This PhD thesis contains five chapters that describe inflammation and anti-inflammatory effect of natural products originated from plants. The first chapter reviews cellular inflammation, its signaling pathways and associated inflammatory mediators. This chapter also briefly describes about rheumato...
This PhD thesis contains five chapters that describe inflammation and anti-inflammatory effect of natural products originated from plants. The first chapter reviews cellular inflammation, its signaling pathways and associated inflammatory mediators. This chapter also briefly describes about rheumatoid arthritis and hemeoxyginase 1 (HO-1). The second chapter explores the anti-inflammatory effect of Phellinus baumii ethyl acetate extract (PBEAE) in lipoplysaccharide (LPS) stimulated murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. PBEAE attenuated nitric oxide (NO) release and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Likewise, PBEAE inhibited mRNA and protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxyginase 2 (COX-2), and mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF). The third chapter presents the role of PBEAE against collagen induced arthritis (CIA). PBEAE alleviated CIA in DBA/1 mice and impaired cellular recruitment to inflamed joints and draining lymph nodes. Proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were also diminished and IgG against collagen type II was downregulated. Chapter four explains about the anti-inflammatory effect of Pistacia chinensis methanolic extract (PCME) in vitro and its role in HO-1 upregulation. Here, PCME downregulated mRNA expression of proinflammatory enzymes (iNOS & COX-2) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). Likewise, PCME inhibited iNOS and p-JNK protein expressions, and Keap-1, Nrf2 repressor, was depleted. On the other hand, PCME upregulated HO-1 mRNA and protein expressions, and this increase might be signaled through PI-3K/Akt pathway. Chapter five shows the relevance of Stellera chamaejasme methanolic extract (SCME) against cellular inflammation in LPS stimulated murine macrophages and its importance in HO-1 upregulation and associated signaling pathways. SCME inhibited NO and iNOS protein expression. Moreover, SCME attenuated mRNA expressions of proinflammatory mediators. On the other hand, SCME upregulated HO-1 mRNA and protein expressions, which could be mediated via MAPK, PKA, PKC, NF-κB and/or PI-3K/Akt signaling pathways. In conclusion, the aforementioned selected natural products showed anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, and thus they could be considered as potential sources of natural compounds that may reduce the rampant cellular inflammation and oxidation.
This PhD thesis contains five chapters that describe inflammation and anti-inflammatory effect of natural products originated from plants. The first chapter reviews cellular inflammation, its signaling pathways and associated inflammatory mediators. This chapter also briefly describes about rheumatoid arthritis and hemeoxyginase 1 (HO-1). The second chapter explores the anti-inflammatory effect of Phellinus baumii ethyl acetate extract (PBEAE) in lipoplysaccharide (LPS) stimulated murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. PBEAE attenuated nitric oxide (NO) release and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Likewise, PBEAE inhibited mRNA and protein expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxyginase 2 (COX-2), and mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF). The third chapter presents the role of PBEAE against collagen induced arthritis (CIA). PBEAE alleviated CIA in DBA/1 mice and impaired cellular recruitment to inflamed joints and draining lymph nodes. Proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were also diminished and IgG against collagen type II was downregulated. Chapter four explains about the anti-inflammatory effect of Pistacia chinensis methanolic extract (PCME) in vitro and its role in HO-1 upregulation. Here, PCME downregulated mRNA expression of proinflammatory enzymes (iNOS & COX-2) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6). Likewise, PCME inhibited iNOS and p-JNK protein expressions, and Keap-1, Nrf2 repressor, was depleted. On the other hand, PCME upregulated HO-1 mRNA and protein expressions, and this increase might be signaled through PI-3K/Akt pathway. Chapter five shows the relevance of Stellera chamaejasme methanolic extract (SCME) against cellular inflammation in LPS stimulated murine macrophages and its importance in HO-1 upregulation and associated signaling pathways. SCME inhibited NO and iNOS protein expression. Moreover, SCME attenuated mRNA expressions of proinflammatory mediators. On the other hand, SCME upregulated HO-1 mRNA and protein expressions, which could be mediated via MAPK, PKA, PKC, NF-κB and/or PI-3K/Akt signaling pathways. In conclusion, the aforementioned selected natural products showed anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, and thus they could be considered as potential sources of natural compounds that may reduce the rampant cellular inflammation and oxidation.
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