In modern poultry industry, it is pointed out that long wavelength acts as a sexually stimulant and short wavelength enhances growth and immunity via sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve stimulation. This nerve stimulation plays pivotal roles and regulates many physiological functions and therefore...
In modern poultry industry, it is pointed out that long wavelength acts as a sexually stimulant and short wavelength enhances growth and immunity via sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve stimulation. This nerve stimulation plays pivotal roles and regulates many physiological functions and therefore may offer exciting new alternatives to enhance poultry production. However, the impact of different monochromatic, combined and mixed light color stimulation on the performance, ovarian morphology, reproductive hormone, biochemical blood parameters, meat quality and immune responses of poultry were studied in several experiments. In chapter 1, a brief review was made on different light colors to know the recent updates on the photostimulation of poultry retina and to enhance production performance. Based on the recent literature review results, it is pointed out that wavelength of light or color has become of interest as it may influence growth and reproduction in domestic fowl. Light color has been confounded with illuminance in many results, wavelength has an unquestionable effect on poultry production. Growth and reproductive responses depends principally on retinal photoreception, whereas photosexual responses are mainly influenced by hypothalamic light reception. In broiler and ducks growth under long wavelength is inferior to that under green and blue light. According to recent literature review, red light acts as a sexually stimulant and blue and green light may increase growth. Consequently, exchange of G and B light would enhance further growth and development of broiler chicks. In order to provide valuable insights into these issues, several experiments were designed and performed that were described in chapter 2, 3, 4 & 5. In chapter 2, we evaluated the effect of monochromatic and combined light emitting diode light color on performance, ovarian morphology, and reproductive hormone and biochemical blood parameters in laying hens. The results showed that higher egg production was found under the monochromatic R and combination R→G treatments, and that heavier eggs were laid by the B and G treatments (p < 0.05). Consequently, better feed conversion ratio was attained in the R→G treatment. Serum follicle stimulating hormone and 17β-estradiol levels were significantly higher in the R and R→G treatments. B treated birds came into production 15 days later than those treated with R light. Organ weight (ovary and stroma) and ovarian follicle numbers (1–3 and 4–6 mm) were significantly higher in R treated birds. Serum glucose and triglyceride contents were significantly higher in the R treatment. Serum IgG concentrations was not influenced by light color. In these laying hens, 14 h R with 2 h G light in the later part of the day increased reproductive hormone levels, ovarian weight, and follicle number and thus increased egg production. Thus, these results suggest that a combination of R→G light may be comparable with monochromatic R light to enhance egg production in laying hens. In chapter 3, In broiler, two consecutive experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of monochromatic and mixed light color on performance, bone, meat quality, blood properties and immunity of broiler chicks. Our results demonstrate that, weight gain during weeks 2–3 increased in the G and G × B groups (P < 0.05). Weight gain was higher (P < 0.05) in the B and G × B treatments at week’s 4–5. Similar weight gains were noted in experiment 2. Monochromatic B and the G × B mixed lighting groups showed increased meat pH, decreased shear force, and L* in both experiments. Birds reared under B light had reduced (P < 0.05) blood glucose in both experiments and reduced HDL and LDL levels in experiment 1. Circulating levels of IgG and IgA were increased with exposure to the monochromatic Y and G treatments at 21 days and to B light at 35 days of age (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the mixed G × B lighting treatment enhanced growth performance and showed similar bone and blood properties and immunity of broiler chicks compared to those of monochromatic G or B light. In chapter 4, For further confirmation, two studies were conducted separately with different combination of LED light wavelengths to evaluate the performance, fatty acid composition and cell mediated immunity of broiler chicks. According to our results, G light birds were numerically heavier at first 7 d. During the 2-3 weeks, weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher in G and lower in R light treatment. In the 4-5 weeks period, significantly (p<0.05) higher weight was obtained in combination R→B→G, R→G and monochromatic B and G treatments. Though the meat quality was non-significant but higher (p<0.05) pH was obtained in R→G treatment. In tibia, bone mineral density was significantly higher in R→G and R→B→G lighting treatments. Serum glucose content was significantly (p<0.05) higher in R→G and R→B→G treatments. Consequently in study 2, body weight and weight gain were increased by the SB treatment from 8-21 d of age (P<0.05). But during the growing period (22-42 days) weight gain was significantly increased by the PB treatment. At 6 weeks of age, PB light treatment had reduced (P < 0.05) blood glucose, total protein, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL levels. Myristic acid, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid contents in breast meat were significantly (p<0.05) increased in PG treatment. Cell mediated immunity was increased under PB to PG (wavelength 450 to 550 nm) light treatments. In experiment 3, it is evident that the application of monochromatic G & B and combination R→G & R→B→G would perform better for the broiler rearing. Therefore in experiment 2 performance, blood and meat quality was enhanced by the PB and SB treatment. In chapter 5, we designed an experiment to evaluate different light color for enhancing the performance, bone, meat, and blood properties and meat fatty acid composition of cherry valley ducks. Our results revealed that, Y and G light did increase body weight and weight gain at first 21d. During the 22–42 d, weight gain was increased in G and B treatments (P < 0.05). Growth performances were also increased by the PG light treatment (P < 0.05) in Expt 2. However, no additional effect was found in weight gain among the BB, SB and GB treatments. Serum cholesterol level was decreased by the PB treatments (P<0.05). The whole blood viscosity was significantly decreased by PG treatments. Ducks reared under PG light would increase MUFA and UFA/SFA by altering the fatty acid composition in muscle. Based on two experiments, monochromatic G light color would increase growth performance, blood properties and muscular fatty acid composition, while providing similar bone and meat properties of cherry valley ducks.
In modern poultry industry, it is pointed out that long wavelength acts as a sexually stimulant and short wavelength enhances growth and immunity via sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve stimulation. This nerve stimulation plays pivotal roles and regulates many physiological functions and therefore may offer exciting new alternatives to enhance poultry production. However, the impact of different monochromatic, combined and mixed light color stimulation on the performance, ovarian morphology, reproductive hormone, biochemical blood parameters, meat quality and immune responses of poultry were studied in several experiments. In chapter 1, a brief review was made on different light colors to know the recent updates on the photostimulation of poultry retina and to enhance production performance. Based on the recent literature review results, it is pointed out that wavelength of light or color has become of interest as it may influence growth and reproduction in domestic fowl. Light color has been confounded with illuminance in many results, wavelength has an unquestionable effect on poultry production. Growth and reproductive responses depends principally on retinal photoreception, whereas photosexual responses are mainly influenced by hypothalamic light reception. In broiler and ducks growth under long wavelength is inferior to that under green and blue light. According to recent literature review, red light acts as a sexually stimulant and blue and green light may increase growth. Consequently, exchange of G and B light would enhance further growth and development of broiler chicks. In order to provide valuable insights into these issues, several experiments were designed and performed that were described in chapter 2, 3, 4 & 5. In chapter 2, we evaluated the effect of monochromatic and combined light emitting diode light color on performance, ovarian morphology, and reproductive hormone and biochemical blood parameters in laying hens. The results showed that higher egg production was found under the monochromatic R and combination R→G treatments, and that heavier eggs were laid by the B and G treatments (p < 0.05). Consequently, better feed conversion ratio was attained in the R→G treatment. Serum follicle stimulating hormone and 17β-estradiol levels were significantly higher in the R and R→G treatments. B treated birds came into production 15 days later than those treated with R light. Organ weight (ovary and stroma) and ovarian follicle numbers (1–3 and 4–6 mm) were significantly higher in R treated birds. Serum glucose and triglyceride contents were significantly higher in the R treatment. Serum IgG concentrations was not influenced by light color. In these laying hens, 14 h R with 2 h G light in the later part of the day increased reproductive hormone levels, ovarian weight, and follicle number and thus increased egg production. Thus, these results suggest that a combination of R→G light may be comparable with monochromatic R light to enhance egg production in laying hens. In chapter 3, In broiler, two consecutive experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of monochromatic and mixed light color on performance, bone, meat quality, blood properties and immunity of broiler chicks. Our results demonstrate that, weight gain during weeks 2–3 increased in the G and G × B groups (P < 0.05). Weight gain was higher (P < 0.05) in the B and G × B treatments at week’s 4–5. Similar weight gains were noted in experiment 2. Monochromatic B and the G × B mixed lighting groups showed increased meat pH, decreased shear force, and L* in both experiments. Birds reared under B light had reduced (P < 0.05) blood glucose in both experiments and reduced HDL and LDL levels in experiment 1. Circulating levels of IgG and IgA were increased with exposure to the monochromatic Y and G treatments at 21 days and to B light at 35 days of age (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the mixed G × B lighting treatment enhanced growth performance and showed similar bone and blood properties and immunity of broiler chicks compared to those of monochromatic G or B light. In chapter 4, For further confirmation, two studies were conducted separately with different combination of LED light wavelengths to evaluate the performance, fatty acid composition and cell mediated immunity of broiler chicks. According to our results, G light birds were numerically heavier at first 7 d. During the 2-3 weeks, weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) higher in G and lower in R light treatment. In the 4-5 weeks period, significantly (p<0.05) higher weight was obtained in combination R→B→G, R→G and monochromatic B and G treatments. Though the meat quality was non-significant but higher (p<0.05) pH was obtained in R→G treatment. In tibia, bone mineral density was significantly higher in R→G and R→B→G lighting treatments. Serum glucose content was significantly (p<0.05) higher in R→G and R→B→G treatments. Consequently in study 2, body weight and weight gain were increased by the SB treatment from 8-21 d of age (P<0.05). But during the growing period (22-42 days) weight gain was significantly increased by the PB treatment. At 6 weeks of age, PB light treatment had reduced (P < 0.05) blood glucose, total protein, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL levels. Myristic acid, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid contents in breast meat were significantly (p<0.05) increased in PG treatment. Cell mediated immunity was increased under PB to PG (wavelength 450 to 550 nm) light treatments. In experiment 3, it is evident that the application of monochromatic G & B and combination R→G & R→B→G would perform better for the broiler rearing. Therefore in experiment 2 performance, blood and meat quality was enhanced by the PB and SB treatment. In chapter 5, we designed an experiment to evaluate different light color for enhancing the performance, bone, meat, and blood properties and meat fatty acid composition of cherry valley ducks. Our results revealed that, Y and G light did increase body weight and weight gain at first 21d. During the 22–42 d, weight gain was increased in G and B treatments (P < 0.05). Growth performances were also increased by the PG light treatment (P < 0.05) in Expt 2. However, no additional effect was found in weight gain among the BB, SB and GB treatments. Serum cholesterol level was decreased by the PB treatments (P<0.05). The whole blood viscosity was significantly decreased by PG treatments. Ducks reared under PG light would increase MUFA and UFA/SFA by altering the fatty acid composition in muscle. Based on two experiments, monochromatic G light color would increase growth performance, blood properties and muscular fatty acid composition, while providing similar bone and meat properties of cherry valley ducks.
Keyword
#LED light Performance Blood meat and fatty acid Immunity Poultry
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