1. Snails and slugs damaging vegetable crops and their occurrence Slugs and snails occurring in several vegetable crops was surveyed in the fields in Busan and Gyeongnam in Korea in 2007. Changes in their population density and damage level checked in relation to application of kinds of manures in d...
1. Snails and slugs damaging vegetable crops and their occurrence Slugs and snails occurring in several vegetable crops was surveyed in the fields in Busan and Gyeongnam in Korea in 2007. Changes in their population density and damage level checked in relation to application of kinds of manures in different quantities, different soil moisture levels and water supply methods. One snail species and three slug species were found to occur in perilla green house. They were Acusta despecta sieboldiana Pfeiffer snail), Deroceras reticulatum Müller, Limax marginatus Müller and Meghimatium bilineatum Benson. Among them, D. reticulatum was most abundant, followed by A. despecta, L. marginatus and M. bilineatum. They were more abundant during spring and autumn compared. L. marginatus is was first found at Suweol-ri, Dosan-myeon, Tongyeong-city, in October, 2009. Chinese cabbage grown in the soil supplied with fowl manure were significantly more damaged by D. reticulatum, and least damaged with pig manure. Damage by D. reticulatum was proportional to the amount of manure. The immature manure caused higher damage by D. reticulatum than the mature manure did. Soil moisture level was not effective on the occurrence of D. reticulatum adult. However, more number of the juvenile D. reticulatum occurred in wet condition (-10 kPa) than in dry condition (-50 kPa). The watering time, morning (10:00∼11:00) or afternoon (15:00∼16:00), had no effect on the occurrence of D. reticulatum and its damage in perilla house. However, more D. reticulatum were occurred when overhead watering was done than the drip watering. 2. Developmental characteristics of snails, Deroceras reticulatum Müller Food preference, food consumption, fecundity and development of D. reticulatum were examined. Chinese cabbage was most preferred by D. reticulatum among the six different foods, and followed by cucumber. Hatchability of the eggs of D. reticulatum reared on cucumber (94%) was highest. It was followed by on Chinese cabbage, on kale, on cabbage, on carrot, and on perilla (62%). Egg-laying period was longest (141 days) on cucumber food and shortest (25 days) on perilla leaf food. Fecundity of the snail was highest on cucumber food and lowest on perilla leaf food. Egg period was not affected by the kinds of food sources as 12 to 13 days. Juvenile period was shortest on cucumber food (74 days) and longest on perilla one (110.9 days). Adult longevity was longest on cucumber food (186.5 days) and shortest on perilla leaf one (65.5 days). Thus, total life span from egg to adult was longest on cucumber food (273.2 days) and shortest on perilla leaf food (189.5 days). Egg of D. reticulatum was 1.91 × 2.19 ㎜ in size and 3.3 ㎎ in average weight. D. reticulatum got more weight at 20℃. Hatchability was highest at 20℃ (94.6%) and lowest at 28℃ (64.9%). Egg-laying period was longest at 20℃ (133.9 days) and shortest at 16℃ (83.6 days). Fecundity was highest at 20℃ (216.8) and lowest at 16℃ (105.4). Egg period decreased with increasing temperatures. Juvenile period was shortest at 28℃ (50.9 days). Adult longevity at 16℃ and 28℃ was shorter as 84.9 and 88.0 days respectively, compared with those at 20℃ (134.0 days). Total life span was, thus, shortest at 28℃ and longest at 20℃. Fecundity of D. reticulatum was highest at 20℃ and lowest at 28℃. L. flavus preferred cucumber to other six foods. Its egg was oval and 3.93 x 7.31 ㎜ in size, and was 50.0 ㎎ in weight. Egg period, juvenile and one generation period of L. flavus were 25.6, 126.1 and 151.7 days at 24℃, respectively. 3. Management of snails and slugs In order to find the effective management method for snails and slugs, killing effects and repellencies of various plant extracts and saponin powder combined with copper tape were evaluated. The attractiveness of some baits were also examined. Saponin power solution was more toxic than saponin liquid to L. flavus and L. marginatus. Mortality of L. flavus and L. marginatus was significantly higher by 97%, when it was sprayed with saponin powder solution with concentration of below 500 times dilution than that by saponin liquid. The food dipped in saponin powder formulation were more detrimental to L. flavus, L. marginatus, and A. despecta than the food dipped in saponin liquid. The mortality increased with increasing content of saponin. In particular, mortality of L. marginatus was 100% at 100 times-diluted saponin. Repellency of L. flavus to saponin power and copper tape was 98% at 500 times dilution, and the repellency was 100% when the two were combined. Mortality of D. reticulatum by plant extracts and fermented plant extracts was less than 50%, while repellency to green tea extract was 68%. Slugs are more attracted to the bait metaldehyde, compared with Sluggo and Multiguard containing water soluble Fe and copper. YARI-S-1 trap baited with metaldehyde attracted two times more number of snails and slugs than the metaldehyde broadcasted on the ground. The attractiveness of the trap was lasted for longer times than the broadcasted metaldehyde. Snails and slugs were attracted 4 times more to both YARI-S-1 and Slug-X traps than to Bait safe slug trap. Attractiveness of M/S cone trap which was modified from YARI-S-1 trap was significantly higher than the original YARI-S-1 trap. The repellent effect of copper tape against L. marginatus and L. flavus was more than 90% on the potted Chinese cabbage in glasshouse, regardless of width of copper tape. Repellency the copper tape against A. despecta was more than 50%. However, aluminium tape were not repellent to A. despecta. Repellent effects of the spray of green tea extract “Dalryongi” and water soluble Ca “Bulgasari” on snails and slugs was 96.4% and 66.0%, respectively on potted Chinese cabbage. However, repellent effect of pyroligneous liquid was very low. In the Chinese cabbage field, repellent effect of water soluble Ca and pyroligneous liquid against D. reticulatum was about 70% and the effect of caffeine and garlic barrier was about 55% at 20 days after treatment. The daily predation of the tree frog, Hyla japonica Gunther, was very low. Accordingly, snails and slugs may be effectively managed by metaldehyde application as a bait and repellent agent. Its attractiveness can be significantly increased by using it with M/S cone trap as a bait in the field.
1. Snails and slugs damaging vegetable crops and their occurrence Slugs and snails occurring in several vegetable crops was surveyed in the fields in Busan and Gyeongnam in Korea in 2007. Changes in their population density and damage level checked in relation to application of kinds of manures in different quantities, different soil moisture levels and water supply methods. One snail species and three slug species were found to occur in perilla green house. They were Acusta despecta sieboldiana Pfeiffer snail), Deroceras reticulatum Müller, Limax marginatus Müller and Meghimatium bilineatum Benson. Among them, D. reticulatum was most abundant, followed by A. despecta, L. marginatus and M. bilineatum. They were more abundant during spring and autumn compared. L. marginatus is was first found at Suweol-ri, Dosan-myeon, Tongyeong-city, in October, 2009. Chinese cabbage grown in the soil supplied with fowl manure were significantly more damaged by D. reticulatum, and least damaged with pig manure. Damage by D. reticulatum was proportional to the amount of manure. The immature manure caused higher damage by D. reticulatum than the mature manure did. Soil moisture level was not effective on the occurrence of D. reticulatum adult. However, more number of the juvenile D. reticulatum occurred in wet condition (-10 kPa) than in dry condition (-50 kPa). The watering time, morning (10:00∼11:00) or afternoon (15:00∼16:00), had no effect on the occurrence of D. reticulatum and its damage in perilla house. However, more D. reticulatum were occurred when overhead watering was done than the drip watering. 2. Developmental characteristics of snails, Deroceras reticulatum Müller Food preference, food consumption, fecundity and development of D. reticulatum were examined. Chinese cabbage was most preferred by D. reticulatum among the six different foods, and followed by cucumber. Hatchability of the eggs of D. reticulatum reared on cucumber (94%) was highest. It was followed by on Chinese cabbage, on kale, on cabbage, on carrot, and on perilla (62%). Egg-laying period was longest (141 days) on cucumber food and shortest (25 days) on perilla leaf food. Fecundity of the snail was highest on cucumber food and lowest on perilla leaf food. Egg period was not affected by the kinds of food sources as 12 to 13 days. Juvenile period was shortest on cucumber food (74 days) and longest on perilla one (110.9 days). Adult longevity was longest on cucumber food (186.5 days) and shortest on perilla leaf one (65.5 days). Thus, total life span from egg to adult was longest on cucumber food (273.2 days) and shortest on perilla leaf food (189.5 days). Egg of D. reticulatum was 1.91 × 2.19 ㎜ in size and 3.3 ㎎ in average weight. D. reticulatum got more weight at 20℃. Hatchability was highest at 20℃ (94.6%) and lowest at 28℃ (64.9%). Egg-laying period was longest at 20℃ (133.9 days) and shortest at 16℃ (83.6 days). Fecundity was highest at 20℃ (216.8) and lowest at 16℃ (105.4). Egg period decreased with increasing temperatures. Juvenile period was shortest at 28℃ (50.9 days). Adult longevity at 16℃ and 28℃ was shorter as 84.9 and 88.0 days respectively, compared with those at 20℃ (134.0 days). Total life span was, thus, shortest at 28℃ and longest at 20℃. Fecundity of D. reticulatum was highest at 20℃ and lowest at 28℃. L. flavus preferred cucumber to other six foods. Its egg was oval and 3.93 x 7.31 ㎜ in size, and was 50.0 ㎎ in weight. Egg period, juvenile and one generation period of L. flavus were 25.6, 126.1 and 151.7 days at 24℃, respectively. 3. Management of snails and slugs In order to find the effective management method for snails and slugs, killing effects and repellencies of various plant extracts and saponin powder combined with copper tape were evaluated. The attractiveness of some baits were also examined. Saponin power solution was more toxic than saponin liquid to L. flavus and L. marginatus. Mortality of L. flavus and L. marginatus was significantly higher by 97%, when it was sprayed with saponin powder solution with concentration of below 500 times dilution than that by saponin liquid. The food dipped in saponin powder formulation were more detrimental to L. flavus, L. marginatus, and A. despecta than the food dipped in saponin liquid. The mortality increased with increasing content of saponin. In particular, mortality of L. marginatus was 100% at 100 times-diluted saponin. Repellency of L. flavus to saponin power and copper tape was 98% at 500 times dilution, and the repellency was 100% when the two were combined. Mortality of D. reticulatum by plant extracts and fermented plant extracts was less than 50%, while repellency to green tea extract was 68%. Slugs are more attracted to the bait metaldehyde, compared with Sluggo and Multiguard containing water soluble Fe and copper. YARI-S-1 trap baited with metaldehyde attracted two times more number of snails and slugs than the metaldehyde broadcasted on the ground. The attractiveness of the trap was lasted for longer times than the broadcasted metaldehyde. Snails and slugs were attracted 4 times more to both YARI-S-1 and Slug-X traps than to Bait safe slug trap. Attractiveness of M/S cone trap which was modified from YARI-S-1 trap was significantly higher than the original YARI-S-1 trap. The repellent effect of copper tape against L. marginatus and L. flavus was more than 90% on the potted Chinese cabbage in glasshouse, regardless of width of copper tape. Repellency the copper tape against A. despecta was more than 50%. However, aluminium tape were not repellent to A. despecta. Repellent effects of the spray of green tea extract “Dalryongi” and water soluble Ca “Bulgasari” on snails and slugs was 96.4% and 66.0%, respectively on potted Chinese cabbage. However, repellent effect of pyroligneous liquid was very low. In the Chinese cabbage field, repellent effect of water soluble Ca and pyroligneous liquid against D. reticulatum was about 70% and the effect of caffeine and garlic barrier was about 55% at 20 days after treatment. The daily predation of the tree frog, Hyla japonica Gunther, was very low. Accordingly, snails and slugs may be effectively managed by metaldehyde application as a bait and repellent agent. Its attractiveness can be significantly increased by using it with M/S cone trap as a bait in the field.
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