The Monochamus saltuarius was proven to be a vector of pine wilt disease in Korean white pine forests in 2007. This study was performed to investigate its morphological characteristics, seasonal emergence, geographical distribution in Chungbuk within tree distribution, the effect of feeding preferen...
The Monochamus saltuarius was proven to be a vector of pine wilt disease in Korean white pine forests in 2007. This study was performed to investigate its morphological characteristics, seasonal emergence, geographical distribution in Chungbuk within tree distribution, the effect of feeding preference on its maturation, and strategies for chemical control of the pine sawyer beetle Monochamus saltuarius. Using numerical measurements females appeared heavier in body weight, longer in body length, and wider in the body and head than males. However, antennal length was longer in males than in females. Body length, body width, and head capsule width corresponded to the tree species Korean white pine, Japanese larch, Japanese red pine. Among the eight tree species tested for feeding, the adult beetle preferred Korean white pine, Japanese red pine, and western white pine to the Japanese umbrella pine. According to feeding preferences, life span, fecundity, and ovariole development were shown to be at their highest when feeding on the current year’s twig which seems to have the effect of prolonging lifespan and improving the development of the ovariole. By analyzing the sugar levels using HPLC, the quantity of fructose was highest in the current year’s twig, and next highest in the one-year-old twig, and then the two-year-old twig. Fructose was most preferred by the M. saltuarius according to sugar feeding bioassay. Therefore, fructose is important during post-feeding for developing the ovariole of the M. saltuarius. An ovipositional characteristic observed in adults was that the species laid its eggs in the inner bark of trees. Eggs laid per bark thickness was most preferential in 2.0-2.5㎜ diameter Japanese red pine and Korean white pine it showed a tendency to decrease with thicker or thinner diameter logs. From 2006 to 2008, under low shading, the adults began to emerge on the 6th of May from the Japanese red pine and the Korean white pine and on May 13th from the Japanese larch. The last date of emergence was in mid-June from the Japanese red pine, mid-to-late June from Korean white pine, and late-May from the Japanese larch. The emergence periods were different among tree species. Under high shading, temperatures were 2.2℃ lower than under low shading and the emergence of the adult beetle was delayed eleven to sixteen days. The male and female did not differ in emergence period. The emergence periods occurred throughout 24 hours. The number of adults emerged during the day time was the highest between 12:00 to 14:00 at 22.8% and the lowest during 06:00-08:00. Under the shaded chamber, the adults of one generation emerged at 98.8% in the 1st year and 1.1% in the 2nd year. From 2006 to 2008, sex ratio of emerged adult from Korean white pine was 0.53-0.58 with an average of 0.54. The mating behavior of the adult Monochamus saltuarius was also observed. It was found that the female beetle approached the male first. The male then recognized the female by contacting antennas, and then he approached her to begin mating. The geographical distribution of M. saltuarius was found to be everywhere within the pine forests, and Korean white pine forest, of ChungCheongbuk-do. The longitudinal distribution of larval entrance holes and adult escape holes were highest in the lower trunk part of the Japanese red pine and Korean white pine tree. Corresponding to the tree diameter, the comparative ratio of larval entrance holes in Japanese red pine logs and Korean white pine logs were highest in 8-10 cm log diameter, and it was decreased when the logs were thicker or thinner. The ratio of holes in which the adult did not emerge after making larval entrance holes were found to be 27.8% and 30.1% in Japanese red pine logs and Korean white pine logs, respectively. Some adults shared escaped holes already made by other adults and these holes were found to be at a level of 9.2% and 6.2 % in Japanese red pine logs and Korean white pine logs, respectively. From the investigation of the toxicity of 39 registered insecticides, insecticidal activity was shown in eleven insecticides: fenitrothion, fenthion, phenthoate, phosphamidon, dinotefuran, acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, esfenvalerate + fenitrothion, and fipronil. These exhibited 90% insecticidal activity both in body spray and twig dipping bioassay. Root systematic effect showed 100% mortality in phosphamidon, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam. Forresidual effect, fenitrothion and thiamethoxam were at 80% mortality fifteen days after treatment. In the control effect, 6 kinds of chemicals showed 100% mortality one day after treatment and all chemicals showed 100% mortality three days after treatment. When treated with fenitrothion at 1000 times diluted solution, insecticidal activity was 100% within seven days after treatment using a fumigation control car and fog generator. During fumigation test of the larvae, the toxicity level was 100% over 72g/㎥ in aluminium phosphide, 7 days and 14 days after treatment with1.0ℓ/㎥ of metam sodium solution. The level was also at 63.2% when treated with 1.0ℓ/㎥ of chungkiller solution. For this study, Monochamus saltuarius was distributed in all forestry in Chungbuk Province. This pest must be controlled in order to maintain our native tree species and forests. To control this pest, insecticides will be sprayed from the beginning of May to middle of June using a disinfection car or fog generator with a selected 10 insecticides, such as fenitrothion, for the control of seasonally emerged adult Monochamus saltuarius. Fumigant will be treated before May with metam-sodium in order to control overwintering larvae.
The Monochamus saltuarius was proven to be a vector of pine wilt disease in Korean white pine forests in 2007. This study was performed to investigate its morphological characteristics, seasonal emergence, geographical distribution in Chungbuk within tree distribution, the effect of feeding preference on its maturation, and strategies for chemical control of the pine sawyer beetle Monochamus saltuarius. Using numerical measurements females appeared heavier in body weight, longer in body length, and wider in the body and head than males. However, antennal length was longer in males than in females. Body length, body width, and head capsule width corresponded to the tree species Korean white pine, Japanese larch, Japanese red pine. Among the eight tree species tested for feeding, the adult beetle preferred Korean white pine, Japanese red pine, and western white pine to the Japanese umbrella pine. According to feeding preferences, life span, fecundity, and ovariole development were shown to be at their highest when feeding on the current year’s twig which seems to have the effect of prolonging lifespan and improving the development of the ovariole. By analyzing the sugar levels using HPLC, the quantity of fructose was highest in the current year’s twig, and next highest in the one-year-old twig, and then the two-year-old twig. Fructose was most preferred by the M. saltuarius according to sugar feeding bioassay. Therefore, fructose is important during post-feeding for developing the ovariole of the M. saltuarius. An ovipositional characteristic observed in adults was that the species laid its eggs in the inner bark of trees. Eggs laid per bark thickness was most preferential in 2.0-2.5㎜ diameter Japanese red pine and Korean white pine it showed a tendency to decrease with thicker or thinner diameter logs. From 2006 to 2008, under low shading, the adults began to emerge on the 6th of May from the Japanese red pine and the Korean white pine and on May 13th from the Japanese larch. The last date of emergence was in mid-June from the Japanese red pine, mid-to-late June from Korean white pine, and late-May from the Japanese larch. The emergence periods were different among tree species. Under high shading, temperatures were 2.2℃ lower than under low shading and the emergence of the adult beetle was delayed eleven to sixteen days. The male and female did not differ in emergence period. The emergence periods occurred throughout 24 hours. The number of adults emerged during the day time was the highest between 12:00 to 14:00 at 22.8% and the lowest during 06:00-08:00. Under the shaded chamber, the adults of one generation emerged at 98.8% in the 1st year and 1.1% in the 2nd year. From 2006 to 2008, sex ratio of emerged adult from Korean white pine was 0.53-0.58 with an average of 0.54. The mating behavior of the adult Monochamus saltuarius was also observed. It was found that the female beetle approached the male first. The male then recognized the female by contacting antennas, and then he approached her to begin mating. The geographical distribution of M. saltuarius was found to be everywhere within the pine forests, and Korean white pine forest, of ChungCheongbuk-do. The longitudinal distribution of larval entrance holes and adult escape holes were highest in the lower trunk part of the Japanese red pine and Korean white pine tree. Corresponding to the tree diameter, the comparative ratio of larval entrance holes in Japanese red pine logs and Korean white pine logs were highest in 8-10 cm log diameter, and it was decreased when the logs were thicker or thinner. The ratio of holes in which the adult did not emerge after making larval entrance holes were found to be 27.8% and 30.1% in Japanese red pine logs and Korean white pine logs, respectively. Some adults shared escaped holes already made by other adults and these holes were found to be at a level of 9.2% and 6.2 % in Japanese red pine logs and Korean white pine logs, respectively. From the investigation of the toxicity of 39 registered insecticides, insecticidal activity was shown in eleven insecticides: fenitrothion, fenthion, phenthoate, phosphamidon, dinotefuran, acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, esfenvalerate + fenitrothion, and fipronil. These exhibited 90% insecticidal activity both in body spray and twig dipping bioassay. Root systematic effect showed 100% mortality in phosphamidon, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam. Forresidual effect, fenitrothion and thiamethoxam were at 80% mortality fifteen days after treatment. In the control effect, 6 kinds of chemicals showed 100% mortality one day after treatment and all chemicals showed 100% mortality three days after treatment. When treated with fenitrothion at 1000 times diluted solution, insecticidal activity was 100% within seven days after treatment using a fumigation control car and fog generator. During fumigation test of the larvae, the toxicity level was 100% over 72g/㎥ in aluminium phosphide, 7 days and 14 days after treatment with1.0ℓ/㎥ of metam sodium solution. The level was also at 63.2% when treated with 1.0ℓ/㎥ of chungkiller solution. For this study, Monochamus saltuarius was distributed in all forestry in Chungbuk Province. This pest must be controlled in order to maintain our native tree species and forests. To control this pest, insecticides will be sprayed from the beginning of May to middle of June using a disinfection car or fog generator with a selected 10 insecticides, such as fenitrothion, for the control of seasonally emerged adult Monochamus saltuarius. Fumigant will be treated before May with metam-sodium in order to control overwintering larvae.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.