『本草經集注』는 南朝 時代 齊, 梁의 陶弘景(서기452~536년)이 서기 492년에서 500년 경 『神農本草經』을 저본으로, 『名醫別錄』,『藥對』,『李當之藥錄』등을 참고로 당대의 약물학 지식을 정리한 책이다. 陶弘景은 醫學, 哲學, 經濟, 政治 등 사회 전반에 두루 관심을 가졌던 당대의 지식인으로, 上古時代에 政治, 經濟, 醫學 분야에서 공로를 세워 백성들을 삶을 윤택하게 하였던 神農을 인생의 모델로 삼았다. 관직을 떠나 41세에 茅山으로 들어가 道家수련을 하면서도, 정부와 지속적 교류를 통해 사회적 문제에 관심을 놓지 않았고, 『本草經集注』,『補闕肘後百一方』등의 저술활동을 하였다. 南北朝 時代는 정치적으로 정권의 잦은 교체로 백성들의 삶이 피폐하였으며, 사회적으로 道家사상이 유행하여, 일반인들도 石藥을 복용하는 유행이 발생하였다. 『本草經集注』는 당시 用藥의 제반 문제를 해결하기 위한 시대적 요구에 의한 것이다. 편찬 당시는 외국과의 교역 등으로 인해 새로운 약물이 날로 증가하고, 강남의 개발로 산지가 변화하였으며, 石藥 등의 도방계열 약물과 민간의 단방 ...
『本草經集注』는 南朝 時代 齊, 梁의 陶弘景(서기452~536년)이 서기 492년에서 500년 경 『神農本草經』을 저본으로, 『名醫別錄』,『藥對』,『李當之藥錄』등을 참고로 당대의 약물학 지식을 정리한 책이다. 陶弘景은 醫學, 哲學, 經濟, 政治 등 사회 전반에 두루 관심을 가졌던 당대의 지식인으로, 上古時代에 政治, 經濟, 醫學 분야에서 공로를 세워 백성들을 삶을 윤택하게 하였던 神農을 인생의 모델로 삼았다. 관직을 떠나 41세에 茅山으로 들어가 道家수련을 하면서도, 정부와 지속적 교류를 통해 사회적 문제에 관심을 놓지 않았고, 『本草經集注』,『補闕肘後百一方』등의 저술활동을 하였다. 南北朝 時代는 정치적으로 정권의 잦은 교체로 백성들의 삶이 피폐하였으며, 사회적으로 道家사상이 유행하여, 일반인들도 石藥을 복용하는 유행이 발생하였다. 『本草經集注』는 당시 用藥의 제반 문제를 해결하기 위한 시대적 요구에 의한 것이다. 편찬 당시는 외국과의 교역 등으로 인해 새로운 약물이 날로 증가하고, 강남의 개발로 산지가 변화하였으며, 石藥 등의 도방계열 약물과 민간의 단방 약물 사용이 증가하였다. 하지만 약물 사용의 의학적 지침서가 미비하여, 의사, 약물관리자들도 産地, 品種, 修治, 處方, 服用法 등에 대한 정확한 지식이 부족하였다. 또 石藥의 오남용으로 건강을 해치는 부작용이 발생하였으며, 환자들이 의사를 신뢰하지 않고 祈禱로 병을 나으려는 풍조가 있었다. 또 의사들은 학문적 수준이 낮고, 돈과 명예를 추구하여 의사로서의 자질도 부족하였다. 陶弘景은 이를 단지 개인적 차원을 넘어, 사회적, 제도적 차원의 문제로 인식하고, 약물 사용의 의학적 지침이 되는 『本草經集注』를 편찬하여 사회적, 학문적 문제 해결에 일조하고자 하였다. 『本草經集注』는 『神農本草經』, 『名醫別錄』에서 각기 365종의 약물을 선별하여, 총 730종의 약물을 수록하고, 여기에『藥對』, 『李當之藥錄』등의 의학서적과 『詩經』, 『禮記』, 『周易』등 儒家書籍, 『眞誥』, 『仙經』, 『抱朴子』등 道家書籍, 그리고 『博物志』, 『山海經』등 백과사전을 참고하여 각 약물에 주석을 달아서 완성하였으며, 처음 3권으로 편찬하였다, 다시 7권으로 확장하였다. 『隋書』, 『新修本草』등에 수록된 7권본을 통해 볼 때, 1권에 「序錄」, 2권에서 7권까지 개별약물 정보를 기재하였다. 「序錄」에는 『神農本草經․序例』13조항을 포함하여 본초학의 역사, 학문적 연원, 본초학 연구의 중요성, 현실문제 및 편찬 동기, 편찬 과정, 생리, 병리, 진단, 치료, 군신좌사, 약물배합 등의 의학이론과 기미, 독성, 효능, 산지, 채취, 수치, 용량, 제형, 복용법 등에 대한 내용을 수록하여 본초학 총론의 형식을 갖추었다. 2권에서 7권에는 730종의 약물을 자연기원에 따라 玉石, 草木, 蟲獸, 果, 菜, 米食 및 有名無實 7가지로 분류하고, 이를 다시 上中下 三品으로 분류하였다. 이는 起源 分類와 三品 分類를 “先起原, 後三品”의 체계로 정리하여, 의학적 체계 속에서 『神農本草經』의 도가적 약물운용 방식을 수용한 것이다. 이후 唐의 『新修本草』, 宋의 『證類本草』는 모두 『本草經集注』의 “先起源, 後三品”의 分類체계를 따랐다. 개별약물에 대한 설명은 經文과 注文으로 구분된다. 經文은 『神農本草經』과 『名醫別錄』의 문장을 기록한 것으로, 藥名→味→氣→毒性→醫學效能→久服(道家)效能→異名産地→採取法→乾燥法 등의 순서로 각 항목마다 『神農本草經』과『名醫別錄』의 내용을 차례로 수록하였다. 經文은 『神農本草經』은 붉은 글씨의 큰 글자로, 『名醫別錄』은 검은 글씨의 큰 글자로 한 朱墨雜書의 형태를 취하였고, 注文은 검은 글씨의 작은 글자로 기록하였다. 『本草經集注』는 『新修本草』, 『證類本草』등이 간행된 후 점차 사라져 正史와 本草書 등을 통해 간접적으로 전하였는데, 1900년대 초 Dunhuang과 Turfan의 석굴에서 殘卷이 발굴되어 그 존재를 세상에 알리게 되었다. Dunhuang본은 1900년대 초 日本의 橘瑞超와 吉川小一郞이 Dunhuang의 석실에서 입수한 것으로, 현재 京都 龍谷大學校 大宮도서관에 소장되어 있다. 이는 51장의 종이가 두루마리 형식으로 말려 있는 七卷本의 「序錄」으로, 처음 3행을 제외하고는 온전한 모습으로 보존되어, 복원연구에 중요한 실마리를 제공하였다. Turfan본은 1900년대 초 독일의 A. Grunwedel과 A. Von Le Coq이 입수한 것으로, 현재 독일 베를린주립도서관 프러시아문화유산 동양학부문(preussischer akademie der wissenschaften)에 소장되어 있으며, 豚卵, 燕屎, 天鼠屎, 鼠晏鼠 4종 약물이 朱墨雜書의 형태로 수록되어있다. 眞柳誠은 剛西爲人, 渡邊行三 등의 연구를 토대로, Dunhuang본, Turfan본을 실사하여 현재 보존 상태와 역사적 가치를 발표하였고, 특히 『神農本草經』과 『名醫別錄』을 朱墨雜書한 형태를 Turfan본을 직접 확인하여 이에 대한 서지학적 근거를 제시하였다. 尙志鈞은 이들 殘卷과 『新修本草』,『證類本草』 등을 참고로 復原硏究를 진행 『本草經集注(輯校本)』를 편찬하였다. 『本草經集注』는 『神農本草經』을 계승, 발전시켜, 책의 구성, 약물분류체계, 학술사상 등에서 『新修本草』, 『證類本草』등 후대 본초서의 典範이 되었다. 책의 구성면에서는, 『神農本草經·序例』13조를 계승, 발전시켜 본초학 총론의 근간이 된 「序錄」을 전면에 배치하고, 개별약물 정보를 뒤에 수록하여 “先總論, 後各論”의 본초서 구성 형식을 정립하였다. 약물 분류체계에 있어 “先起原, 後三品”의 이원적 분류체계를 통해, 醫學的 관점을 중심으로 道家의 약물체계를 수용하였다. 學術思想의 측면으로 生理, 病理, 診斷, 治療, 君臣佐使, 藥物七情의 이론에서 氣味, 毒性, 效能, 産地, 採取, 定量, 修治, 劑型, 服用法 등에 이르기 까지, 의사가 환자를 진단하고, 약을 처방하여 환자가 복용하기 까지 일련의 과정에 대해 모두 의학적 규범을 제시하였다. 『本草經集注』에 등장하는 神農, 扁鵲, 倉公, 張仲景, 華佗, 葛洪, 褚澄 등 역대명의와 『抱朴子』,『仙經』,『眞誥』등 도가서적, 『詩經』,『禮記』,『周易』등 유가서적, 『藥對』,『李當之藥錄』,『桐君採藥錄』등 본초서적, 그리고 백과사전인『博物志』등은 陶弘景에게 약물지식의 근거를 제공할 뿐만 아니라, 사회적 문제를 인식하고 이를 해결하기 위한 편찬 동기를 부여하고, 醫學을 중심으로 도방의 약물 지식을 수용하는 방법론과 생리, 병리, 진단, 치료 및 양생, 처방구성, 약물배합 등의 학술사상을 형성하는 사상적 배경이 되었다. 본초학 발달사에서 『本草經集注』는 『新修本草』, 『證類本草』로 이어지는 양적 발달과, 成無已의 『傷寒明理藥方論』, 張元素의 『醫學啓源』, 王好古의 『湯液本草』로 이어지는 질적 발달, 그리고 이를 집대성한 『本草綱目』의 근간이 되었다. 『神農本草經』이 최초의 본초학 텍스트라면, 『本草經集注』는 본초학 발달의 실질적 근간이 되는 典範이라 할 수 있다.
『本草經集注』는 南朝 時代 齊, 梁의 陶弘景(서기452~536년)이 서기 492년에서 500년 경 『神農本草經』을 저본으로, 『名醫別錄』,『藥對』,『李當之藥錄』등을 참고로 당대의 약물학 지식을 정리한 책이다. 陶弘景은 醫學, 哲學, 經濟, 政治 등 사회 전반에 두루 관심을 가졌던 당대의 지식인으로, 上古時代에 政治, 經濟, 醫學 분야에서 공로를 세워 백성들을 삶을 윤택하게 하였던 神農을 인생의 모델로 삼았다. 관직을 떠나 41세에 茅山으로 들어가 道家수련을 하면서도, 정부와 지속적 교류를 통해 사회적 문제에 관심을 놓지 않았고, 『本草經集注』,『補闕肘後百一方』등의 저술활동을 하였다. 南北朝 時代는 정치적으로 정권의 잦은 교체로 백성들의 삶이 피폐하였으며, 사회적으로 道家사상이 유행하여, 일반인들도 石藥을 복용하는 유행이 발생하였다. 『本草經集注』는 당시 用藥의 제반 문제를 해결하기 위한 시대적 요구에 의한 것이다. 편찬 당시는 외국과의 교역 등으로 인해 새로운 약물이 날로 증가하고, 강남의 개발로 산지가 변화하였으며, 石藥 등의 도방계열 약물과 민간의 단방 약물 사용이 증가하였다. 하지만 약물 사용의 의학적 지침서가 미비하여, 의사, 약물관리자들도 産地, 品種, 修治, 處方, 服用法 등에 대한 정확한 지식이 부족하였다. 또 石藥의 오남용으로 건강을 해치는 부작용이 발생하였으며, 환자들이 의사를 신뢰하지 않고 祈禱로 병을 나으려는 풍조가 있었다. 또 의사들은 학문적 수준이 낮고, 돈과 명예를 추구하여 의사로서의 자질도 부족하였다. 陶弘景은 이를 단지 개인적 차원을 넘어, 사회적, 제도적 차원의 문제로 인식하고, 약물 사용의 의학적 지침이 되는 『本草經集注』를 편찬하여 사회적, 학문적 문제 해결에 일조하고자 하였다. 『本草經集注』는 『神農本草經』, 『名醫別錄』에서 각기 365종의 약물을 선별하여, 총 730종의 약물을 수록하고, 여기에『藥對』, 『李當之藥錄』등의 의학서적과 『詩經』, 『禮記』, 『周易』등 儒家書籍, 『眞誥』, 『仙經』, 『抱朴子』등 道家書籍, 그리고 『博物志』, 『山海經』등 백과사전을 참고하여 각 약물에 주석을 달아서 완성하였으며, 처음 3권으로 편찬하였다, 다시 7권으로 확장하였다. 『隋書』, 『新修本草』등에 수록된 7권본을 통해 볼 때, 1권에 「序錄」, 2권에서 7권까지 개별약물 정보를 기재하였다. 「序錄」에는 『神農本草經․序例』13조항을 포함하여 본초학의 역사, 학문적 연원, 본초학 연구의 중요성, 현실문제 및 편찬 동기, 편찬 과정, 생리, 병리, 진단, 치료, 군신좌사, 약물배합 등의 의학이론과 기미, 독성, 효능, 산지, 채취, 수치, 용량, 제형, 복용법 등에 대한 내용을 수록하여 본초학 총론의 형식을 갖추었다. 2권에서 7권에는 730종의 약물을 자연기원에 따라 玉石, 草木, 蟲獸, 果, 菜, 米食 및 有名無實 7가지로 분류하고, 이를 다시 上中下 三品으로 분류하였다. 이는 起源 分類와 三品 分類를 “先起原, 後三品”의 체계로 정리하여, 의학적 체계 속에서 『神農本草經』의 도가적 약물운용 방식을 수용한 것이다. 이후 唐의 『新修本草』, 宋의 『證類本草』는 모두 『本草經集注』의 “先起源, 後三品”의 分類체계를 따랐다. 개별약물에 대한 설명은 經文과 注文으로 구분된다. 經文은 『神農本草經』과 『名醫別錄』의 문장을 기록한 것으로, 藥名→味→氣→毒性→醫學效能→久服(道家)效能→異名産地→採取法→乾燥法 등의 순서로 각 항목마다 『神農本草經』과『名醫別錄』의 내용을 차례로 수록하였다. 經文은 『神農本草經』은 붉은 글씨의 큰 글자로, 『名醫別錄』은 검은 글씨의 큰 글자로 한 朱墨雜書의 형태를 취하였고, 注文은 검은 글씨의 작은 글자로 기록하였다. 『本草經集注』는 『新修本草』, 『證類本草』등이 간행된 후 점차 사라져 正史와 本草書 등을 통해 간접적으로 전하였는데, 1900년대 초 Dunhuang과 Turfan의 석굴에서 殘卷이 발굴되어 그 존재를 세상에 알리게 되었다. Dunhuang본은 1900년대 초 日本의 橘瑞超와 吉川小一郞이 Dunhuang의 석실에서 입수한 것으로, 현재 京都 龍谷大學校 大宮도서관에 소장되어 있다. 이는 51장의 종이가 두루마리 형식으로 말려 있는 七卷本의 「序錄」으로, 처음 3행을 제외하고는 온전한 모습으로 보존되어, 복원연구에 중요한 실마리를 제공하였다. Turfan본은 1900년대 초 독일의 A. Grunwedel과 A. Von Le Coq이 입수한 것으로, 현재 독일 베를린주립도서관 프러시아문화유산 동양학부문(preussischer akademie der wissenschaften)에 소장되어 있으며, 豚卵, 燕屎, 天鼠屎, 鼠晏鼠 4종 약물이 朱墨雜書의 형태로 수록되어있다. 眞柳誠은 剛西爲人, 渡邊行三 등의 연구를 토대로, Dunhuang본, Turfan본을 실사하여 현재 보존 상태와 역사적 가치를 발표하였고, 특히 『神農本草經』과 『名醫別錄』을 朱墨雜書한 형태를 Turfan본을 직접 확인하여 이에 대한 서지학적 근거를 제시하였다. 尙志鈞은 이들 殘卷과 『新修本草』,『證類本草』 등을 참고로 復原硏究를 진행 『本草經集注(輯校本)』를 편찬하였다. 『本草經集注』는 『神農本草經』을 계승, 발전시켜, 책의 구성, 약물분류체계, 학술사상 등에서 『新修本草』, 『證類本草』등 후대 본초서의 典範이 되었다. 책의 구성면에서는, 『神農本草經·序例』13조를 계승, 발전시켜 본초학 총론의 근간이 된 「序錄」을 전면에 배치하고, 개별약물 정보를 뒤에 수록하여 “先總論, 後各論”의 본초서 구성 형식을 정립하였다. 약물 분류체계에 있어 “先起原, 後三品”의 이원적 분류체계를 통해, 醫學的 관점을 중심으로 道家의 약물체계를 수용하였다. 學術思想의 측면으로 生理, 病理, 診斷, 治療, 君臣佐使, 藥物七情의 이론에서 氣味, 毒性, 效能, 産地, 採取, 定量, 修治, 劑型, 服用法 등에 이르기 까지, 의사가 환자를 진단하고, 약을 처방하여 환자가 복용하기 까지 일련의 과정에 대해 모두 의학적 규범을 제시하였다. 『本草經集注』에 등장하는 神農, 扁鵲, 倉公, 張仲景, 華佗, 葛洪, 褚澄 등 역대명의와 『抱朴子』,『仙經』,『眞誥』등 도가서적, 『詩經』,『禮記』,『周易』등 유가서적, 『藥對』,『李當之藥錄』,『桐君採藥錄』등 본초서적, 그리고 백과사전인『博物志』등은 陶弘景에게 약물지식의 근거를 제공할 뿐만 아니라, 사회적 문제를 인식하고 이를 해결하기 위한 편찬 동기를 부여하고, 醫學을 중심으로 도방의 약물 지식을 수용하는 방법론과 생리, 병리, 진단, 치료 및 양생, 처방구성, 약물배합 등의 학술사상을 형성하는 사상적 배경이 되었다. 본초학 발달사에서 『本草經集注』는 『新修本草』, 『證類本草』로 이어지는 양적 발달과, 成無已의 『傷寒明理藥方論』, 張元素의 『醫學啓源』, 王好古의 『湯液本草』로 이어지는 질적 발달, 그리고 이를 집대성한 『本草綱目』의 근간이 되었다. 『神農本草經』이 최초의 본초학 텍스트라면, 『本草經集注』는 본초학 발달의 실질적 근간이 되는 典範이라 할 수 있다.
『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 is a classic of materia medica published in ‘Liang(梁),’ a country of the Southern and Northern Dynasties(南北朝 時代, 420–589 AD), China. 『ShinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』, the earliest classical text about materia medica, presented the basis of 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 tha...
『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 is a classic of materia medica published in ‘Liang(梁),’ a country of the Southern and Northern Dynasties(南北朝 時代, 420–589 AD), China. 『ShinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』, the earliest classical text about materia medica, presented the basis of 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 that arranged the contents of medicinal herb books like 『MyungUiByeolLok(名醫別錄)』, 『YakDae(藥對)』, etc. Around 500 AD, 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』was edited and published by Do Hong-gyeong(陶弘景, 456-536 A.D.), who was an intellect of the age with a wide range of knowledge covering all sorts of fields including medicine, economy, politics, philosophy, calligraphy, etc. He pursued the well-being of people with his studies. Do Hong-gyeong who continued the Taoist exercise at Mo Mountain, was also interested in the domestic issues keeping relationships with the government, and wrote the medical books, 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』, 『BoGuelJuHuBaekIlBang(補闕肘後百一方)』, etc. 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』abided by the historic need to solve the diverse problems of herbal usage as medicine. During the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (南北朝 時代), the frequent changes of governments impoverished people’s lives and there was a trend that people took Taoist alchemical longevity prescriptions(石藥) following Taoist philosophy, which was strongly supported. Despite medicinal herb knowledge increased by foreign trade and new discoveries of habitats of herbs around that period, incorrect knowledge of herbs prevailed without any definite standards of herbs and their usages. Doctors and herb traders could not get accurate information on habitats, species, treatments, prescriptions, and medications. Patients preferred shamans to doctors and tried to cure diseases with prayers and spells. In Addition, people harmed their health with the misuse or overuse of the Taoist alchemical longevity prescriptions(石藥). Due to the low academic level and the lack of medical and moral quality, most doctors chased social honor and wealth. Starting from the perception of reality, Do Hong-gyeong(陶弘景) tried to relieve the social and medical problems with the publication of『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』. 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』recorded 730 herbs including 365 herbs selected from 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』and another 365 herbs selected from『MyeongUiByeolLok(名醫別錄)』. This was completed with the commentaries of the herbs referring to medical texts like 『YakDae(藥對)』,『YiDangJiYakLok(李當之藥錄)』, Confucian texts like 『JuYeok(周易)』,『SiGeong(詩經)』,『YehGi(禮記)』, Taoist texts like 『PoBakJa(抱朴子)』 and encyclopedias like 『BakMulJi(博物志)』,『SanHaeGyeong(山海經)』, etc. At first, 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』was published as a book with 3 volumes and then revised with 7 volumes. The first volume is the preface of the book including 13 clauses of the short preface of『ShinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』. It fits the structure of the general theory of herbal medicine equipped with the medical theories like the history of herbal medicine, academic origins of herbal medicine, importance of medicinal herb research, realistic problems, motivation of the publication and the process of the publication. Also included is physiology, pathology, diagnosis, the remedy and the guide of herbal usage like habitats, harvests, amounts, dosages, formulations, medications. Then volumes 2 through 7 show 730 species largely classified into 7 categories: minerals of stones(玉石), trees and plants, animals, fruits, vegetables, crops, anonymous medicines and then further classified into 3 groups again: superior, medium, inferior. Though 『ShinNongBonChoGeong (神農本草經)』 simply classified herbs into 3 groups with the perspective of Taoist immortal art(神仙術), 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 performed the origin classification with natural features and then adopted the 3 group classification (in the dissertation, named as the pre-origin and post-3 group classification). The herb classification of 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 is the initiative for the change of the herb classification from the Taoist notions to the medical phase. The explanations of individual herbs are divided into scriptures and commentaries. The scriptures are the records of the contents from 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』 and『MyeongUiByeolLok(名醫別錄)』 with the order of the name of herbs, tastes, thermal properties, toxicity, medical effects, Taoist effects(the effects by the long-time dosage for longevity and immortality), different names, habitats, harvest methods(period and part) and drying methods. 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』 was recorded with big red characters and 『MyeongUiByeolLok(名醫別錄)』 with big black characters, which is called ‘JuMukJapSeo(朱墨雜書: distinctively recording with red or black ink). The commentaries written in black small characters, gathered the knowledge on habitats, species, herb identifications, effects, usages, frequencies, etc. These were collected from reference books, experiences and information picked up from farms and markets. The original text of 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 gradually disappeared after the publication of books like 『ShinSuBonCho(新修本草)』 and 『JeungRyuBonCho(證類本草)』 and it was indirectly introduced by official history books and medicinal herb books. In the early 1900s, the excavation of caves in Dunhuang(敦煌) and Turfan(吐魯番) revealed the existence of 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 with the discovery of the partial contents. At the beginning of 1900s, Tachibana Juijo, a Japanese explorer, got the Dunhunag edition from the cave and this edition is held in Omiya library of Ryukoku University, Kyoto. The Dunhuang edition is part of the scroll, the preface of the first volume of the 7-volumed edition which made with 51 sheets of paper and hand-copied in 718 AD during the Tang dynasty. The Turfan edition held in Preußischer Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin was attained by the German explorers A. Grunwedel and von Le Coq in the early 1900’s. The Turfan edition recorded 4 medicinal substances like DonRan(豚卵), YunShi(燕屎), ChunSuhShi(天鼠屎) which shows its original form written in red and black ink. Mayanagi Makoto(眞柳誠) actually inspected and announced the present condition of the preservation and the historic value. Especially, after the confirming the original form written in red and black ink of 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』, and 『MyeongUiByeolLok(名醫別錄)』, Mayanagi Makoto(眞柳誠) presented the bibliographical grounds. Shang zhi-jun(尙志鈞) restored 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 based on the Dunhuang and Turfan editions, 『SinSuBonCho(新修本草)』 and 『JeungRyuBonCho(證類本草)』. 『BonChoGyeongJipJu』 was based on 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』, but it was not limited to the formal aspects. It achieved development on the structure and contents as medical work and made the standards for the medical use of herbs unlike the Taoist use of herbs. The characteristics of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注) 』are as follows; First, with respect to herb classification, 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 takes the pre-origin and post-3 group classification with the medical view. It not only adopted the 3-group classification of 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』, but also placed priority on medical theories through the origin classification of minerals of stones(玉石), trees and plants, animals, fruits, vegetables, crops. 『SinSuBonCho(新修本草)』 of the Tang Dynasty and 『JeungRyuBonCho(證類本草)』 of the Song Dynasty followed the classification of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』, the pre-origin and post-3 group classification. Second, mentioning the effects of herbs and the treatment of patients, with the principle of medical prescription first and Taoist prescription later, 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 consecutively explained the effects of herbs by medical prescription and then by the Taoist prescription by taking the herbs for a long time. The way of these explanations exposed the publication's intentions that 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 put the medical standards in the center and provided accommodation for the Taoist herbal knowledge. Third, Do Hong-gyeong’s broad knowledge influenced the compilation of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』, which means this book quoted numerous books and scholars’ discourse such as Taoist works, Confucian books, medical classics, doctor’s opinions and the contents of encyclopedias like 『BakMulJi(博物志)』. He arrayed his broad knowledge in commentaries keeping the temporary medicinal information: the habitats of herbs, species of herbs, therapeutic effects, medical uses, Taoist uses, amounts, identification of herbs, etc. Fourth, different from the simple preface with the short 13 clauses of 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』, the preface of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 was extended and played the role of the general theory of herbal medicine including the history of herbal medicine, author’s medical philosophy, and the guide for the medical uses of herbs. The preface as the general theory of herbal medicine was located in front of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』, so this book was equipped with the structure of herbal medicine with the medical theoretical system. After 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』, 『SinSuBonCho (新修本草)』, 『GyeongSaJeungRyuBiGeupBonCho (經史證類備急本草)』, 『BonChoGangMok (本草綱目)』, and other books succeeded the structure that put the general theory first, and individual contents later. This structure progressed and became the structural root of books for herbal medicine. Do Hong-gyeong offered, through the preface, the medical guide to the whole process from diagnosis to medicine taking: the medical theory of physiology, pathology, diagnosis, and the remedy and the combination of prescriptions, the effects of herbs, habitats, harvests, amounts, dosages, formulations, and medications. 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 is the beginning of the medicinal herb books occupying significant position in the process of herbal medicine development. The history of herbal medicine can be divided into three phases. The first phase is the accumulation of general knowledge of herbs by the discovery of various new herbs, new harvest locations and newly found therapeutic actions and side effects of herbs. The second phase is the qualitative progress of herbal medicine based on previously accumulated knowledge by the utilization of medical books like 『NaeGyeong』 and 『SangHanRon』 which led to the development of medical theory. This trend preceded the remarkable progress of treatment and prescriptions. The third phase is the integration of the accumulated knowledge and the development of herbal medicinal theories. The accumulation of general knowledge of herbs was recorded on works from 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』 to 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』, 『SinSuBonCho (新修本草)』 and 『JeungRyuBonCho(證類本草)』. 『SinSuBonCho(新修本草)』 and 『JeungRyuBonCho(證類本草)』 followed 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 in every aspect. Therefore, they can be called the extended editions of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』. After 『JeungRyuBonCho(證類本草)』, theoretical development proceeded during the period of 『SangHanMyeongLiYakBangRon(傷寒明理藥方論)』, and 『TangYaekBonCho(湯液本草)』. The qualitative progress of the second phase was obtained by numerous experimental treatments in the Jin(金) and Yuan(元) dynasties, and this phase is the period of theoretical development of herbal medicine. The integration of knowledge and theories compiled into 『BonChoGangMok(本草綱目)』 by Li Shi Zhen(李時珍) in the Ming dynasty. Further research of herbal medicine moved forward to adjust, supplement, and simplify the contents of 『BonChoGangMok(本草綱目)』 for convenient clinical purposes. 『BonChoGangMok(本草綱目)』, leading the integration of the accumulated knowledge and the developing theories, improved the structure, the classification of herbs, and other contents of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』. Over the history of herbal medicine, 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』 was the first text of the herbal medicine and 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 was the practical model of the accumulation of knowledge and theoretical development. In summary, 『BonChoGyeongJipJu』, the locus classicus(典範) of herbal medicine, is the basis of the following medicinal herb texts, makes it possible to bequeath 『SingNongBonChoGyeong』 to posterity, and provides the concrete foundation for the development of herbal medicine.
『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 is a classic of materia medica published in ‘Liang(梁),’ a country of the Southern and Northern Dynasties(南北朝 時代, 420–589 AD), China. 『ShinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』, the earliest classical text about materia medica, presented the basis of 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 that arranged the contents of medicinal herb books like 『MyungUiByeolLok(名醫別錄)』, 『YakDae(藥對)』, etc. Around 500 AD, 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』was edited and published by Do Hong-gyeong(陶弘景, 456-536 A.D.), who was an intellect of the age with a wide range of knowledge covering all sorts of fields including medicine, economy, politics, philosophy, calligraphy, etc. He pursued the well-being of people with his studies. Do Hong-gyeong who continued the Taoist exercise at Mo Mountain, was also interested in the domestic issues keeping relationships with the government, and wrote the medical books, 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』, 『BoGuelJuHuBaekIlBang(補闕肘後百一方)』, etc. 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』abided by the historic need to solve the diverse problems of herbal usage as medicine. During the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (南北朝 時代), the frequent changes of governments impoverished people’s lives and there was a trend that people took Taoist alchemical longevity prescriptions(石藥) following Taoist philosophy, which was strongly supported. Despite medicinal herb knowledge increased by foreign trade and new discoveries of habitats of herbs around that period, incorrect knowledge of herbs prevailed without any definite standards of herbs and their usages. Doctors and herb traders could not get accurate information on habitats, species, treatments, prescriptions, and medications. Patients preferred shamans to doctors and tried to cure diseases with prayers and spells. In Addition, people harmed their health with the misuse or overuse of the Taoist alchemical longevity prescriptions(石藥). Due to the low academic level and the lack of medical and moral quality, most doctors chased social honor and wealth. Starting from the perception of reality, Do Hong-gyeong(陶弘景) tried to relieve the social and medical problems with the publication of『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』. 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』recorded 730 herbs including 365 herbs selected from 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』and another 365 herbs selected from『MyeongUiByeolLok(名醫別錄)』. This was completed with the commentaries of the herbs referring to medical texts like 『YakDae(藥對)』,『YiDangJiYakLok(李當之藥錄)』, Confucian texts like 『JuYeok(周易)』,『SiGeong(詩經)』,『YehGi(禮記)』, Taoist texts like 『PoBakJa(抱朴子)』 and encyclopedias like 『BakMulJi(博物志)』,『SanHaeGyeong(山海經)』, etc. At first, 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』was published as a book with 3 volumes and then revised with 7 volumes. The first volume is the preface of the book including 13 clauses of the short preface of『ShinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』. It fits the structure of the general theory of herbal medicine equipped with the medical theories like the history of herbal medicine, academic origins of herbal medicine, importance of medicinal herb research, realistic problems, motivation of the publication and the process of the publication. Also included is physiology, pathology, diagnosis, the remedy and the guide of herbal usage like habitats, harvests, amounts, dosages, formulations, medications. Then volumes 2 through 7 show 730 species largely classified into 7 categories: minerals of stones(玉石), trees and plants, animals, fruits, vegetables, crops, anonymous medicines and then further classified into 3 groups again: superior, medium, inferior. Though 『ShinNongBonChoGeong (神農本草經)』 simply classified herbs into 3 groups with the perspective of Taoist immortal art(神仙術), 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 performed the origin classification with natural features and then adopted the 3 group classification (in the dissertation, named as the pre-origin and post-3 group classification). The herb classification of 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 is the initiative for the change of the herb classification from the Taoist notions to the medical phase. The explanations of individual herbs are divided into scriptures and commentaries. The scriptures are the records of the contents from 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』 and『MyeongUiByeolLok(名醫別錄)』 with the order of the name of herbs, tastes, thermal properties, toxicity, medical effects, Taoist effects(the effects by the long-time dosage for longevity and immortality), different names, habitats, harvest methods(period and part) and drying methods. 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』 was recorded with big red characters and 『MyeongUiByeolLok(名醫別錄)』 with big black characters, which is called ‘JuMukJapSeo(朱墨雜書: distinctively recording with red or black ink). The commentaries written in black small characters, gathered the knowledge on habitats, species, herb identifications, effects, usages, frequencies, etc. These were collected from reference books, experiences and information picked up from farms and markets. The original text of 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 gradually disappeared after the publication of books like 『ShinSuBonCho(新修本草)』 and 『JeungRyuBonCho(證類本草)』 and it was indirectly introduced by official history books and medicinal herb books. In the early 1900s, the excavation of caves in Dunhuang(敦煌) and Turfan(吐魯番) revealed the existence of 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 with the discovery of the partial contents. At the beginning of 1900s, Tachibana Juijo, a Japanese explorer, got the Dunhunag edition from the cave and this edition is held in Omiya library of Ryukoku University, Kyoto. The Dunhuang edition is part of the scroll, the preface of the first volume of the 7-volumed edition which made with 51 sheets of paper and hand-copied in 718 AD during the Tang dynasty. The Turfan edition held in Preußischer Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin was attained by the German explorers A. Grunwedel and von Le Coq in the early 1900’s. The Turfan edition recorded 4 medicinal substances like DonRan(豚卵), YunShi(燕屎), ChunSuhShi(天鼠屎) which shows its original form written in red and black ink. Mayanagi Makoto(眞柳誠) actually inspected and announced the present condition of the preservation and the historic value. Especially, after the confirming the original form written in red and black ink of 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』, and 『MyeongUiByeolLok(名醫別錄)』, Mayanagi Makoto(眞柳誠) presented the bibliographical grounds. Shang zhi-jun(尙志鈞) restored 『BonChoGyeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 based on the Dunhuang and Turfan editions, 『SinSuBonCho(新修本草)』 and 『JeungRyuBonCho(證類本草)』. 『BonChoGyeongJipJu』 was based on 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』, but it was not limited to the formal aspects. It achieved development on the structure and contents as medical work and made the standards for the medical use of herbs unlike the Taoist use of herbs. The characteristics of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注) 』are as follows; First, with respect to herb classification, 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 takes the pre-origin and post-3 group classification with the medical view. It not only adopted the 3-group classification of 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』, but also placed priority on medical theories through the origin classification of minerals of stones(玉石), trees and plants, animals, fruits, vegetables, crops. 『SinSuBonCho(新修本草)』 of the Tang Dynasty and 『JeungRyuBonCho(證類本草)』 of the Song Dynasty followed the classification of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』, the pre-origin and post-3 group classification. Second, mentioning the effects of herbs and the treatment of patients, with the principle of medical prescription first and Taoist prescription later, 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 consecutively explained the effects of herbs by medical prescription and then by the Taoist prescription by taking the herbs for a long time. The way of these explanations exposed the publication's intentions that 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 put the medical standards in the center and provided accommodation for the Taoist herbal knowledge. Third, Do Hong-gyeong’s broad knowledge influenced the compilation of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』, which means this book quoted numerous books and scholars’ discourse such as Taoist works, Confucian books, medical classics, doctor’s opinions and the contents of encyclopedias like 『BakMulJi(博物志)』. He arrayed his broad knowledge in commentaries keeping the temporary medicinal information: the habitats of herbs, species of herbs, therapeutic effects, medical uses, Taoist uses, amounts, identification of herbs, etc. Fourth, different from the simple preface with the short 13 clauses of 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』, the preface of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 was extended and played the role of the general theory of herbal medicine including the history of herbal medicine, author’s medical philosophy, and the guide for the medical uses of herbs. The preface as the general theory of herbal medicine was located in front of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』, so this book was equipped with the structure of herbal medicine with the medical theoretical system. After 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』, 『SinSuBonCho (新修本草)』, 『GyeongSaJeungRyuBiGeupBonCho (經史證類備急本草)』, 『BonChoGangMok (本草綱目)』, and other books succeeded the structure that put the general theory first, and individual contents later. This structure progressed and became the structural root of books for herbal medicine. Do Hong-gyeong offered, through the preface, the medical guide to the whole process from diagnosis to medicine taking: the medical theory of physiology, pathology, diagnosis, and the remedy and the combination of prescriptions, the effects of herbs, habitats, harvests, amounts, dosages, formulations, and medications. 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 is the beginning of the medicinal herb books occupying significant position in the process of herbal medicine development. The history of herbal medicine can be divided into three phases. The first phase is the accumulation of general knowledge of herbs by the discovery of various new herbs, new harvest locations and newly found therapeutic actions and side effects of herbs. The second phase is the qualitative progress of herbal medicine based on previously accumulated knowledge by the utilization of medical books like 『NaeGyeong』 and 『SangHanRon』 which led to the development of medical theory. This trend preceded the remarkable progress of treatment and prescriptions. The third phase is the integration of the accumulated knowledge and the development of herbal medicinal theories. The accumulation of general knowledge of herbs was recorded on works from 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』 to 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』, 『SinSuBonCho (新修本草)』 and 『JeungRyuBonCho(證類本草)』. 『SinSuBonCho(新修本草)』 and 『JeungRyuBonCho(證類本草)』 followed 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 in every aspect. Therefore, they can be called the extended editions of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』. After 『JeungRyuBonCho(證類本草)』, theoretical development proceeded during the period of 『SangHanMyeongLiYakBangRon(傷寒明理藥方論)』, and 『TangYaekBonCho(湯液本草)』. The qualitative progress of the second phase was obtained by numerous experimental treatments in the Jin(金) and Yuan(元) dynasties, and this phase is the period of theoretical development of herbal medicine. The integration of knowledge and theories compiled into 『BonChoGangMok(本草綱目)』 by Li Shi Zhen(李時珍) in the Ming dynasty. Further research of herbal medicine moved forward to adjust, supplement, and simplify the contents of 『BonChoGangMok(本草綱目)』 for convenient clinical purposes. 『BonChoGangMok(本草綱目)』, leading the integration of the accumulated knowledge and the developing theories, improved the structure, the classification of herbs, and other contents of 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』. Over the history of herbal medicine, 『SinNongBonChoGyeong(神農本草經)』 was the first text of the herbal medicine and 『BonChoGeongJipJu(本草經集注)』 was the practical model of the accumulation of knowledge and theoretical development. In summary, 『BonChoGyeongJipJu』, the locus classicus(典範) of herbal medicine, is the basis of the following medicinal herb texts, makes it possible to bequeath 『SingNongBonChoGyeong』 to posterity, and provides the concrete foundation for the development of herbal medicine.
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