내분비계 장애물질(Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, EDCs)은 생명체의 체내에 축적되어 정상적인 내분비계 작용기작에 비정상적인 영향을 주는 합성 또는 자연적인 상태의 화학물질이다. 내분비계장애물질은 생체내의 섬세한 호르몬계에 영향을 주기 때문에 극미량으로도 생식기능에 이상을 나타낼 수 있으며, 먹이사슬을 통해 사람이나 동물의 체내에 축적되어 생식기능 저하와 기형 등을 유발하는 것으로 전해지고 있으며, 급만성 독성과는 달리 차세대에 영향이 발현될 수 있다는 특성을 가지고 있어 이에 대한 위험성이 더욱 강조되어 관리되고 있다.
본 연구에서는 최근 다양한 산업분야에서의 사용량 증가에 따라 사회적으로 문제가 대두되고 있는 내분비계 장애물질 중 대표물질인 ...
내분비계 장애물질(Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, EDCs)은 생명체의 체내에 축적되어 정상적인 내분비계 작용기작에 비정상적인 영향을 주는 합성 또는 자연적인 상태의 화학물질이다. 내분비계장애물질은 생체내의 섬세한 호르몬계에 영향을 주기 때문에 극미량으로도 생식기능에 이상을 나타낼 수 있으며, 먹이사슬을 통해 사람이나 동물의 체내에 축적되어 생식기능 저하와 기형 등을 유발하는 것으로 전해지고 있으며, 급만성 독성과는 달리 차세대에 영향이 발현될 수 있다는 특성을 가지고 있어 이에 대한 위험성이 더욱 강조되어 관리되고 있다.
본 연구에서는 최근 다양한 산업분야에서의 사용량 증가에 따라 사회적으로 문제가 대두되고 있는 내분비계 장애물질 중 대표물질인 비스페놀 A에 대해 활성탄 처리공정에서의 흡착 특성을 살펴보기 위해 정수처리에 사용되는 입상활성탄을 석탄계와 야자계로 구분하여, 조건에 따른 흡착 특성을 관찰하였다. 활성탄 흡착 실험에 적용한 영향 조건들은 활성탄 주입농도, pH, 접촉시간, 수온 및 비스페놀 A의 유입농도로 이를 변화시켜 회분식실험으로진행하였으며,활성탄종류별로등온흡착모델식 Freundlich와Langmuir식에적용하여비스페놀 A의 흡착능을 평가하였다.
활성탄 종류별 주입량에 따른 비스페놀 A의 흡착 효율은 고도정수처리공정 설계 접촉시간(EBCT) 15분을 기준으로 활성탄 주입량을 5mg/L로 했을 때 F-400 34.6%, W Coal 38.1%, W Coconut 35.2%의 제거율을 보였으며, 활성탄 주입량을 기존 표준정수처리 운영의 분말활성탄 최대 주입농도인 30mg/L로 주입하였을 경우 F-400 91.7%, W Coal 92.8%, W Coconut 98.2%의 흡착율을 보였다. 이는 활성탄 주입량에 따라 흡착 제거효율이 높아지는 것을 의미하며, 수중에 오염된 비스페놀 A 물질이 활성탄 흡착에 의한 제거 효과가 높은 것으로 판단된다.
pH에 따른 흡착 효율은 pH 4.0, pH 7.0, pH 10.0의 조건에서 접촉시간 15분 일 때, 활성탄 F-400, W Coal, W Coconut 모두 비스페놀 A의 흡착율이 약 98~99%로 나타나 비스페놀 A는 활성탄 흡착시 pH 영향을 크게 받지 않는 것으로 판단되었으며, 접촉시간에 따른 비스페놀 A 흡착제거는 활성탄 주입농도 20mg/L의 조건실험에서, 초기 1분 F-400은 73.6%, W Coal 73.2%, W Coconut 71.8%를 나타냈으며, 5분의 경우 각각 94.9%, 94.6%, 92.7%로 높은 흡착 제거효율을 보였다. 이는 비스페놀 A 물질에 대한 활성탄 흡착 능력은 고도정수처리공정 접촉시간(EBCT)인 15분보다 빠른 단시간 내에 흡착제거가 이루어지는 것으로 판단된다.
수온에 의한 흡착 영향을 고찰하기 위해 4℃, 20℃, 30℃의 조건에서 실험한 결과 수온변화에 따른 비스페놀 A의 활성탄 흡착은 3종류의 활성탄 모두 4℃, 접촉시간 5분에서 낮은 흡착 제거율을 보였으며, 접촉시간 10분 이후부터 흡착제거 효율이 높아지는 것으로 확인되었는데, 이는 활성탄 흡착 초기 낮은 수온의 영향으로 확산속도가 작았기 때문으로 판단된다.
비스페놀 A 유입수 농도에 의한 활성탄 흡착제거 변화는 유입농도 1mg/L인 경우 초기 5분에서 F-400 94.9%, W Coal 94.6%, W Coconut 92.7%로 높은 제거율을 보였으나, 농도가 3mg/L인 조건에서 각각 81.4%, 75.0%, 65.1%의 낮은 제거 효율을 나타내었다. 접촉시간 15분의 경우 비스페놀 A 1mg/L은 3종의 활성탄에서 평균 약 98%의 높은 제거율을 보였으나, 비스페놀 A 3mg/L의 경우 약 72~88%범위로 제거율이 낮아지는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 이는 고농도의 오염원수 처리 시 활성탄 주입량을 늘리거나 접촉시간을 크게 하는 것을 고려해야 할 것으로 판단된다.
활성탄 흡착특성을 Freundlich와 Langmuir 등온흡착식에 적용하여 분석한 결과 석탄계 입상활성탄인 F-400, W사 석탄계는 Freundlich 등온 흡착모델식에서 상관계수 R2이 각각 0.9251, 0.9612로 높게 해석되었으며, W사 야자계 입상활성탄은 Langmuir 등온 흡착모델식에서 상관계수 R2이 0.9956으로 적용성이 높은 상관성을 나타내었다.
비스페놀 A에 대한 활성탄 종류별 영향인자에 따른 흡착특성은 석탄계, 야자계 입상활성탄 모두 흡착제거 효율이 매우 높은 것으로 확인되었으며, 이는 현재 우리나라의 고도정수처리공정 중 활성탄 흡착공정에서 비스페놀 A 물질이 효과적으로 제거될 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.
내분비계 장애물질(Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, EDCs)은 생명체의 체내에 축적되어 정상적인 내분비계 작용기작에 비정상적인 영향을 주는 합성 또는 자연적인 상태의 화학물질이다. 내분비계장애물질은 생체내의 섬세한 호르몬계에 영향을 주기 때문에 극미량으로도 생식기능에 이상을 나타낼 수 있으며, 먹이사슬을 통해 사람이나 동물의 체내에 축적되어 생식기능 저하와 기형 등을 유발하는 것으로 전해지고 있으며, 급만성 독성과는 달리 차세대에 영향이 발현될 수 있다는 특성을 가지고 있어 이에 대한 위험성이 더욱 강조되어 관리되고 있다.
본 연구에서는 최근 다양한 산업분야에서의 사용량 증가에 따라 사회적으로 문제가 대두되고 있는 내분비계 장애물질 중 대표물질인 비스페놀 A에 대해 활성탄 처리공정에서의 흡착 특성을 살펴보기 위해 정수처리에 사용되는 입상활성탄을 석탄계와 야자계로 구분하여, 조건에 따른 흡착 특성을 관찰하였다. 활성탄 흡착 실험에 적용한 영향 조건들은 활성탄 주입농도, pH, 접촉시간, 수온 및 비스페놀 A의 유입농도로 이를 변화시켜 회분식실험으로진행하였으며,활성탄종류별로등온흡착모델식 Freundlich와Langmuir식에적용하여비스페놀 A의 흡착능을 평가하였다.
활성탄 종류별 주입량에 따른 비스페놀 A의 흡착 효율은 고도정수처리공정 설계 접촉시간(EBCT) 15분을 기준으로 활성탄 주입량을 5mg/L로 했을 때 F-400 34.6%, W Coal 38.1%, W Coconut 35.2%의 제거율을 보였으며, 활성탄 주입량을 기존 표준정수처리 운영의 분말활성탄 최대 주입농도인 30mg/L로 주입하였을 경우 F-400 91.7%, W Coal 92.8%, W Coconut 98.2%의 흡착율을 보였다. 이는 활성탄 주입량에 따라 흡착 제거효율이 높아지는 것을 의미하며, 수중에 오염된 비스페놀 A 물질이 활성탄 흡착에 의한 제거 효과가 높은 것으로 판단된다.
pH에 따른 흡착 효율은 pH 4.0, pH 7.0, pH 10.0의 조건에서 접촉시간 15분 일 때, 활성탄 F-400, W Coal, W Coconut 모두 비스페놀 A의 흡착율이 약 98~99%로 나타나 비스페놀 A는 활성탄 흡착시 pH 영향을 크게 받지 않는 것으로 판단되었으며, 접촉시간에 따른 비스페놀 A 흡착제거는 활성탄 주입농도 20mg/L의 조건실험에서, 초기 1분 F-400은 73.6%, W Coal 73.2%, W Coconut 71.8%를 나타냈으며, 5분의 경우 각각 94.9%, 94.6%, 92.7%로 높은 흡착 제거효율을 보였다. 이는 비스페놀 A 물질에 대한 활성탄 흡착 능력은 고도정수처리공정 접촉시간(EBCT)인 15분보다 빠른 단시간 내에 흡착제거가 이루어지는 것으로 판단된다.
수온에 의한 흡착 영향을 고찰하기 위해 4℃, 20℃, 30℃의 조건에서 실험한 결과 수온변화에 따른 비스페놀 A의 활성탄 흡착은 3종류의 활성탄 모두 4℃, 접촉시간 5분에서 낮은 흡착 제거율을 보였으며, 접촉시간 10분 이후부터 흡착제거 효율이 높아지는 것으로 확인되었는데, 이는 활성탄 흡착 초기 낮은 수온의 영향으로 확산속도가 작았기 때문으로 판단된다.
비스페놀 A 유입수 농도에 의한 활성탄 흡착제거 변화는 유입농도 1mg/L인 경우 초기 5분에서 F-400 94.9%, W Coal 94.6%, W Coconut 92.7%로 높은 제거율을 보였으나, 농도가 3mg/L인 조건에서 각각 81.4%, 75.0%, 65.1%의 낮은 제거 효율을 나타내었다. 접촉시간 15분의 경우 비스페놀 A 1mg/L은 3종의 활성탄에서 평균 약 98%의 높은 제거율을 보였으나, 비스페놀 A 3mg/L의 경우 약 72~88%범위로 제거율이 낮아지는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 이는 고농도의 오염원수 처리 시 활성탄 주입량을 늘리거나 접촉시간을 크게 하는 것을 고려해야 할 것으로 판단된다.
활성탄 흡착특성을 Freundlich와 Langmuir 등온흡착식에 적용하여 분석한 결과 석탄계 입상활성탄인 F-400, W사 석탄계는 Freundlich 등온 흡착모델식에서 상관계수 R2이 각각 0.9251, 0.9612로 높게 해석되었으며, W사 야자계 입상활성탄은 Langmuir 등온 흡착모델식에서 상관계수 R2이 0.9956으로 적용성이 높은 상관성을 나타내었다.
비스페놀 A에 대한 활성탄 종류별 영향인자에 따른 흡착특성은 석탄계, 야자계 입상활성탄 모두 흡착제거 효율이 매우 높은 것으로 확인되었으며, 이는 현재 우리나라의 고도정수처리공정 중 활성탄 흡착공정에서 비스페놀 A 물질이 효과적으로 제거될 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are accumulated in the body of organisms serving as synthetic or natural chemical compounds that abnormally influence on the normal endocrine action mechanisms. EDCs tend to influence on subtle hormone system in the body. Therefore, it is known that only a minim...
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are accumulated in the body of organisms serving as synthetic or natural chemical compounds that abnormally influence on the normal endocrine action mechanisms. EDCs tend to influence on subtle hormone system in the body. Therefore, it is known that only a minimum quantity of them is able to cause abnormal generative functions as well as deterioration and deformation on the generative functions after being accumulated on the body of either humans or animals through food chain. Unlike the chronic toxicity, EDCs might cause an influence on the next generation that risk was more emphasized and hence properly managed hereof.
This study has classified active carbon particles used for purification process into the coal-based type and coconut-based type in order to identify the characteristics of adsorption removal of the representative EDCs, bisphenol-A, in the advanced purification process of activated carbon that became a social issue as the amount of usage was being increased in diverse industrial fields. Hereupon, characteristics of adsorption removal were observed according to the absorptive influence conditions. As for conditions of influence applied in the absorption experiment of activated carbons, a chance in the concentration of inserted activated carbons, pH, contacting time, water temperature, and concentration of bisphenol-A was given to proceed a batch test. Isothermal adsorption model equations of Freundlich and Langmuir were applied according to each type of activated carbon evaluating the adsorption function of bisphenol-A.
Efficiency of adsorption removal of bisphenol-A according to the amount of injection of each type of activated carbons represented the removal rate of F-400 34.6%, W Coal 38.1%, W Coconut 35.2% when applying 5 mg/L of injection amount on a basis of 15 minutes of EBCT in the advanced water purification process. If injecting activated carbons as much as the maximum amount of powder activated carbons in the operation of existing standardized water purification process of 30 mg/L, adsorption removal rate was shown as F-400 91.7%, W Coal 92.8%, W Coconut 98.2%. This indicates that the adsorption removal efficiency increased along with the amount of injected activated carbons. Therefore, it is determined that bisphenol-A contaminated in the water was highly efficient in adsorption removal of activated carbons.
Efficiency of adsorption removal of bisphenol-A based on acid density was shown in a range of about 98 to 99% on all of the F-400, W Coal, W Coconut for activated carbons in pH 4.0, pH 7.0, pH 10.0 and contacting time of 15 minutes. Bisphenol-A seemed not to be significantly influenced by pH when adsorption activated carbons. Adsorption removal of bisphenol-A based on the contacting time was shown as F-400 73.6%, W Coal 73.2%, W Coconut 71.8% in the first one minute when applying 20 mg/L of injection amount of activated carbons. In the case of maintaining 5 minutes, each of them was shown as 94.9%, 94.6%, 92.7% representing higher adsorption removal efficiency. Hereupon, as for adsorption capability of activated carbons in the bisphenol-A, it was determined that adsorption removal was performed shorter than EBCT of 15 minutes in the advanced water purification process.
According to the result of experimenting in the conditions of 4℃, 20℃, 30℃ in order to examine the influence of adsorption from water temperature, changes in the adsorption removal of activated carbons for bisphenol-A based on modifications in water temperature were represented with a lower adsorption removal rate in 4℃ and contacting time of 5 minutes. It was also confirmed that adsorption removal efficiency was increased after the contacting time passed 10 minute. This seems to be how dispersion speed was reduced due to influence of initially low water temperature of adsorption for activated carbons.
As for changes of adsorption removal for activated carbons based on concentration of inlet water of bisphenol-A, a higher removal rate was shown as F-400 94.9%, W Coal 94.6%, W Coconut 92.7% in the first 5 minutes if the concentration of injection was 1 mg/L. However, a lower removal efficiency of 81.4%, 75.0%, 65.1% from F-400, W Coal, and W Coconut, respectively, was shown in the concentration of 3 mg/L. In the contacting time of 15 minutes, bisphenol-A 1mg/L represented a higher removal rate of approximately 98% in average from three types of activated carbons. However, in case of bisphenol-A 3 mg/L, it was confirmed that removal rate was reduced up to approximately 72 to 88%. This seems to be how injection amount of activated carbon should be increased, or enough contacting time should be fully considered when processing contaminated water in the higher concentration.
According to the result of applying adsorption characteristics of activated carbons into isothermal adsorption equations of Freundlich and Langmuir, active carbon particles in the carboniferous system, F-400 and W Coal, had higher correlation coefficient of R2 to be 0.9251 and 0.9612 in the Freundlich isothermal adsorption equation. Active carbon particles in W-Coconut-based type represented a higher correlation on the application as shown with correlation coefficient of R2 to be 0.9956 in the Langmuir isothermal absorption model.
In conclusion, adsorption characteristics from the influence factors in each type of activated carbons on the bisphenol-A were confirmed to have a very high efficiency in adsorption removal active carbon particles on both in the coal-base type and coconut-based type. From this conclusion, it seems that adsorption process of activated carbons among the advanced water purification process in Korea was very appropriate in purifying water when causing water contamination on the bisphenol-A substance.
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are accumulated in the body of organisms serving as synthetic or natural chemical compounds that abnormally influence on the normal endocrine action mechanisms. EDCs tend to influence on subtle hormone system in the body. Therefore, it is known that only a minimum quantity of them is able to cause abnormal generative functions as well as deterioration and deformation on the generative functions after being accumulated on the body of either humans or animals through food chain. Unlike the chronic toxicity, EDCs might cause an influence on the next generation that risk was more emphasized and hence properly managed hereof.
This study has classified active carbon particles used for purification process into the coal-based type and coconut-based type in order to identify the characteristics of adsorption removal of the representative EDCs, bisphenol-A, in the advanced purification process of activated carbon that became a social issue as the amount of usage was being increased in diverse industrial fields. Hereupon, characteristics of adsorption removal were observed according to the absorptive influence conditions. As for conditions of influence applied in the absorption experiment of activated carbons, a chance in the concentration of inserted activated carbons, pH, contacting time, water temperature, and concentration of bisphenol-A was given to proceed a batch test. Isothermal adsorption model equations of Freundlich and Langmuir were applied according to each type of activated carbon evaluating the adsorption function of bisphenol-A.
Efficiency of adsorption removal of bisphenol-A according to the amount of injection of each type of activated carbons represented the removal rate of F-400 34.6%, W Coal 38.1%, W Coconut 35.2% when applying 5 mg/L of injection amount on a basis of 15 minutes of EBCT in the advanced water purification process. If injecting activated carbons as much as the maximum amount of powder activated carbons in the operation of existing standardized water purification process of 30 mg/L, adsorption removal rate was shown as F-400 91.7%, W Coal 92.8%, W Coconut 98.2%. This indicates that the adsorption removal efficiency increased along with the amount of injected activated carbons. Therefore, it is determined that bisphenol-A contaminated in the water was highly efficient in adsorption removal of activated carbons.
Efficiency of adsorption removal of bisphenol-A based on acid density was shown in a range of about 98 to 99% on all of the F-400, W Coal, W Coconut for activated carbons in pH 4.0, pH 7.0, pH 10.0 and contacting time of 15 minutes. Bisphenol-A seemed not to be significantly influenced by pH when adsorption activated carbons. Adsorption removal of bisphenol-A based on the contacting time was shown as F-400 73.6%, W Coal 73.2%, W Coconut 71.8% in the first one minute when applying 20 mg/L of injection amount of activated carbons. In the case of maintaining 5 minutes, each of them was shown as 94.9%, 94.6%, 92.7% representing higher adsorption removal efficiency. Hereupon, as for adsorption capability of activated carbons in the bisphenol-A, it was determined that adsorption removal was performed shorter than EBCT of 15 minutes in the advanced water purification process.
According to the result of experimenting in the conditions of 4℃, 20℃, 30℃ in order to examine the influence of adsorption from water temperature, changes in the adsorption removal of activated carbons for bisphenol-A based on modifications in water temperature were represented with a lower adsorption removal rate in 4℃ and contacting time of 5 minutes. It was also confirmed that adsorption removal efficiency was increased after the contacting time passed 10 minute. This seems to be how dispersion speed was reduced due to influence of initially low water temperature of adsorption for activated carbons.
As for changes of adsorption removal for activated carbons based on concentration of inlet water of bisphenol-A, a higher removal rate was shown as F-400 94.9%, W Coal 94.6%, W Coconut 92.7% in the first 5 minutes if the concentration of injection was 1 mg/L. However, a lower removal efficiency of 81.4%, 75.0%, 65.1% from F-400, W Coal, and W Coconut, respectively, was shown in the concentration of 3 mg/L. In the contacting time of 15 minutes, bisphenol-A 1mg/L represented a higher removal rate of approximately 98% in average from three types of activated carbons. However, in case of bisphenol-A 3 mg/L, it was confirmed that removal rate was reduced up to approximately 72 to 88%. This seems to be how injection amount of activated carbon should be increased, or enough contacting time should be fully considered when processing contaminated water in the higher concentration.
According to the result of applying adsorption characteristics of activated carbons into isothermal adsorption equations of Freundlich and Langmuir, active carbon particles in the carboniferous system, F-400 and W Coal, had higher correlation coefficient of R2 to be 0.9251 and 0.9612 in the Freundlich isothermal adsorption equation. Active carbon particles in W-Coconut-based type represented a higher correlation on the application as shown with correlation coefficient of R2 to be 0.9956 in the Langmuir isothermal absorption model.
In conclusion, adsorption characteristics from the influence factors in each type of activated carbons on the bisphenol-A were confirmed to have a very high efficiency in adsorption removal active carbon particles on both in the coal-base type and coconut-based type. From this conclusion, it seems that adsorption process of activated carbons among the advanced water purification process in Korea was very appropriate in purifying water when causing water contamination on the bisphenol-A substance.
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