PURPOSE: Cement dusts generated from process or transported can cause the air pollutions and pulmonary ventilatory defects with exposure through respiratory system. Purposed of this study is to describe the associations between obstructive and restrictive ventilatory defects and risk factors includi...
PURPOSE: Cement dusts generated from process or transported can cause the air pollutions and pulmonary ventilatory defects with exposure through respiratory system. Purposed of this study is to describe the associations between obstructive and restrictive ventilatory defects and risk factors including demographic factors, asthma, allergic rhinitis, abnormal findings in chest radiography in populations living near Portland cement plants, and to estimate population attributable risk fractions of risk factors for pulmonary ventilatory defects. MATERIALS and METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2010 and 2011 on residents living near Portland cement plants, and included 4,094 individuals whose age were 40 years or over, and spirometry results were valid. Information on general characteristics and histories of asthma and allergic rhinitis were collected by face-to-face interview following a structured questionnaire. The spirometry included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC). The pulmonary ventilatory defects were classified by the NHANES Ⅲ reference value for lower limit of normal (LLN). Every subjects took a chest radiography, which was read by 2 radiologist. Multiple logistic regression models were tested to assess the association of pulmonary ventilatory defects with risk factors including demographic factors, asthma, allergic rhinitis, abnormal findings in chest radiography. Population attributable risks were estimated for risk factors using the age-standardized prevalence for reference group and adjusted odds ratio. RESULT: Adjusted for age and sex, prevalence of obstructive ventilatory defects were significantly higher in males than in females. Moreover, old age (>60 years), increased cumulative smoking amounts, smoking status, body mass index, asthma, nodule, mass, pleural abnormality, tuberculosis, pneumoconiosis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis were statistically significant risk factors for obstructive ventilatory defects. But, prevalence of restrictive ventilatory defects were significantly higher in females than in the males. Old age, smoking status, body mass index, asthma, pneumoconiosis, and heart abnormality were significant risk factors for restrictive ventilatory defects. The order of population attributable risk fractions for obstructive ventilatory defects was sex (45.85%), age (40.67%), cumulative smoking amounts (21.07%), asthma (12.01%), pneumoconiosis (4.01%), tuberculosis (3.71%), bronchiectasis (2.16%), pleural abnormality (4.01%), and emphysema (0.86%), and that for restrictive ventilatory defects was sex (33.64%), age (23.67%), BMI (>25, 23.22%), smoking status (20.61%), pneumoconiosis (3.20%), asthma (1.85%), and heart abnormality (0.94%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Age, sex, smoking habit, cumulative smoking amounts, BMI, asthma, pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, pleural abnormality, emphysema and heart abnormality are significant risk factors for ventilatory defects. Therefore, these factors should be considered in environmental epidemiologic studies evaluating the effects of environmental pollution on ventilatory defects.
PURPOSE: Cement dusts generated from process or transported can cause the air pollutions and pulmonary ventilatory defects with exposure through respiratory system. Purposed of this study is to describe the associations between obstructive and restrictive ventilatory defects and risk factors including demographic factors, asthma, allergic rhinitis, abnormal findings in chest radiography in populations living near Portland cement plants, and to estimate population attributable risk fractions of risk factors for pulmonary ventilatory defects. MATERIALS and METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted between 2010 and 2011 on residents living near Portland cement plants, and included 4,094 individuals whose age were 40 years or over, and spirometry results were valid. Information on general characteristics and histories of asthma and allergic rhinitis were collected by face-to-face interview following a structured questionnaire. The spirometry included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC). The pulmonary ventilatory defects were classified by the NHANES Ⅲ reference value for lower limit of normal (LLN). Every subjects took a chest radiography, which was read by 2 radiologist. Multiple logistic regression models were tested to assess the association of pulmonary ventilatory defects with risk factors including demographic factors, asthma, allergic rhinitis, abnormal findings in chest radiography. Population attributable risks were estimated for risk factors using the age-standardized prevalence for reference group and adjusted odds ratio. RESULT: Adjusted for age and sex, prevalence of obstructive ventilatory defects were significantly higher in males than in females. Moreover, old age (>60 years), increased cumulative smoking amounts, smoking status, body mass index, asthma, nodule, mass, pleural abnormality, tuberculosis, pneumoconiosis, emphysema, and bronchiectasis were statistically significant risk factors for obstructive ventilatory defects. But, prevalence of restrictive ventilatory defects were significantly higher in females than in the males. Old age, smoking status, body mass index, asthma, pneumoconiosis, and heart abnormality were significant risk factors for restrictive ventilatory defects. The order of population attributable risk fractions for obstructive ventilatory defects was sex (45.85%), age (40.67%), cumulative smoking amounts (21.07%), asthma (12.01%), pneumoconiosis (4.01%), tuberculosis (3.71%), bronchiectasis (2.16%), pleural abnormality (4.01%), and emphysema (0.86%), and that for restrictive ventilatory defects was sex (33.64%), age (23.67%), BMI (>25, 23.22%), smoking status (20.61%), pneumoconiosis (3.20%), asthma (1.85%), and heart abnormality (0.94%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Age, sex, smoking habit, cumulative smoking amounts, BMI, asthma, pneumoconiosis, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, pleural abnormality, emphysema and heart abnormality are significant risk factors for ventilatory defects. Therefore, these factors should be considered in environmental epidemiologic studies evaluating the effects of environmental pollution on ventilatory defects.
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