본 연구에서는 유기농 인삼을 재배하는 답전윤환지와 밭의 토양 특성을 비교·분석하였고, 유기농 인삼 뿌리의 생육 특성과 진세노사이드 함량을 관행 인삼과 비교·분석하였으며, 유기농 인삼의 점무늬병과 탄저병에 대한 유황 등의 친환경 자재의 억제 효과를 조사하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 유기농 인삼을 재배하는 답전윤환지와 밭의 토양 화학성 중 pH, 그리고 유기물, ...
본 연구에서는 유기농 인삼을 재배하는 답전윤환지와 밭의 토양 특성을 비교·분석하였고, 유기농 인삼 뿌리의 생육 특성과 진세노사이드 함량을 관행 인삼과 비교·분석하였으며, 유기농 인삼의 점무늬병과 탄저병에 대한 유황 등의 친환경 자재의 억제 효과를 조사하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 유기농 인삼을 재배하는 답전윤환지와 밭의 토양 화학성 중 pH, 그리고 유기물, 질산태질소, 칼륨, 칼슘 함량과 밭의 유효인산 함량은 적합범위에 분포하고 있었고, EC와 답전윤환지의 유효인산 함량은 적합범위를 벗어났지만 허용범위에 들었으며, 답전윤환지와 밭 토양 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 2. 토양 미생물 중 토양중의 양분상태를 나타내는 그램양성균/그램음성균 비율은 답전윤환지와 밭 간에 차이가 없었으며 토양 수분 상태를 나타내는 호기성균/혐기성균 비율은 답전윤환지와 밭에서 차이가 적었다. 토양 미생물의 스트레스 지표로 활용되는 포화지방산/불포화지방산은 답전윤환지가 더 높았으나 밭과 비교하여 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 3. 토양 동물중 선충의 밀도는 답전윤환지와 밭 재배지 간에 차이가 적었으며 소형절지동물의 개체밀도는 약 2,000∼6,000 개체·m-2로서 비교적 낮은 수준이었고 답전윤환지와 밭 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 4. 근중과 동직경은 관행 인삼 보다 유기농 인삼이 현저히 작았지만 근장은 차이가 없었고 체형계수는 유기농 인삼에서 작아서 유기농 인삼이 가늘고 긴 특징을 보였다. 5. 토양 pH, 유기물 함량과 치환성 Mg, Na, Ca 함량은 유기농 재배와 관행 간 차이가 없었고, EC는 유기농 재배지와 관행 재배지에서 모두 인삼의 적정 토양 화학성 기준치를 초과하였으며 대체로 관행 재배 토양에서 더 높은 경우가 많았다. 질산태질소, 유효인산, 치환성 칼륨 함량도 관행 재배지에서 더 높았으며 인삼 적정 토양 화학성 기준치 보다 높은 경향을 보였다. 6. 총 진세노사이드 함량과 PD계열의 사포닌인 Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd의 함량은 관행 인삼보다 유기농 인삼에서 더 높은 경향을 보였다. 7. 토양의 pH는 개별 진세노사이드 Rb2 및 Rd와 부의 상관관계를 보였고 질산태질소는 Rd와 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 유효인산 함량은 Rb1, Rc, PD/PT비율과 부의 상관관계를 보였지만 다른 치환성 염기들은 진세노사이드와 유의성 있는 상관관계를 보여주지 않았다. 8. 황토유황합제의 경우 유황농도가 0.06%까지, 발효황토유황합제의 경우 0.13%까지 약해가 발생하지 않았다. 9. 유황 자재의 치료 효과에서는 석회유황합제 400배액이 가장 높은 방제 효과를 보였고 발효황토유황합제 20배액, 발효황토유황합제 40배액, 석회유황합제 400배액 순으로 효과가 낮아졌다. 예방 효과에서는 발효황토유황합제 40배액이 가장 높은 방제 효과를 보였다. 10. 친환경 자재 중 인삼 점무늬병에 억제 효과를 보인 자재는 천연칼슘, 녹차 추출물, 홍삼박술 등이었으며 인삼 탄저병에 억제 효과를 보인 자재는 게 껍질 발효액과 익모초 자연 발효액이었다. 11. 자가 제조 친환경 자재는 대체로 치료 효과보다 예방 효과가 더 컸다.
본 연구에서는 유기농 인삼을 재배하는 답전윤환지와 밭의 토양 특성을 비교·분석하였고, 유기농 인삼 뿌리의 생육 특성과 진세노사이드 함량을 관행 인삼과 비교·분석하였으며, 유기농 인삼의 점무늬병과 탄저병에 대한 유황 등의 친환경 자재의 억제 효과를 조사하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 유기농 인삼을 재배하는 답전윤환지와 밭의 토양 화학성 중 pH, 그리고 유기물, 질산태질소, 칼륨, 칼슘 함량과 밭의 유효인산 함량은 적합범위에 분포하고 있었고, EC와 답전윤환지의 유효인산 함량은 적합범위를 벗어났지만 허용범위에 들었으며, 답전윤환지와 밭 토양 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 2. 토양 미생물 중 토양중의 양분상태를 나타내는 그램양성균/그램음성균 비율은 답전윤환지와 밭 간에 차이가 없었으며 토양 수분 상태를 나타내는 호기성균/혐기성균 비율은 답전윤환지와 밭에서 차이가 적었다. 토양 미생물의 스트레스 지표로 활용되는 포화지방산/불포화지방산은 답전윤환지가 더 높았으나 밭과 비교하여 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 3. 토양 동물중 선충의 밀도는 답전윤환지와 밭 재배지 간에 차이가 적었으며 소형절지동물의 개체밀도는 약 2,000∼6,000 개체·m-2로서 비교적 낮은 수준이었고 답전윤환지와 밭 간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 4. 근중과 동직경은 관행 인삼 보다 유기농 인삼이 현저히 작았지만 근장은 차이가 없었고 체형계수는 유기농 인삼에서 작아서 유기농 인삼이 가늘고 긴 특징을 보였다. 5. 토양 pH, 유기물 함량과 치환성 Mg, Na, Ca 함량은 유기농 재배와 관행 간 차이가 없었고, EC는 유기농 재배지와 관행 재배지에서 모두 인삼의 적정 토양 화학성 기준치를 초과하였으며 대체로 관행 재배 토양에서 더 높은 경우가 많았다. 질산태질소, 유효인산, 치환성 칼륨 함량도 관행 재배지에서 더 높았으며 인삼 적정 토양 화학성 기준치 보다 높은 경향을 보였다. 6. 총 진세노사이드 함량과 PD계열의 사포닌인 Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd의 함량은 관행 인삼보다 유기농 인삼에서 더 높은 경향을 보였다. 7. 토양의 pH는 개별 진세노사이드 Rb2 및 Rd와 부의 상관관계를 보였고 질산태질소는 Rd와 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 유효인산 함량은 Rb1, Rc, PD/PT비율과 부의 상관관계를 보였지만 다른 치환성 염기들은 진세노사이드와 유의성 있는 상관관계를 보여주지 않았다. 8. 황토유황합제의 경우 유황농도가 0.06%까지, 발효황토유황합제의 경우 0.13%까지 약해가 발생하지 않았다. 9. 유황 자재의 치료 효과에서는 석회유황합제 400배액이 가장 높은 방제 효과를 보였고 발효황토유황합제 20배액, 발효황토유황합제 40배액, 석회유황합제 400배액 순으로 효과가 낮아졌다. 예방 효과에서는 발효황토유황합제 40배액이 가장 높은 방제 효과를 보였다. 10. 친환경 자재 중 인삼 점무늬병에 억제 효과를 보인 자재는 천연칼슘, 녹차 추출물, 홍삼박술 등이었으며 인삼 탄저병에 억제 효과를 보인 자재는 게 껍질 발효액과 익모초 자연 발효액이었다. 11. 자가 제조 친환경 자재는 대체로 치료 효과보다 예방 효과가 더 컸다.
This research was carried out in order to establish an organic ginseng cultivation system using analyses of soil conditions, ginseng roots, and environment-friendly materials. The soil characteristics of organic paddy and an upland ginseng fields were analyzed and compared. In addition, the root and...
This research was carried out in order to establish an organic ginseng cultivation system using analyses of soil conditions, ginseng roots, and environment-friendly materials. The soil characteristics of organic paddy and an upland ginseng fields were analyzed and compared. In addition, the root and soil characteristics of both a conventional and an organic ginseng field were analyzed and compared. The suppressive effect of sulfur-containing compounds and homemade environment-friendly materials on the ginseng diseases anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and leaf spot disease (Alternaria panax) were also investigated. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The acidity, organic matter content, NO3-N, K, Ca, and P2O5 concentrations of the soils in the upland field were within recommended ranges. Both the electrical conductivity of the upland field and the P2O5 content of the paddy field exceeded the recommended range, but were within the permissible range. With respect to these characteristics, there were no significant differences between the soils of the converted paddy field and the upland ginseng field. 2. The ratio of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial populations that indicates nutrient statuses of the soil microorganisms were not significantly different between paddies and uplands. The ratio of aerobes to anaerobes represents the moisture status of the soil microorganisms, which did not differ significantly between the soils of paddies and uplands. The ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations are used as indicators of soil microbial stress, which was found to be greater in the paddy field than in the upland field; however, there was no significant difference between the soils of paddies and uplands. 3. The population density of nematodes in the soil differed less between the paddy field and upland soils, with the population densities of individual microarthropod species being relatively low, approximately 2,000?6,000 individuals per square metre. There was no significant difference between the paddy and the upland field soils. 4. The root weight and diameter of the organic ginseng roots were smaller than those of conventionally grown ginseng, but the root length did not differ significantly between organic and conventional ginseng. The root shape index of organic ginseng was smaller than that of conventional ginseng. In addition, the organic ginseng roots were elongated. 5. The acidity, organic matter, Mg, Na, and Ca contents were not significantly different between the organic ginseng field and conventional ginseng field soils. The electrical conductivity of the organic ginseng field and conventional ginseng field both exceeded the recommended range, with the soil of the conventional ginseng field having a higher conductivity than that of the organic ginseng field. NO3-N, P2O5, and K were present in higher concentrations in the soil of the conventional ginseng field than in that of the organic ginseng field, with concentrations in both exceeding the recommended range. 6. The total ginsenoside and protopanaxadiol saponin contents were higher in organic ginseng than in ginseng produced via conventional farming techniques. 7. The acidity of the soils was negatively correlated with their ginsenoside Rb2 and Rd content, while the NO3-N content of the soils was negatively correlated with the ginsenoside Rd content. In addition, P2O5 content was negatively correlated with the concentrations of ginsenosides Rb1, and Rc, and PD/PT ratio. Organic matter content were positively correlated with ginsenoside Re content. Exchangeable bases were not correlated with ginsenoside content. 8. Treatment with a loess-sulfur complex containing 0.06% sulfur, and a fermented loess-sulfur complex containing 0.13% sulfur did not inflict any chemical injury on ginseng leaves. 9. Treatment with a lime sulfur complex at 400 dilution demonstrated the highest ginseng anthracnose control value, followed by fermented loess-sulfur complex 20 dilution, fermented loess-sulfur complex 40 dilution, and loess-sulfur complex 400 dilution treatments. These compounds were applied before the outbreak of anthracnose disease, in order to measure their preventive efficacy. In this case, treatment with a fermented loess-sulfur complex 40 dilution exhibited the highest control value. 10. Fermented eggs and oyster shells, a water-based extract of green tea, and an ethanol extract of red ginseng dregs were significantly effective in suppressing leaf spot disease. Fermented crab and shrimp shells, as well as fermented motherwort were also effective in suppressing the recurrence of ginseng anthracnose. 11. The preventive effects of these environment-friendly materials were significantly greater than their therapeutic effects.
This research was carried out in order to establish an organic ginseng cultivation system using analyses of soil conditions, ginseng roots, and environment-friendly materials. The soil characteristics of organic paddy and an upland ginseng fields were analyzed and compared. In addition, the root and soil characteristics of both a conventional and an organic ginseng field were analyzed and compared. The suppressive effect of sulfur-containing compounds and homemade environment-friendly materials on the ginseng diseases anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) and leaf spot disease (Alternaria panax) were also investigated. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The acidity, organic matter content, NO3-N, K, Ca, and P2O5 concentrations of the soils in the upland field were within recommended ranges. Both the electrical conductivity of the upland field and the P2O5 content of the paddy field exceeded the recommended range, but were within the permissible range. With respect to these characteristics, there were no significant differences between the soils of the converted paddy field and the upland ginseng field. 2. The ratio of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial populations that indicates nutrient statuses of the soil microorganisms were not significantly different between paddies and uplands. The ratio of aerobes to anaerobes represents the moisture status of the soil microorganisms, which did not differ significantly between the soils of paddies and uplands. The ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid concentrations are used as indicators of soil microbial stress, which was found to be greater in the paddy field than in the upland field; however, there was no significant difference between the soils of paddies and uplands. 3. The population density of nematodes in the soil differed less between the paddy field and upland soils, with the population densities of individual microarthropod species being relatively low, approximately 2,000?6,000 individuals per square metre. There was no significant difference between the paddy and the upland field soils. 4. The root weight and diameter of the organic ginseng roots were smaller than those of conventionally grown ginseng, but the root length did not differ significantly between organic and conventional ginseng. The root shape index of organic ginseng was smaller than that of conventional ginseng. In addition, the organic ginseng roots were elongated. 5. The acidity, organic matter, Mg, Na, and Ca contents were not significantly different between the organic ginseng field and conventional ginseng field soils. The electrical conductivity of the organic ginseng field and conventional ginseng field both exceeded the recommended range, with the soil of the conventional ginseng field having a higher conductivity than that of the organic ginseng field. NO3-N, P2O5, and K were present in higher concentrations in the soil of the conventional ginseng field than in that of the organic ginseng field, with concentrations in both exceeding the recommended range. 6. The total ginsenoside and protopanaxadiol saponin contents were higher in organic ginseng than in ginseng produced via conventional farming techniques. 7. The acidity of the soils was negatively correlated with their ginsenoside Rb2 and Rd content, while the NO3-N content of the soils was negatively correlated with the ginsenoside Rd content. In addition, P2O5 content was negatively correlated with the concentrations of ginsenosides Rb1, and Rc, and PD/PT ratio. Organic matter content were positively correlated with ginsenoside Re content. Exchangeable bases were not correlated with ginsenoside content. 8. Treatment with a loess-sulfur complex containing 0.06% sulfur, and a fermented loess-sulfur complex containing 0.13% sulfur did not inflict any chemical injury on ginseng leaves. 9. Treatment with a lime sulfur complex at 400 dilution demonstrated the highest ginseng anthracnose control value, followed by fermented loess-sulfur complex 20 dilution, fermented loess-sulfur complex 40 dilution, and loess-sulfur complex 400 dilution treatments. These compounds were applied before the outbreak of anthracnose disease, in order to measure their preventive efficacy. In this case, treatment with a fermented loess-sulfur complex 40 dilution exhibited the highest control value. 10. Fermented eggs and oyster shells, a water-based extract of green tea, and an ethanol extract of red ginseng dregs were significantly effective in suppressing leaf spot disease. Fermented crab and shrimp shells, as well as fermented motherwort were also effective in suppressing the recurrence of ginseng anthracnose. 11. The preventive effects of these environment-friendly materials were significantly greater than their therapeutic effects.
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