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본 연구는 미국 현지 기업 입장에서 한-미 FTA 활용에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 도출하고, FTA 활용과 기업성과 간의 관계를 규명함으로써 한미 양국 기업의 한-미 FTA 활용 극대화를 위한 정책적 시사점이 무엇인지를 파악하는데 그 목적을 두었다. 이 같은 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 한-미FTA 발효 이후 4년간의 교역변화, 양국간 무역의존성, 수출입의 외연적 성장 및 FTA 활용률을 바탕으로 한-미 FTA의 성과를 평가하고 한-미 FTA 이행 과정에서 제기되는 FTA 활용 장애요인을 분석하였다. 또 미국 현지기업들을 대상으로 한-미 FTA 활용도와 기업성과에 미치는 영향을 가설설정과 검증을 통해 실증분석하였다. 미국 현지 기업을 대상으로 실시한 설문조사 분석 결과 미국 기업의 한-미 FTA 활용에 영향을 미치는 요인은 기업의 FTA 활용의지, FTA 활용노력, FTA ...

본 연구는 미국 현지 기업 입장에서 한-미 FTA 활용에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 도출하고, FTA 활용과 기업성과 간의 관계를 규명함으로써 한미 양국 기업의 한-미 FTA 활용 극대화를 위한 정책적 시사점이 무엇인지를 파악하는데 그 목적을 두었다. 이 같은 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 한-미FTA 발효 이후 4년간의 교역변화, 양국간 무역의존성, 수출입의 외연적 성장 및 FTA 활용률을 바탕으로 한-미 FTA의 성과를 평가하고 한-미 FTA 이행 과정에서 제기되는 FTA 활용 장애요인을 분석하였다. 또 미국 현지기업들을 대상으로 한-미 FTA 활용도와 기업성과에 미치는 영향을 가설설정과 검증을 통해 실증분석하였다. 미국 현지 기업을 대상으로 실시한 설문조사 분석 결과 미국 기업의 한-미 FTA 활용에 영향을 미치는 요인은 기업의 FTA 활용의지, FTA 활용노력, FTA 정보획득의 어려움, 원산지규정의 복잡성, 비관세장벽, FTA 활용비용 등으로 나타났다. 이 중에서 기업의 FTA 활용의지, FTA 활용노력은 FTA 활용도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로, FTA 정보획득의 어려움, 원산지규정의 복잡성, 비관세장벽 및 FTA 활용비용은 FTA 활용도에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 미국 기업의 FTA 활용도와 기업성과 간의 인과관계에 대한 실증분석 결과 기업의 FTA 활용도가 높을수록 기업성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 분석결과를 토대로 한-미 FTA의 성과를 지속적으로 발전시키기 위해서는 한국 상품을 수입하는 미국 현지기업에 대한 한-미 FTA 활용 정보와 교육 지원을 확대하고, FTA 활용의 장애요인이 되고 있는 복잡한 원산지규정을 양국의 변화된 산업구조와 무역패턴에 맞도록 재검토하는 한편, 한미 양국 간 원산지검증절차를 조화하고 세관당국간 협력을 활성화 할 필요가 있으며, 미국의 비관세장벽에 대한 모니터링 강화 및 중소기업의 요구 사양에 부합하는 맞춤형 FTA 활용지원을 통한 FTA 활용비용의 최소화가 필요하다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

This study aims to provide the economic implications on enhancing the utility level of preference of the South Korea - U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) by analyzing factors affecting the utility of preference in the context of traders in the United Sates and revealing a co-relation between the ...

This study aims to provide the economic implications on enhancing the utility level of preference of the South Korea - U.S. Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) by analyzing factors affecting the utility of preference in the context of traders in the United Sates and revealing a co-relation between the utility of preference and business performance of the companies. In order to achieve the goals of the study, the estimated economic impact of the KORUS FTA on both countries have been reviewed on the basis of literature published both in the United States and South Korea. And the outcome of the KORUS FTA implementation over the past 4 years since its entry into force on March 15, 2012 was also assessed by analyzing the growth in imports and exports, the inter-dependence of goods traded, and the level of utilization of KORUS FTA between both countries. The study also aims to analyze the obstacles that impede the utilization of preference in the courses of implementation of the KORUS FTA. The key subject of the study is to verify the factors affecting the utility of FTA preference, and to assess the co-relation between the utilization of preference and the business performance by establishing a hypothesis and by conducting data analysis based on the result of surveys to U.S. firms. Thereby from the findings of the assessment, some implications have been provided on the improvement of the utilization of the KORUS agreement.
The KORUS FTA includes provisions to eliminate or reduce bilateral tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade and investment by creating free trade areas and enhancing the rules and disciplines governing the bilateral trade and investment, including issues such as; trade in manufactured goods, agricultural products, and services; foreign investment; intellectual property rights, among other issues. Higher living standards, the promotion of economic growth and stability, new employment opportunities, and improved the general welfare in both territories by liberalizing and expanding trade and investment between two nations are all expected of the FTA.
With the KORUS FTA now in force for over five years, focus has shifted from the debate over its negotiation and ratification to its implementation, economic impact, and effect of utilization, which was expected before the conclusion of the agreement. For South Korea, ongoing competitive pressures from Japanese firms, increased competition from Chinese enterprises, and the rapid aging of the South Korean workforce heightened the sense of urgency about boosting national competitiveness. In this situation, the KORUS FTA has been raised as an urgent national agenda to gain greater access to, and also maintain its competitiveness in the U.S. market for autos and other manufactured goods, which is the largest consumption market in the world. In addition, the KORUS FTA was considered as a mechanism for South Korea to promote reform in its own economy by adopting the advanced economic system of the U.S. The United States likely sought to strengthen the role of security in North East Asia and maintain its competitiveness in South Korea in the face of Seoul's FTA negotiations with other major trading partners, including the European Union and China. In particular, given the size of the economy with a one trillion dollars GDP, the world's 10th-largest economy and America's seventh-largest trading partner, South Korea was viewed as an important market for the U.S. agricultural products, medical products and services, and thereby the U.S. expected to gain considerable economic benefits from the FTA with Korea. In this perspective, the U.S. and South Korea shared certain goals in launching and completing the negotiations on the KORUS FTA. Both governments saw in the FTA a logical extension of an already important economic relationship that would provide a means by which the two trading partners could address and resolve fundamental issues, and raise the relationship to a higher level.
Various assessments of the impact of the KORUS FTA on bilateral trade have continued over past four years since its entry into force. Although the world trade volume significantly decreased due to the worldwide economic slowdown, bilateral trade volume between the two countries and the degree of trade interdependence have been on the rise, and the number of exporters and traded items have also increased, implying that the positive economic impact has been attained by both countries. Furthermore, the utilization rate of the FTA turned out to be a relatively higher level. From the perspective of the U.S., automobiles, which were the most sensitive items, have demonstrated remarkable growth in both countries and similar positive outcomes appeared in agricultural products, beefs, and medical products. Accordingly, the potential economic impact which was estimated at the time of the negotiation seems somewhat realized, and it is estimated that the level of impact will be boosted since the tariff for automobiles was eliminated in January of 2016. Meanwhile, since the KORUS FTA has been in force, several issues have also emerged as obstacles that impede the utilization of the agreement. Some issues, both the Korea and U.S. side have raised include the burden of origin verification, restrictive rules of origin, and currently increasing non-tariff barriers and protectionism related to food safety, anti-dumping duty or countervailing duty on Korean products imposed by the United States.
Based on the analysis of the outcome of the KORUS FTA and from literature reviews, this study was conducted to examine the factors that had influence on the utilization of preference of individual firms in the United States. To set up the research model and the establishment of the hypothesis, eight variables were chosen from literature reviews on the utilization of preference. These variables were corroborated with the results from the surveys conducted with the firms in the United States. The eight variables included i) CEO's willingness for FTA usage, ii) firm’s efforts for FTA usage, iii) difficulty of information, iv) complexity of rules of origin, v) burden of origin verification, vi) non-tariff barriers, vii)compliance costs for FTA usage, viii) the level of FTA utilization. According to the selected factors, the research model and the establishment of the hypothesis has been designed and practiced. Prior to verification of the hypothesis, basic data analysis, reliability analysis and correlation analysis were made, and regarding verification of hypothesis regression analysis was applied. According to the results of the analysis, two factors including the CEO's willingness for FTA usage and firm’s efforts for FTA usage revealed a positive influence of the utilization of preference. The other factors including the difficulty of information, the complexity of rules of origin, non-tariff barriers and compliance costs had a negative influence for firms to utilize the FTA. However, the hypothesis that the burden of origin verification may have a negative impact on the utilization of preference was rejected. The reason can be said that the number of companies subject to the survey, which experienced origin verification by customs authorities may not have been sufficient in the statistical point of view. And the utilization of preferences showed a positive relationship between the probability of using preference and business performance of individual firms in the United States.
Based on the results of empirical analysis, this study provides policy implications as a part of an effort to keep the KORUS FTA as a sustainable agreement and to create greater benefits to firms in both countries in the United States and Republic of Korea. Given the fact that firm’s willingness and effort for FTA usage have a positive influence on the increase of FTA utilization, both governments are requested to provide more active outreach programs such as education, training, seminars, exhibitions, development of success stories and anniversary events on the KORUS FTA at major industrial cities in the United States.
From the research output, the factors of the difficulty of FTA information and complexity of rules of origin turned out to have a negative influence on the utilization of preference. Therefore, comprehensive measures should be taken to ease obstacles by establishing FTA Help Desk and ensuring that FTA professionals provide necessary information on the classification, origin certification, verification and customs regulations. Restrictive rules of origin, particularly in the areas of textile and apparel products, processed food products and automobiles should be reviewed at least at every 3-5 years as life cycle of industry structures and trade patterns are rapidly changing due to the development of new technology and the expansion of the global production network.
As the variable of non-tariff barrier also turned out to have a negative impact on the utilization of preference, there is a need to fully support companies so they can minimize damage occurred from the non-tariff barriers, such as food safety and protectionism, including antidumping and countervailing measures in the United States. New import regulations which are less trade friendly, for instance, the foreign supplier verification program under the Food Safety Modernization Act and the provisions of AFA (adverse facts available) under the Trade Preference Extension Act are considered to be obstacles that hamper the utilization of preference. Since the U.S. import regulations directly affect the exporters and producers in Korea, there is a need for both governments to provide necessary information by establishing a database containing specific information on the trade regulations in the United States and develop education and training programs. A variety of issues, with regard to the difficulties in tariff and non-tariff barriers, can be swiftly handled by education, research, consulting, other agent services, and more open communication between both governments.
The variable of compliance costs also turned out to negatively affect the utilization of preference. Therefore, support programs for SMEs (small and medium enterprises) should be continuously extended and focus on lowering compliance costs in the preference utilization by providing the public FTA training programs and consulting, and origin management software for not only for SMEs in Korea but particularly in the United States since significant numbers of companies are the affiliated firms based in Korea and are operated by Korean Americans in the United States.