feces during winter, but P2O5 contents in both feces and urine were not influenced by season. Content of K2O in feces was highest (p<.05) during winter and that in urine was highest (p<.05) during both spring and autumn. pH of the feces excreted in the tie stall barn was lowest (p<.05) in summer. Values of BOD5 and CODMN in both feces and urine excreted were not affected by the season. Contents of SS in feces, and those of T-N in feces and urine excreted in the tie stall barn were lowest (p<.05) in spring, and spring and winter, respectively. But T-P content was not influenced by season. BOD5 content in feces was highest (p<.05) in summer but that in urine was lowest (p<.05) in winter. Value of BOD5 in feces excreted in the tie stall barn was lowest (p<.05) in autumn. Contents of T-N in the feces and urine were lowest (p<.05) in spring and winter, respectively. Content of T-P in urine was highest (p<.05) in spring. Key words : Korean cattle(Hanwoo), Calf, Heifer, Mature cow, growth stage, Manure production, Water intake, Feed intake, Manure Characteristics, Feces, Urine, Fertilizing nutrient, Pollutant production
Series of studies were carried out to investigate the quantity of manure, and fertilizer components, pollution load, and heavy metals in manure excreted by Korean cattle (Hanwoo). Study 1. The quantity and the characteristics of manure excreted from Korean cattle (Hanwoo) by raising systems Calf, heifer and mature cow for three treatments were raised in stanchion, and studied to investigate the feed intake, quantity of manure, manure excreted per weight, the ratio of feces to urine, fertilizer components, and pollution concentration and load. The water intake and total quantity of manure excreted were higher for mature cow than those by calf and/or heifer and mature cow (p<.05). The excreted manure per body weight decreased in mature cow compared to those in calf and heifer. * A thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in February 2008. The regression equation between the body weight and the quantity of manure was Y=0,0332xi + 3.8950 (R2=0.7612) where Y is the quantity of manure (㎏), xi is body weight. The correlation coefficient (R2) between body weight and feed intake was 0.7862 and that between feed intake and water intake was 0.8459. BOD5 of feces and urine were 29,905 and 6,011㎎/ℓ for mature cow without statistical difference between treatments. Increased(p<.05) BOD5 value(494.4g) of pollution loads was observed from mature cow compared to those from calf (358.9g) and heifer (377.5g) and mature cow. Total T-N load of feces was highest (p<.05) for mature cow, and that of urine was highest (p<.05) for heifer. Total T-P load was lowest for calf (p<.05). Nitrogen contents in both feces and urine were lowest for mature cow (p<.05). P2O5 was detected less than 0.01% in urine. Study 2. The quantity and the characteristics of manure by growth stage of Korean cattle. The quantity and the characteristics of manure were investigated from the Korean cattle by growth stages. Total feed intake was highest in finisher I stage (p<.05). Total quantity of manure excreted was related to feed intake, thus lowest in starter, but highest in finisher I stage (p<.05). Percentage of total manure excreted to body weight was highest (p<.05) in starter, but lowest (p<.05) in finisher II stage. Percentage of total feces excreted to body weight was also highest (p<.05) in starter, and lowest (p<.05) in finisher II stage. Percentage of total urine excreted to body weight was highest (p<.05) in finisher I and lowest (p<.05) in finisher II stage. This would be related to higher concentrate intake during finisher Ⅰ stage and more urine excreted. The ratio of feces to urine reduced with the growth stages. The regression equation between body weight and the quantity of manure excreted from Korean cattle (Hanwoo) was Y=0.0324xi + 4.4657 (R2=0.8561), where Y is the quantity of manure excreted (㎏), and xi is the body weight (㎏). The correlation coefficients were 0.8738 between body weight and feed intake, and 0.9345 among body weight, feed intake, and water intake. Nitrogen contents of feces and urine on wet basis was lowest as 0.28% and as 0.55%, respectively in finisher I stage. P2O5 content in feces was lowest as 0.17% in starter stage (p<.05). K2O content was highest as 0.13% in feces(p<.05) but no difference was found in urine. BOD5 values of feces and urine from starter period were 20,783~26,801㎎/ℓ and 5,665~7,179㎎/ℓ, respectively. Total-N of feces and urine were 1,630~1,997㎎/ℓ (p<.05) and 5,880~7,963㎎/ℓ, respectively. Total BOD5 load of manure per day was lowest for grower stages. Total-N excreted in both feces and urine was lowest during starter stage (p<.05). Total-P load of manure was also lowest for starter stages (p<.05). Study 3. Effect of seasons and managements on the quantity and the characteristics of manure excreted from mature cow(Hanwoo). The quantity and the characteristics of manure excreted were investigated with mature cow (Hanwoo) raised in stanchion system as influenced by seasons, concentrate, forage and water intake. Average water intake of heifer was highest (37.2%, p<.05) during summer. Urine excretion also had the seasonal effect (p<.05). Rice straw intake by mature cow decreased as concentrate intake increased (p<.05). Water intake was highest with increased concentrate feeding level (p<.05). Same trend in total manure excretion was observed as in water intake (p<.05), showing positive correlation between the concentrate intake and water intake. Lowest amount of water intake was obtained from the cows fed silage (p<.05). Roughage type did not affect the fecal production, ranged from 14.5 to 15.5kg but affected the amount of urine excreted with the lowest amount from the cows fed rice straw (p<.05). While moisture contents of feces were not influenced by the roughages, those of urine increased (p<.05) for grass hay and corn silage compared to that for rice straw. When water intake was restricted to 50% of requirement rice straw intake by mature cow reduced (p<.05), and excretions of feces and urine decreased (p<.05) due to the reduced rice straw intake. Moisture content of feces and urine even decreased (p<.05) when the water intake was restricted. Nitrogen contents in urine and those of P2O5 and K2O in feces reduced at spring (p<.05) compared to those in other seasons. As the concentrate intake increased, contents of N and P2O5 in feces decreased (p<.05) but N content in urine increased (p<.05) with the amount of feed intake. pH of feces was affected by the season as that in pH during winter lowered (p<.05) compared to those in other seasons. BOD5 of feces during winter was lowest (p<.05) while that in urine was highest (p<.05) among four seasons. CODMN values of feces and urine were lowest (p<.05) during spring among seasons while SS was highest (p<.05) during autumn. Concentrations of T-N and T-P were not affected by the season. Regardless of seasons. characteristics of manure excreted by mature cows were estimated for the level of concentrate intake. pH of feces increased (p<.05) with the level of concentrate feed intake. CODMN vakue was highest (p<.05) in the cows fed 5.0kg daily while content of SS in urine and content of T-P in feces were highest (p<.05) for the lowest level (2.6kg/day) of intake. BOD5 and T-N content were not influenced by the concentrate intake. Daily pollutant loads were compared among seasons for the manure excreted from mature cows. BOD5 was lowest (p<.05) in feces but was highest (p<.05) in urine during summer among seasons. CODMN in feces during spring showed the highest (p<.05) value while that in urine was highest (p<.05). Manure excreted in autumn had the highest value of SS. Content of T-N was not influenced both in feces and urine by season but T-P content in urine was higher in summer than those in other seasons. Daily pollutant loads were also compared between levels of concentrate intake for the manure excreted from mature cows. BOD5 was not influenced in both feces and urine by the concentrate feeding levels, but CODMN in urine increased in the manure excreted from the cows fed the highest (p<.05) level of concentrate. Contents of SS, T-N and T-P were highest (p<.05) in the feces at the highest level (5.0kg/day) of intake, at 3.8kg/day in urine and at 2.6kg/day in the feces, respectively. Study 4. The quantity and the characteristics of manure excreted from Korean cattle(Hanwoo) in commercial farms The quantity and the characteristics of manure from the cows in tie stall barn and the cows in free stall systems by seasons were investigated in commercial farms. The cows in the tie stall barn during summer fed concentrate least (p<.05) but fed water most (p<.05). Manure production was highest in autumn but moisture content was not affected by the season. Yearly manure production from the cows in free stall barn and moisture content of the manure varied with the farm. Nitrogen content was lowest (p<.05) in feces during winter, but P2O5 contents in both feces and urine were not influenced by season. Content of K2O in feces was highest (p<.05) during winter and that in urine was highest (p<.05) during both spring and autumn. pH of the feces excreted in the tie stall barn was lowest (p<.05) in summer. Values of BOD5 and CODMN in both feces and urine excreted were not affected by the season. Contents of SS in feces, and those of T-N in feces and urine excreted in the tie stall barn were lowest (p<.05) in spring, and spring and winter, respectively. But T-P content was not influenced by season. BOD5 content in feces was highest (p<.05) in summer but that in urine was lowest (p<.05) in winter. Value of BOD5 in feces excreted in the tie stall barn was lowest (p<.05) in autumn. Contents of T-N in the feces and urine were lowest (p<.05) in spring and winter, respectively. Content of T-P in urine was highest (p<.05) in spring. Key words : Korean cattle(Hanwoo), Calf, Heifer, Mature cow, growth stage, Manure production, Water intake, Feed intake, Manure Characteristics, Feces, Urine, Fertilizing nutrient, Pollutant production
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.