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성적으로현재 필리핀 국민은 대한민국 내에 거주하고 있는 동남아시아 이주자들 중 가장 많은 소수민족임에도 불구하고 이들의 알코올소비에 대한 연구는 존재하지 않는 듯이 보인다. 본 연구는 한국인의 음주문화 환경에 둘러 쌓여 현재 대한민국 내에 거주하고 있는 필리핀 국민들의 알코올 소비와 그 관련성에 대하여 모색하였다.
본 연구의 목적은
1. 한국 내 거주하고 있는 필리핀 국민들의 알코올 섭취에 대한 현황을 평가하고
2. 응답자들의 한국 음주 문화에 영향을 받은 기간을 조사하여
3. 필리핀 국민들의 알코올 관련 ...

성적으로현재 필리핀 국민은 대한민국 내에 거주하고 있는 동남아시아 이주자들 중 가장 많은 소수민족임에도 불구하고 이들의 알코올소비에 대한 연구는 존재하지 않는 듯이 보인다. 본 연구는 한국인의 음주문화 환경에 둘러 쌓여 현재 대한민국 내에 거주하고 있는 필리핀 국민들의 알코올 소비와 그 관련성에 대하여 모색하였다.
본 연구의 목적은
1. 한국 내 거주하고 있는 필리핀 국민들의 알코올 섭취에 대한 현황을 평가하고
2. 응답자들의 한국 음주 문화에 영향을 받은 기간을 조사하여
3. 필리핀 국민들의 알코올 관련 질병 예방에 기여할 수 있는 보건 서비스와 알코올 예방 프로그램 개발을 위한 기본 자료로서 한국에 사는 필리핀 국민들의 알코올 음주 자료를 수집하고자 한다.
연구 방법은 응답자들의 알코올 사용 단계를 알아보기 위하여 세계보건기구(WHO)의 표준 알코올 설문인 AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test), 스트레스 수준을 평가하기 위하여는 스트레스 인지척도 14(Perceived Stress Scale Version 14)를, 새로운 문화의의 적응성 평가를 위하여 개인 적응성평가 설문(Individual Adaptability Assessment survey)을, 담배사용 수준의 평가에는 뉴욕 금연평가양식(New York’s Smoking Quitline assessment form)을 함께 사용하였고, 마지막으로 동료압력(peer pressure)과 문화적인 영향력(cultural influences)을 평가하기 위하여 한 민족에게 적합한 설문을 실시하였다.
결과는 다음과 같다. 한국에서 음주하는 필리핀 국민들은 31세에서 40세 사이의 고용되어 있는 남성들로 성별(p.000), 연령(p .040), 동료압박(p .000)과 흡연자(p .001)들에게서 유의성을 나타내었다.
특별히 젊은 성인으로 동료압박 척도에서 높은 점수를 얻은 그룹에서 알코올 사용 장애와의 관련이 더 유의적으로 나타났다. 사회인구학적인 변수들과의 교차분석에서는 성별(p.083), 결혼여부(p.653) 및 직업(p.758)은 알코올 사용 장애에 유의성이 나타나지 않았다. 인지된 심리 수준과 더불어 AUDIT 총 점수 평균에서는 흡연 (p.001)에서 유의적인 결과가 나타났다. 흡연자는 비흡연자에 비해 AUDIT 점수가 높은 것으로 나타났다.
응답자들 중 동료압박을 더 받는 사람들이 동료압박점수가 높았으며(p.000) AUDIT 점수도 높았다. 개인 적응성 점수는 알코올 사용장애에 유의성을 미치지 못하였으나(p.106) 인지된 적정 스트레스 (perceived moderate stress)에서는 유의미하게 나타났다 (p.036).
한국에 거주하는 필리핀 국민들 중 20-30세의 젊은 성인 층에서 알코올 사용 장애가 다른 어떤 연령층에서 보다 두드러졌으며 이것은 한국인들과 같다
대한민국 내에 거주하는 필리핀 국민들의 알코올 소비 빈도는 매월 주말 음주자가 많으며 한국에 거주한지 24개월에서 36개월 사이에 가장 유의미하게 증가하였으며 맥주를 선호하였다.
자료 수집에 충분하지 못한 시간제약으로 인하여 본 연구에서는 한국인과 결혼한 필리핀 여성들이나 한국에서 대학원을 공부하고 있는 필리핀 학생보다는 한국에 고용되어 있는 응답자가 더 많았다. 앞으로의 연구에서는 한국에 더 오래 거주한 결혼으로 인한 이민자들이나 대학원 학생들이 포함되기를 제안한다.
결론적으로 젊은 성인 남성으로서 고용되어 있으며 흡연과 음주를 하면서 높은 동료압박 점수를 가진 사람들이 한국의 음주 문화에 더 크게 반응하는 것으로 유의성을 나타내었다. 대한민국 보건 복지부는 한국 내 인력에 큰 부분을 차지하며 한국 내에 거주하고 있는 필리핀 국민들의 웰빙을 위한 건강 증진을 위하여 알코올 소비로 인한 질병 부담을 줄이는데 보건정책들과 사회인식 프로그램들이 제안 되어야 할 것이다. 한국 음주문화의 수용력은 한국의 외국인 노동력에 부정적인 영향을 미치며 이것은 한국의 경제에도 손해를 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Importance of the Study

The World Health Organization’s Global report in 2011 stated that alcohol consumption is one of the most debilitating and widely practiced substance abuses in the world. It is rampant and high in South Korea because drinking alcohol is a p...

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Importance of the Study

The World Health Organization’s Global report in 2011 stated that alcohol consumption is one of the most debilitating and widely practiced substance abuses in the world. It is rampant and high in South Korea because drinking alcohol is a part of its culture (Sharpe, D.L. et al., 2001). Thus, foreigners residing in South Korea are susceptible to the influence of this drinking culture, which will cause interpersonal and intrapersonal problems (Toyryla, Laura, 2017). A person who is drunk can do many wicked/criminal acts, which will negatively affect his/her family, studies, work and eventually the economy of the country where he/she lives in (Murdock, D & Ross, D., 2009).
Globalization is a reality in this twenty first century, with its fast-paced advancement; there are health issues that are arising within the culture of a foreign country or the host country. As part of the adaptation of any migrant, it is a pre-requisite, in a sense, to socialize with the people he/she belongs to, whether in a company, a family or group of friends. The researcher wishes to explore the influence of alcohol drinking in South Korea on Filipinos residing there.
According to Ferdman and King in 2014, the unparalleled liquor consumption in South Korea is almost entirely due to the country’s love for a certain fermented rice spirit called Soju, the South Korean liquor which accounts for the 97% of the country’s alcohol market.
Times magazine reported in 2014 that many South Koreans, who work some of the longest hours in the world, believe that one of the quickest ways of building friendship and office camaraderie is to get drunk together. It is also a common notion that 'he who drinks more works better'. The working person’s preferred drink is called “the bomb,” which is a shot glass of soju added to a glass of beer (Ferdman and King, 2014).Recently, there has been a study that was published in British Medical Journal by Bell, et al., in 2017, which concluded, “Heterogeneous associations exist between level of alcohol consumption and the initial presentation of cardiovascular diseases. This has implications for counselling patients, public health communication, and clinical research, which are suggesting more nuanced approach to the role of alcohol in preventing cardiovascular diseases.”
Another research reported in an article written by Kathryn and Davison in 1995; found that the health related behavior of any individual is the product of a complex interweaving of biographical, social and cultural threads. Any one person’s pattern of activity in relation to their diet, drinking, smoking and exercise is situated in a framework unique to that individual. They have concluded that it is important for health promotion to work with cultural norms rather than against it. To work also in every day principles of social organization in order better to understand lay perceptions of what constitutes acceptable health-relevant behavior (Backett, Kathryn C. and Davison, Charlie, 1995).
Filipinos are in high demand in terms of working abilities from white collar to blue collar jobs. With the good government and historical relations between the Philippines and South Korea, the EPS has been created to hire employees from the Philippines. Another reason for Filipinos to stay in Korea is the opportunity to attain a higher level of scholastic achievement. Graduate students have seen open doors to study in South Korea through scholarship programs and some personal aspirations. There are also Filipino immigrants who got married to South Korean men, and who are staying in the country and have faced changes in their health statuses and social activities.
It is an accepted social norm in South Korea to drink alcohol which is also a common social activity in the Philippines. With these reasons, the researcher wanted to assess the influence of alcohol drinking in South Korea on its Filipino residents. The researchers assumptions are; the longer you stay in Korea, the higher the consumption of alcohol; the average time of being influenced in Korea to drink alcohol is as short as three months and there is a significant association of stress from work, family or university in the consumption of alcohol.
Alcohol consumption is one of the leading causes of death around the world with its numerous detrimental health effects, social and emotional disturbances. The researcher would like to address the issue of alcohol consumption in a different perspective in this globalized era. It is her desire to discover a new light to lead public officials to focus on the advancement of alcohol consumption and its negative effects to our multicultural society.
In order to assess the impact and influence of Korean culture with regard to alcohol consumption, a baseline data should be taken. Knowing this matter would trigger the Korean government to have policy on being race sensitive when it comes to certain lifestyle habits, which will benefit the companies, schools or families of the Filipinos who are inclined to drink alcohol. With this drinking culture in ROK, the foreigners’ lifestyle pattern is affected by this lifestyle norm in South Korea and may cause several physical and social problems in its society. Workforce will be affected if the workers are already addicted to alcohol.
With these facts, the researcher deemed that it is important to know the effects of this “drinking culture” to the foreigners living in South Korea, specifically to Filipinos. According to the South Korean Ministry of Justice, there is an estimated 0.1% of Filipinos in the total population of South Korea in 2015 (Ministry of Justice report, 2009). In the recent report of the Korean immigration, Filipinos are the 6th legal foreign nationals’ immigrants in South Korea as of July 2016 (Korean Immigration report, 2016).

B. Purpose of the Study
The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate the present conditions of alcohol intake in ROK-dwelling Filipinos, (2) to determine the time frame length of Korean drinking culture influence to the respondents, and (3) to collect alcohol drinking data on Filipinos in Korea as a baseline study for further alcohol prevention program development, as well as a potential aid to health service availability regarding alcohol related diseases among the Filipinos. Above all the study enhances the researcher’s knowledge, skills, attitudes and values regarding programs in alcohol prevention in her public health career.
The researcher wishes to know whether the Filipinos’ duration of stay and alcohol consumption is related to being influenced by the ROK’s drinking culture. Is there a relationship between individual adaptability and perceived stress to more alcohol consumption?




C. Research Hypotheses and Assumptions
Hypotheses
There is a significant relationship between the number of months in Korea and the increase rate of alcohol intake of Filipinos. There is a significant relationship between the Korean Culture and Filipino drinking pattern. There is a significant relationship in the attitudes of Filipinos in drinking alcohol and cultural influence in Korea.
Assumptions
With the stress coming from work related factors, it is assumed that the respondents will have higher risk of consuming alcohol to appease their tired bodies and minds. It is a common norm for Koreans to drink alcohol, called ‘hoesik’, Korean employers invite their employees to drink with them at dinner after work and those respondents who are employed are more susceptible to do the same. This is a part of the Korean culture, treated as a favor for the employee and would be disrespectful if the invitation is rejected. The graduate students in ROK are also experiencing school related stress that could lead them to do some distressing behaviors, such as drinking alcohol. The welcome parties on their first semester can be another factor for them to be vulnerable to drink alcohol. The same with married Filipino women who have an alcohol drinker husband, who can be influenced to drink alcohol as part of their family bonding.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE


This chapter provides a review of the available literature about the effects of alcohol drinking, history of Filipino alcohol use and Korean drinking culture.
A. Alcohol And Its Effects On Health
1. For Men
According to Miharu Hirakawa et al. (2015) Alcohol intake significantly influences the risk of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in men. A significant association was seen between an alcohol intake of 60g/day or higher and the prevalence of MetS.
Another study from Kim et al, 2011 stated that excessive alcohol use behaviors increased the risk of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, and MetS. This study concluded that considering the rising rate of alcohol consumption and heavy drinking at single sittings, a culture of less risky alcohol consumption must be established to promote health among middle-aged men.
Corrao G, Bagnardi V, Zambon A, and La Vecchia C., 2004 had studied about the association of excessive drinking can result to serious health problems including an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, liver cirrhosis, chronic pancreatitis, and violence. In 2009, Oh SW found that alcohol-related health problems are of particular concern in South Korea, where the easy accessibility and availability of alcohol and a tolerant widespread “drinking culture” facilitate excessive consumption (Oh SW, 2009).

2. For College Student
Wang, Newman, and Shell (2016) had examined the associations of cultural orientation of alcohol use among Chinese University students which resulted with an empirical and practical significance in an era with increasing globalization. Their study had expanded the understanding of the association between cultural influences and drinking behavior among university-aged students. With this research, it is important to further understand the alcohol drinking behavior by young people in era of globalization by increasing awareness of cultural orientation as potentially significant factor to be considered in developing alcohol and public health policies and to reduce the alcohol’s overall contribution to the burden of disease.
The differences in the Drinking Behaviors of Chinese, Filipino, Korean, and Vietnamese College Students were studied by Lum, Chris et al. in 2009. The study results suggested the need for attention to alcohol use behaviors by Asian college students in general, and in particular by Korean and Filipino students. The study also stated that the predicted increases in Asian subgroup students in U.S. colleges and universities, programs that target their health education needs, particularly in the area of alcohol use and problem use, will assure campus officials that these students can derive the greatest benefit from their campus education.
Several studies have also concluded that those working with young adults, particularly those in student health and student development areas, have recognized that alcohol use can be a substantial public health problem that leads to negative consequences such as academic failure, poor problem solving, sexual and physical assaults (including date rape), unprotected sexual encounters, and alcohol-related fatalities (Dreer et al., 2004; Hingson et al., 2002; Murphy et al., 2006).

3. For Women
Previous research has studied that those Korean young women drinking alcohol has a significant association with their bone mineral density using AUDIT questionnaire, Seon Hwa Soo, Sungsoo Chun, Maxine Andrea Newell, and Mieun Yun in 2015 have suggested that it is crucial to promote awareness of alcohol harm on young Korean women’s bone health. Their study aimed to assess the association between alcohol consumption and healthy Korean young women bone by using Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores and drinking consumption; frequency and amount (Seo, et al.2015).
Kyung Hee Kim and Ji Su Kim in 2015 examined the relationship of alcohol consumption and HRQOL Health related quality of life in Korea. The findings of their study indicated that the HRQOL of moderate alcohol drinkers is higher than the HRQOL of non-drinkers and heavy drinkers. One of the tools used for this study was AUDIT which is self-reported and according to WHO, answering the AUDIT through self-report is more reliable than interviewing the participant. Results of this study is valuable in designing appropriate interventions to increase the HRQOL impaired by the harmful use of alcohol, in comparing HRQOL among different countries, and in implementing alcohol-related health projects (Kim, KyungHee, and Kim,Ji-Su, 2015).
B. Alcohol drinking in Korea

In 2014 report, South Koreans drink more alcohol than all the famous countries for drinking alcohol such as Brits, Russians and Americans. According to this report, the average person of drinking age in South Korea is more than in any other country in the world which accounts for 13.7 shots of liquor per week (Blake, Matt 2014). Another report from Quartz, the South Korean liquor accounts for 97 per cent of the country’s spirits market. South Korea’s unparalleled liquor consumption is almost entirely down to the country’s love for the fermented rice spirit Soju.
An official at the Korean Alcohol Research Foundation told the New York Times back in 2012 that the problem with the way South Koreans drink is that they drink fast to get drunk fast. According to the report of Mc Curry, Justin in 2012, this alarming alcohol consumption in South Korea has led to a number of alcohol-related violence. This prompted the country’s ministry of health and welfare “to launch a marketing campaign in 2011 in hopes of steering its citizens clear of heavy drinking.” The Chosun Ilbo, which has campaigned on this issue, said: “The situation has now become so ingrained in Korean culture that many people see it as acceptable to turn up for work reeking of booze after a heavy night out. It is also commonplace for students and salarymen to become intoxicated to the point of being incapable of looking after themselves” (Mc Curry, 2012).
According to the country's alcohol and liquor industry association, South Koreans collectively drink 9.5 million bottles of beer and almost 9 million bottles of soju a day. Jinro's brand of soju, which is South Korean brand of soju, is the biggest-selling spirit in the world, according to a survey by the UK-based Drinks International magazine, easily outselling vodka and whisky brands last year.
Across ROK, the distilled spirit, traditionally made from rice but increasingly from other starches such as potatoes and wheat, typically contains about 20% alcohol and can be bought cheaply from convenience stores and supermarkets (Mc Curry, Justin, 2012).
Alcohol-induced violence in public and at home is common, but courts have traditionally been reluctant to impose harsh penalties on suspects who claimed they were under the influence. In 2012, a poll found that alcohol was a factor in almost a third of the 3 million serious crimes including murder, robbery and rape that was recorded over the past five years. Drunkenness was cited in 76% of public order offences and 44% of cases of domestic violence (Mc Curry, Justin, 2012).
Hard drinking has become a growing issue in South Korea, 'Almost every night in almost every police station lockup in Seoul, drunken men - and sometimes women - can be found abusing officers verbally and even physically, as a widely tolerated way of banishing anger,' reported the New York Times in 2012. 'They usually are allowed to sleep it off and go home, their punishment no more than a small fine' (Blake, Matt 2014).
To address this issue, the country’s biggest alcohol producer decided to put labels to its products telling the drinkers to refrain from committing violence. South Korean drinkers are warned not to let their unusual consumption lead to violence, amidst evidence of an epidemic of alcohol-induced crime. The country's biggest producer of alcoholic drinks, Hite-Jinro, had introduced warning labels on its products in Seoul to support the police crackdown on violent incidents involving alcohol. The company put labels on bottles of beer and that advices drinker to abstain from violence and improve the country's drinking culture (Mc Curry, Justin, 2012).
It is remarkable that a sales manager at Hite-Jinro told the Chosun Ilbo newspaper that they felt a tremendous responsibility for social problems caused by alcohol drinking and will help efforts to change South Korean’s drinking culture to a more positive one.
C. Alcohol drinking in Philippines
Filipinos are also alcohol lovers same as their neighboring countries in Asia. The Euromonitor had studied 44 countries and the Russians were the second hardest drinkers at 6.3 shots per week, followed by Filipinos who down 5.4 shots over an average seven days.
Aquino, Michael in 2017 wrote that the Philippines' long experience with intoxicating drinks can be told from the many locally-brewed choices on offer. Beer is perhaps the Philippines' most famous export - the locally-produced San Miguel Beer brand is a major player throughout the region. San Miguel is losing the beer war against a sister brand - Red Horse Beer's higher alcohol content has made it more popular among cost-conscious drinkers. The Filipinos now prefer gin and rum (hard liquor), over beer because of its lower cost for a faster pleasure. The Philippines is the world's biggest market for gin, bar none - 43 percent of all gin in the world is consumed in the Philippines, amounting to about 22 million cases a year. Quality ranges from premium gins to bargain alternatives known colloquially as "gin bulag" which means ‘gin so bad, it'll blind you’ (Aquino, Michael 2017).
Indigenous spirits are also consumed in the Philippines, as the world's number one producer of coconuts; the people can do a lot of valuable things with coconut sap. Tuba and lambanog, or a distillate of the tuba are common drinks in the provinces, though flavored lambanog has found some favor in the cities. North of Manila, around the Ilocos region, locals prefers a fermented drink made from sugarcane drink called basi. In the mountainous villages surrounding Baguio, the locals drink tapuy, which is brewed from ground rice and corn. The Philippines makes the cheapest spirits in Asia. One bottle of San Miguel Beer costs about PHP 40 (less than $1) in a 7-Eleven or sari-sari store or up to PHP 150 (about $3.50) in a high-end bar. The popular Ginebra San Miguel brand of gin costs less than PHP 80 (about $1.75) for a liter bottle at a convenience store (Aquino, Michael 2017).
There is also drinking traditions in the Philippines. When drinking with Filipinos, these are the local drinking etiquette to do. Filipinos start their drinking sessions by pouring a shot on the ground; this is called "alay sa demonyo", or offering to the spirits. Filipinos also share one glass instead of an individual glass. There is a designated pourer who fills up the glass and passes it around which is called, "tagay" – like a round-robin style. When the glass gets to you, you are expected to drink it all, bottoms-up which is similar to Koreans when they drink soju. Filipinos like to eat something alongside their drinks. This comes in a large plate to be shared with the rest of the group. Deep-fried or fatty foods, including (but not limited to) the grotesque duck embryo known as balut are the local drinkers’ favorites.
There are several reasons of Drinking in the Philippines. Filipinos welcome any excuse to drink with friends and it is common to find little group of drinkers in cities like Metro Manila and provinces, it's very impossible to find a corner of the country with no popular promotion for drinks. According to Aquino, the drinking culture truly comes into its own during one of the fervent fiestas in the Philippines. He said that found himself enticed to drink alcohol from every side while walking down a crowded side street in the Sinulog festival in Cebu City. The process repeats itself when he went to Davao in another festival called Kadayawan fesvtival, but it is more rampant during the popular alcohol festival in Boracay (Aquino, Michael 2017).

D. Migration of Filipinos in Korea and Alcohol
1. EPS- is a system of government to government memoranda of understanding of hiring Filipino workers in South Korea, both for white collar and blue collar jobs. South Korea has opened its doors for more manpower to boost its economy. It has been reported in the International labor office that in 1980’s, there has been a consistent labor shortages as result of rapid industrialization in South Korea (Kim, 2015). This has paved the way for Filipinos to consider working in the country. Work-related dinners and gatherings usually put Filipino employees to drink alcohol with their employers.
2. Student- highly qualified students from Philippines had chosen to acquire higher scholastic achievement through South Korea’s international courses. From the NIID website, it states that the Korean Government Scholarship Program (KGSP) is supporting the future global leaders and promoting the international cooperation in education by inviting talented international students to Korea for an opportunity to do advanced studies at higher educational institutions in Korea. This leads to an influx of graduate students enrolled in different universities across South Korea. Stress can lead the student to drink alcohols especially during university acquaintance party as a welcome tradition to university life for Korea students.
3. Married to Korean- the low birth status of South Korea paved the way for immigrant women to marry South Korean men to address the problem of low birth status (Kim, 2011). Filipina women are also vulnerable to be influenced by their husbands and family in laws to drink alcohol as a way of socialization.

E. Culture and Alcohol
The culture and alcohol have been one of the interesting subjects for sociologists, anthropologists, historians, and psychologists. In their study of different cultures and historical eras, they have noted how malleable people's drinking habits are. In 1989, Peele, S. wrote that "When one sees a film like Moonstruck, the benign and universal nature of drinking in New York Italian culture is palpable on the screen. If one can't detect the difference between drinking in this setting, or at Jewish or Chinese weddings, or in Greek taverns, and that in Irish working-class bars, or in Portuguese bars in the worn-out industrial towns of New England, or in run-down shacks where Indians and Eskimos gather to get drunk, or in Southern bars where men down shots and beers--and furthermore, if one can't connect these different drinking settings, styles, and cultures with the repeatedly measured differences in alcoholism rates among these same groups, then I can only think one is blind to the realities of alcoholism."
"Sociocultural variants are at least as important as physiological and psychological variants when we are trying to understand the interrelations of alcohol and human behavior. Ways of drinking and of thinking about drinking are learned by individuals within the context in which they learn ways of doing other things and of thinking about them--that is, whatever else drinking may be, it is an aspect of culture about which patterns of belief and behavior are modeled by a combination of example, exhortation, rewards, punishments, and the many other means, both formal and informal, that societies use for communicating norms, attitudes, and values" (Heath, D.B.1982).
"Individual drinkers tend to model and modify each other’s' drinking and, hence, there is a strong interdependence between the drinking habits of individuals who interact.... Potentially, each individual is linked, directly or indirectly, to all members of his or her culture...." (Skog, O. 1991).
"Over the course of socialization, people learn about drunkenness what their society `knows' about drunkenness; and, accepting and acting upon the understandings thus imparted to them, they become the living confirmation of their society's teachings" (MacAndrew, C., and Edgerton, 1969).
In addition, how people learn to drink and continue to drink is mostly determined by the drinking observation, the attitudes about drinking they get, and the people they drink with. A popular approach to reduce drinking problems is to reduce the overall amount of alcohol a society consumes. However, it is astonishing that only a few reported data is available between the amount of alcohol consumed (per person) in different societies and the problems related to alcohol consumption.
"Such efforts at increasing controls [on the availability of alcohol] are explicitly rationalized and recommended on the premise that alcohol-related problems occur in proportion to per capita consumption, a theory that we have disproved at least in France, Italy, Spain, Iceland, and Sweden, as well as in several ethnographic studies elsewhere" (Heath, D.B., 1995).
"In those cultures where drinking is integrated into religious rites and social customs, where the place and manner of consumption are regulated by tradition and where, moreover, self-control, sociability, and `knowing how to hold one's liquor' are matters of manly pride, alcoholism problems are at a minimum, provided no other variables are overriding. On the other hand, in those cultures where alcohol has been but recently introduced and has not become a part of pre-existing institutions, where no prescribed patterns of behavior exist when `under the influence,' where alcohol has been used by a dominant group the better to exploit a subject group, and where controls are new, legal, and prohibitionist, superseding traditional social regulation of an activity which previously has been accepted practice, one finds deviant, unacceptable and asocial behavior, as well as chronic disabling alcoholism. In cultures where ambivalent attitudes toward drinking prevail, the incidence of alcoholism is also high" (Blum, R.H et. al., 1969)."
Modern epidemiological and sociological research consistently documents that there are existing cultural differences in alcohol consumption. Using DSM-III, an international team led by John Helzer discovered the following remarkable differences in alcohol abuse rates among different cultures, including two native Asian groups: "The highest lifetime prevalence rates [of alcohol abuse and/or dependence] were found in U.S. native Mexican Americans at 23 percent and in the Korean survey, where the total sample rate was about 22 percent. There is about a fiftyfold difference in lifetime prevalence between these two samples and Shanghai, where the lowest lifetime prevalence of 0.45 percent was found" (Helzer, J.E., and Canino, G.J., 1992).
Cahalan D., and Room, R., 1980 said that for as long as American epidemiologists have measured drinking problems, they have found clearcut, significant, and persistent group differences. It is notable that the groups with the lowest incidence of alcohol abuse, the Jews and Italians, have (a) the lowest abstinence rates among these groups, and (b) (especially the Italians) the highest consumption rates.
Two sociologists searched for Jewish alcohol abusers in an upstate NY city in the belief that alcoholism rates among American Jews had risen. Instead, they found an astoundingly low rate of 0.1% alcohol abusers in this population (Glassner, B., and Berg, B., 1980).
Another study by George Vaillant about the inner-city ethnic men in Boston over a 40-year period, found that Irish-Americans were 7 times as likely to develop alcohol dependence as Italian-Americans--this despite the Irish-Americans having a substantially higher abstinence rate (Vaillant, G.E., 1983).
“There are also clear and distinct differences in alcohol abuse rates by socioeconomic status. Higher-SES Americans are more likely to drink, but also more likely to drink without problems, than lower-SES Americans. Again, this suggests that lower abstinence rates and higher consumption levels are not themselves the source of drinking problems”(Hilton, M.E., 1987).
Drinking patterns in the U.S. also differ markedly by region (reflecting religious and cultural differences). The Southern and Mountain regions of the country, with their "dry" traditions, have high levels of both abstinence and individual excess. "The higher per-drinker apparent consumption levels in the historically drier regions are accompanied by higher levels of problems in the categories of belligerence, accidents, and trouble-with-the-police. These differences in problem rates, however, are apparent only among men. It has recently been argued that drinking practices and problems in the United States are heading toward a regional convergence.... The evidence given here, however, contradicts the convergence thesis. According to the latest national survey data, the wetter and drier sections of the country continue to have markedly different rates of abstention and per-drinker consumption" (Hilton, M.E., 1988).
In 1997, Peele had written, “Alcoholics Anonymous World Headquarters has compiled AA group membership data in countries around the world. In 1991 (the last year for which data were kept), the western country with the fewest AA groups per capita was Portugal, with 0.6 groups per million population. The highest was Iceland, with almost 800 groups per million. This is a strong indicator of greater perceived alcohol problems in Iceland--even though Portugal consumes 2 1/2 times as much alcohol per capita as Iceland” (Peele, S. 1997).
In 1995, Heath, D.B. stated in the international handbook on Alcohol and Culture that “one striking feature of drinking...is that it is essentially a social act. The solitary drinker, so dominant an image in relation to alcohol in the United States, is virtually unknown in other countries. The same is true among tribal and peasant societies everywhere.”
This chapter summarizes the views regarding drinking alcohol and its connection to the culture of a country and how it affects the society.
III. METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

This study was a cross-sectional study of Filipinos who are currently living in South Korea. A quantitative survey, using convenience sampling method was used due to the researcher’s limited time to gather data. The participants were asked to fill a questionnaire and the researcher had conducted a brief interview to them.

B. Study participants and Setting
The study population consisted of both male and female Filipinos living in South Korea. The researcher and her assistant conducted a random personal survey at Philippine Embassy in Korea and Hyewadong Market from March 29 to April 23, 2017.The Filipinos (target population) who visited the Philippine Embassy were requested to fill out the questionnaire voluntarily with the help of the researcher and her assistant if the participant is not able to see clearly the questionnaire. The Philippine Embassy is where the Filipinos common destination for filing documents and necessary papers for stay in Korea or travel in the Philippines. It is where the Filipinos can be found in sober state free from alcohol, they come from different parts of South Korea. Hyewadong is a common place for Filipinos especially during weekends where they buy products from the Philippines or eat Filipino delicacies. Most of the Filipino workers and Graduate Students are gathering in this market during Weekends to go to Sunday worship and to send money to Philippines. They come from different parts of South Korea.

C. Operational Definitions and Main Variables
The main variables in this study are being alcohol drinkers, number of months the respondents have stayed in Korea and the factors that influence them to drink alcohol such as occasions, occupation, gender, and cultural differences from the host country, individual adaptability and the stress related factors.

D. Equipment
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire, a standardized questionnaire from World Health Organization, was used to assess the alcohol intake of the participant. The Individual Adaptability Assessment questionnaire was used to determine the adaptability of the participants in the foreign country.
The PSS-14 is a self-reported measure, which assesses the degree to which the respondent has perceived situations in his/her life within the past month as stressful. A 10 questions peer pressure and cultural influence assessment questionnaire was formulated by the researcher to assess the cultural influence and peer pressure of the participants.
The Individual Adaptability Assessment scale is used to measure one’s ability to adapt to rapidly changing environments is an essential first step in dealing effectively with today’s business world. High scores means having been a change agent material and have exhibited high adaptability, low score means the respondent needs help to get used to the new environment, 0 means time to retire and change environment.
The Peer Pressure and Cultural Assessment (PPCA-10) is a self-made assessment of the researcher designed for use to the chosen sample with an experience of living in South Korea. It also measures their perceived status in being pressured by their peers in the cultural practices in South Korea.
Smoking Assessment Form was taken from the New York State Smoker’s Quit line website. It is a short and simple assessment form for smokers to fill up and it assesses the respondent on their willingness to quit smoking.

E. Procedure
1. Recruitment
The researcher visited the Philippine Embassy in South Korea and Hyewadong market to find for possible respondents who are Filipino citizens. The respondents were asked to voluntarily fill out the questionnaires after explaining the purpose of the study. An informed consent was taken prior to answering the questionnaire. There were a total of 161 respondents from both places. Out of the 161 respondents, there were 3 who were excluded from this study who were unable to sign the consent.
2. Informed Consent
Informed consent form (See Appendix) was given to the participants prior to the questionnaire. Additional explanation was given to the respondents in the language they understand which is the mother tongue (Tagalog) for more clarity and to be able to fully commit themselves in the study. The purpose, method, participant’s rights and confidentiality were verbally explained to the respondents.
3. Data Collection
The data were collected from March 29, 2017 to April 23, 2017. During weekdays the data were gathered from respondents who visited the Philippine Embassy in Korea. During weekends, the data came from respondents who went to Hyewadong market. The respondents were approached in a friendly manner and ask if they are willing to participate in a research study and to be interviewed for at least 10 minutes. The respondents are also asked to sign the consent and then after the questionnaires were filled up, the scores were tallied and the results were explained to the respondents. If the results entails additional explanation, the respondents are asked for more minutes to listen to a brief intervention counseling. If the respondents are willing, the researcher also gives some more health advices.

F. Statistical Analysis
Data were entered, encoded and cleaned. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows Software program Version 19.0. and SPSS V. 21. There were a total of 161 questionnaires that were filled out. Three of the answered questionnaires were rejected because they did not sign the consent.
Descriptive statistics was used for analyses of the study variables for the sociodemographic data.
1. Data Cleaning
Out of the 161 respondents, 3 of them were excluded from this study. The sample size after the exclusion is 158. The age was recoded, using a category of 1= 20-30 years old, 2= 31-40 years old, 3= 41-50 years old, 4=51-60 years old and 5=61-70 years old. Due to the low number of results the ages 51-60 and 61-70 are merged together. Months in Korea was also recoded using a category of 1= 1-5 months, 2=6-11 months, 3=12-23 months and 4= 24 months and above. The time of first drink was also categorized into 0= upon arrival, 1= one month stay, 2=after 6 months stay, 3= one year stay, 4 others and 5= not applicable.
2. Scoring of Questionnaires
PSS-14 scores are obtained by reversing the scores on the seven positive items, e.g., 0=4, 1=3, 2=2, etc., and then summing across all 14 items. Items 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, and 13 are the positively stated items. It was designed for use with community samples with at least a junior high school education, the items are easy to understand and the response alternatives are simple to grasp. The total scores were summed up and were categorized into 1= 30 and below and 2= 31 and above.
The Peer Pressure and Cultural Assessment (PPCA-10) scores are obtained by reversing the scores on the four positive items, e.g., 0=4, 1=3, 2=2, etc. and then summing across all 10 items. Items 2 and 9 are the positively stated items. The items are simple and the response alternatives are easy to choose from.
The Individual Adaptability Assessment scale is rated in a scale of 1-5. The rate of 5-always, 4-frequently, 3-regularly, 2-seldom, 1-never.
For the Smoker’s assessment, the first question is coded as 0 for non-smoker and 1for smoker.





IV. RESULTS

The sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents are shown in table 1. A total of 158 respondents were analyzed. Male participants are the majority with 62.7%, middle aged 31-40 (48.0%) and mostly employed (83.6%). The marital status showed that half of the respondents are married and the others left the questionnaire blank due to limited options as single and married. The duration of stay are categorized by months and showed that 44.7% of them have stayed longer than 3 years (37+ months, 44.7%). Missing has been shown as blanks in the all the tables.
In table 2, the results of respondent’s health behaviors and perceived psychological status were analyzed. There are 78.8 percent non-smokers and 54.4 percent alcohol drinkers. The ROK-dwelling Filipino’s alcohol consumption frequency is more likely to occur on a monthly cycle during weekends (54.4%). There are only 28 respondents who are positive of having alcohol use disorders (17.7%). Peer pressure scores resulted to more strong willed respondents with 60.3 percent which suggests that most of the respondents are more likely to drink on their own will and are susceptible to drink more alcohol. There are 52.9 percent of the respondents who scored high in the Individual Adaptability test, they are ‘change agent’ which means that they have adapted well in the foreign country in which they live (ROK). The scores of the respondent’s perceived stress showed that 48.7 percent are moderately stressed.
Table 1: Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Respondents (N=158)
Characteristics Frequency Percentage
Gender
Male 96 62.7
Female 57 37.3
Blank 5

Age (Years)
20-30 48 34.5
31-40 67 48.2
41-50 18 12.9
51-70 6 4.3
Blank 19

Occupation
OFW/EPS/Employed 107 83.6
Housewife 11 8.6
Student 10 7.8
Blank 30

Marital Status
Married 75 56.4
Single 56 42.1
Others 2
Blank 25

Duration of Stay
(Months in Korea)
1-11 months 28 18.4
12-23 months 23 15.1
24-36 months 33 21.7
37+ months 68 44.7
Blank 6



Table 2: Health Behavior and Perceived Psychological Status of the Respondents
(N=158)
Health Behavior Frequency Percentage
Smoking
Yes 33 21.2
No 123 78.8
Blank 2

Alcohol Drinking
Never 32 20.3
Monthly or less 86 54.4
2-4x a month 29 18.4
2-3x a week 9 5.7
4x+ a week 2 1.3

Alcohol Use Disorder
0-7 130 83.3
8+ 28 17.7

Peer Pressure
Strong Willed 91 60.3
Self-controlled 47 31.1
Moderately Peer pressured 12 7.9
Pressured and Influenced 1 0.7
Blank 7

Individual Adaptability
10-20 Time to retire 6 3.9
21-30 You need help 10 6.5
31-40 Going to adaptability 57 36.8
41-50 Change Agent 82 52.9

Perceived Stress
0-30 44 28.2
31-40 76 48.7
41+ 36 23.1
Blank 2


TABLE 3: AUDIT Total Score means by Sociodemographic Characteristics (N=158)
Mean (SD) t/F p
Gender
Male (n= 96) 5.23 (±4.438) 4.053 .000
Female (n= 57) 2.60 (±3.515)

Age (Years)
20-30 (n=48) 5.48 (±4.704)
31-40 (n=67) 3.46 (±3.624) 2.852 .040
41-50 (n=18) 4.28 (±3.816)
51-70 (n=6) 2.00 (±4.899)

Marital Status
Married (n=75) 3.51 (±4.133)
Single (n=56) 4.43 (±3.926) .980 .378
Others (n=2) 5.50 (±7.778)

Occupation
OFW/EPS/Employed (n=107) 4.35 (±4.061)
Housewife (n=11) 2.82 (±5.193) .823 .441
Student (n=10) 3.40 (±4.719)

Duration of Stay
(Months in Korea)
1-11 months (n=28) 4.00 (±4.472)
12-23 months (n=23) 3.91 (±4.188) 1.943 .125
24-36 months (n=33) 5.70 (±4.825)
37+ months (n=68 3.57 (±3.779)

Analysis of variance and t-test were done to know the relationship of AUDIT scores by the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents. The result shows that male is more likely to have higher AUDIT scores than female respondents. Among the middle aged respondents (3.46) and young adults (5.48) they are more likely to get high AUDIT scores than the older ones. This can be related to their work and studies. Marital Status, Occupation and duration of stay did not show any significant association with AUDIT scores.
In table 4, the result shows that smoking has a significant result (.001) with smoker to be more likely to have high AUDIT scores than non-smokers. Peer pressured also showed a significant result (.000) with self-controlled respondents to be more likely to have high AUDIT scores which means that they drink by themselves and not influenced by others. Individual adaptability to the foreign country showed no significance in AUDIT scores. Perceived stress showed a significant result (.032) with moderate stress status of the respondents to be more likely to have high AUDIT scores.









TABLE 4: AUDIT Total Score means by Health Behavior and Perceived Psychological
Status
Mean (SD) t/F p
Smoking
Yes (n=33) 6.76 (±4.822) -3.569 .001
No (n=123) 3.51 (±3.876)

Peer Pressure
Strong willed (n=91) 2.91(±3.696)
Self-controlled (n=47) 6.85 (±4.616) 15.681 .000
Moderately Pressured
and Influenced (n=13) 4.85 (±2.577)

Individual Adaptability
10-20 Time to retire (n=6) 5.83 (±5.456)
21-30 You need help (n=10) 6.00 (±7.118) 1.065 .366
31-40 Going to adaptability (n=57) 4.21 (±4.427)
41-50 Change Agent (n=82) 3.84 (±3.660)

Perceived Stress
0-30 (n= 44) 3.34 (±3.629) 3.536 .032
31-40 (n= 76) 3.89 (±3.945)
41+ (n= 36) 5.78 (±5.314)
















TABLE 5: Alcohol Use Disorder by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Smoking
Unit: n (%)
Alcohol Use Disorder
No (0-7) Yes (8+) x² p-value
Gender
Male (n= 96) 75 (78.1) 21 (21.9) 3.170 .083
Female (n= 57) 51 (89.5) 6 (10.5)

Age Years
20-30 (n=48) 33 (68.8) 15(31.3)
31-40 (n=67) 60 (89.6) 7(10.4) 8.796 .012
41+ (n=24) 21 (87.5) 3 (12.5)

Marital Status
Married (n=75) 63(84.0) 12 (16.0) .201 .653
Single (n=56) 47 (81.0) 10 (19.0)

Occupation
Employed (n=107) 89 (83.2) 18 (16.8) .061 .758
Not-employed (n=21) 17 (81.0) 4 (19.0)

Duration of Stay
(Months in Korea)
1-11 months (n=28) 25 (89.3) 3 (10.7)
12-23 months (n-23) 20 (87.0) 3 (13.0) 5.404 .144
24-36 months (n=33) 23 (69.7) 10 (30.3)
24-36 months (n=68) 58 (85.3) 10 (14.7)


Cross tabulation analyses were done to compare the sociodemographic characteristics and smoking status of respondents to be associated with having alcohol use disorders. Gender (p.083), marital status (p.653) and occupation (p.758) have no significant association to alcohol use disorder. Age is significant showing that young adults aged 20-30 are more likely to have an alcohol disorder than other age group which is the same with Korean drinking age.
TABLE 6: Alcohol Use Disorder by Health Behavior and Perceived Psychological Status
(N=158)
Unit: n (%)
Alcohol Use Disorder
No (0-7) Yes (8+) x² p-value
Smoking
Yes (n=33) 21 (63.6) 12 (36.4) 10.619 .003
No (n=123) 108 (87.8) 15 (12.2)

Peer Pressure
Strong Willed (n=91) 80 (87.9) 11 (21.1) 6.672 .036
Self-controlled (n=47) 33 (70.2) 14 (29.8)
Moderately Pressured
and Influenced (n=13) 11 (84.6) 2 (15.4)

Individual Adaptability
10-20 Time to retire (n=6) 3 (50.0) 3 (50.0)
21-30 You need help (n=10) 7 (70.0) 3 (30.0) 6.121 .106
31-40 Going to adaptability (n=57) 49 (86.0) 8 (14.0)
41=50 Change Agent (n=82) 69 (84.1)13 (15.9)

Perceived Stress
0-30 (n=44) 38 (86.4)6 (13.6) 5.743 .057
31-40 (n=76) 66 (86.8) 10 (13.2)
41+ (n=36) 25 (69.4) 11 (30.6)


In Table 6, being a smoker is shown to be highly correlated to experiencing alcohol use disorder, which resulted in smoking (p.001) found to be significant. Being a smoker is more likely to yield higher AUDIT scores than non-smokers while having peer pressure score which belonged to the ‘strong willed’ group is shown to be mildly correlated to the same (p.036). Respondents who are more likely to be peer pressured have higher peer pressure score (p.000) and are more likely to have high AUDIT scores. Individual adaptability scores (p.106) showed no significance in Alcohol use disorder, but perceived moderate stress (p.057) is significantly associated with having an alcohol use disorder.


































TABLE 7: Correlation of AUDIT, Age, and Perceived Psychological Status

AUDIT Score Age PP Score Adaptability PSS-14
_____________________________________________________________________
AUDIT Score ̶

Age -.188* ̶

PP Score .318** .002 ̶

Adaptability -.130 .056 .218** ̶

PSS-14 .117 -.240** . 186* -.184* ̶

*Correlation significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)
** Correlation significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)

Age is shown to be inversely related to peer pressure, so the younger the person the more peer pressured he will be. Adaptability is shown to be highly directly proportional to pss-14 stress score, so the higher the adaptability, the more likely the self-efficacy of the person in handling daily stress. Peer pressure score is shown to be highly inversely proportional to perceived stress (pss-14), so the higher the stress level the lower the perceived psychological status.
The respondents are 81.2% less likely to have higher AUDIT scores at a higher age and 68.2% more likely to have higher AUDIT scores with higher PP scores. The respondents are 78.2% more likely to have higher PP scores with higher adaptability. There’s a 76% higher likelihood that older age & higher adaptability (81.6%) would have less stress. A higher perceived stress score (PSS-14) is 81.4% more likely to be correlated to a higher stress level. The Total AUDIT score was correlated with age (p-.188), individual adaptability score (p -.130) and a higher Peer pressure score (p-.318). Perceived stress (.186) and individual adaptability scores (p.218) are also significantly correlated with having higher peer pressure scores. Having higher perceived Stress score correlated with adaptability (p -.184).













VI. DISCUSSION

Korea’s drinking culture has historical background dated from old times and the Confucian ideals. Philippines’ drinking culture also has a historical background from Spanish colonization and Roman Catholicism’s traditional feasts which includes eating, drinking and merry making. Koreans drink to socialize with their friends and co-workers which is also the same with Filipinos who drink as part of socialization. The choice of drink for Koreans is a fermented rice wine which is called ‘Soju’ while Filipinos have opted to drink ‘Beer’. With these factors mentioned above, the influence of Korean drinking culture to Filipinos has a great possibility considering the similarities of drinking behavior of the two countries. In this study, the behavior of Filipinos on drinking alcohol in South Korea is related to their work, age, gender, perceived stress, adaptability abilities, and cultural influences about drinking alcohol here in Korea.
Korea is one of the highest alcohol consumers in Asia according to the World Health Organization’s list of total recorded and unrecorded Alcohol per capita per country in 2010. With this, this research would like to know whether the foreigners living in Korea will be influenced by the Korean culture when it comes to their alcohol consumption. Filipinos are estimated to be 0.1% of the total population of South Korea in 2015, which includes Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW), Graduate Students, Migrant women who were married to Korean and others undocumented Filipinos. Mostly residing in Seoul and some are already permanent resident in South Korea.
In 2011, Dr. Jürgen Rehm had concluded in his study about the Risks Associated with Alcohol Use and Alcoholism, that the results of his study underscore the need to develop effective prevention efforts to reduce the pain and suffering, and the associated costs, resulting from excessive alcohol use.
The recent systematic overview on the effects of alcohol on global burden of disease was based on data for the year 2004, the analyses found that although AUDs which constitute the major part of the neuropsychiatric disorders, clearly are important contributors to global burden of disease, they only account for less than one-third of the overall impact of alcohol consumption. Almost equally important are the acute effects of alcohol consumption on the risk of both unintentional and intentional injury. In addition, alcohol has a sizable effect on the burden of disease associated with infectious diseases, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and liver cirrhosis. However, alcohol consumption also has beneficial effects on the burden of disease, mainly on diabetes and the ischemic disease subcategory of cardiovascular diseases. Yet these effects are by far outweighed by the detrimental consequences of alcohol consumption (Rehm et al. 2009).

Overall volume of consumption is the major factor in the prevalence of harms from drinking. Since consumption and associated problems tend to increase with economic development, policymakers in developing economies should be especially aware of the need to develop policies to minimize overall increases in alcohol consumption. Unrecorded consumption is also an important consideration for policy in many parts of the world, and poses difficulties for alcohol control policies. Drinking pattern is also an important contributing factor toward alcohol-related harm. Although some drinking patterns have been shown to produce beneficial health effects, because the net effect of alcohol on coronary disease is negative in most parts of the world, policies that promote abstinence or lower drinking overall may be the safest options. Moreover, sporadic intoxication is common in many parts of the world, and policies are unlikely to change this drinking pattern at least in the short to medium term. At the same time, because injuries comprise a large proportion of the burden of alcohol, it is appropriate to enhance these policies with targeted harm reduction strategies such as drinking and driving countermeasures and interventions focused on reducing alcohol-related violence in specific high-risk settings. Alcohol consumption is a major factor for the global burden of disease and should be considered a public health priority globally, regionally, and nationally for the vast majority of countries in the world. The need for alcohol policy is even stronger when it is taken into consideration that the burden of alcohol estimated in the WHO Global Burden of Disease project includes primarily health problems related to drinking. From the limited evidence available, however, social problems related to drinking seem to impose at least as much burden. Moreover, the burden for both social and health harms fall not only on the drinker, but also on others. There is a broad literature on policy interventions to reduce alcohol problems. Effective strategies include controls over distribution and sale, taxation, drinking-driving countermeasures, brief interventions by health workers or counselors, and selected harm reduction measures. There is a need to develop the growing literature on comparative evaluations of cost-effectiveness of such strategies. In addition, international agreements are needed to support the effectiveness of national strategies (Room R. et al., 2003).
In Asia, alcohol consumption is part of the social activities and has become a way of life. The earliest evidence of alcohol consumption in Asia is from some 9000 years ago (around 7000 BC) in China. This drink was kept in wine jars and apparently made from fermenting rice, fruit and honey. The consumption of alcohol developed throughout the region, many times taking a central role in religious ceremonies and being offered to the gods in order to keep them happy. Each country developed their particular preferred drink most often based on a staple of the region, rice –from Sato of Thailand, Makkeoli of Korea and Sake (nihonshu) of Japan. Along with rice, there are local beers based on various fruits, sweet potato, and wheat, many times infused with various herbs and spices, snakes or hornets, all believed to bring the drinker vigor and health. According to the report, religion can also be a part in the rejection of alcohol in all forms, with the large Muslim populations in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and India avoiding drinking.
Asia Express (AIP) had asked their panel members across Asia about their preferred alcoholic drink. In the result, South Korea is the second largest group of beer drinkers next to China. The Philippines also is in the list of countries which has the traditional beer as the most preferred drink and it is most likely due to their Spanish colonial past. However, the wine is the largest from China which accounts for 74% of drinkers indicating that they preferred wine; the next largest group was beer drinkers in South Korea (Newsletter Asia Express, 2011).
Filipinos are well known to have an increase rate of adaptation to a new environment. In this study, the relationship of adapting to a cultural trait of a new country to a Filipino will be assessed. Addressing this problem will save the international community in South Korea and its government will benefit from it for it will be an additional strength to attract more foreign investors, students and workers here. This research will serve as an assessment tool to gather a baseline data about the problem and it can eventually be a proponent to create an intervention program of the government. Strengthening the health services of Korea for foreigners will attract more foreigner living here and will make it more competent to be an internationally equipped country to cater a multicultural society. Sociocultural variants are at least as important as physiological and psychological variants when we are trying to understand the interrelations of alcohol and human behavior. Ways of drinking and of thinking about drinking are learned by individuals within the context in which they learn ways of doing other things and of thinking about them--that is, whatever else drinking may be, it is an aspect of culture about which patterns of belief and behavior are modeled by a combination of example, exhortation, rewards, punishments, and the many other means, both formal and informal, that societies use for communicating norms, attitudes, and values" (Heath, D.B, 1982).
Table Results Discussion
The age was categorized into 3 variables from 4 original variables due to the small number of 51-70 years old respondents, 41-50 and 51-70 are merged to be as one variable. Marital status was categorized into two variables due to small number of others, it was merged to single. Others in marital status means widow or widower. In peer pressure, categories such as moderately pressured, and pressured and influenced were merged due to small number of respondents.



VI. CONCLUSION
A. Major findings


Alcohol consumption in Korea is relatively high compared to other countries in world. Similarly, Filipinos are also known to be alcohol drinkers with its preference for beer. These two countries have established a “norm” or accepted behavior when it comes to drinking alcoholic beverages. However, the effects of alcohol use have detrimental consequences to both employers (Koreans) and employees (Filipinos) in acquiring health issues and social issues. This study concludes that being male, young adult, employed, a smoker, an alcohol drinker, and having high peer pressure score indicate a significant higher likelihood for Filipinos to be negatively influenced by South Korea’s drinking culture.

Limitations
Limitations of the study are the small number of respondents which cannot be considered as a general population of Filipinos in South Korea. The researcher had only an ample time to gather data in the most fast-paced places of where Filipinos commonly seen-Philippine Embassy and Hyewadong market. Most of the respondents were in a hurry to answer the questionnaires and double checking of information has been limited to those who have spent a little more minutes. The data gathered showed more employed Filipinos than married Filipino women and graduate students who are both vulnerable targets of alcohol related problems in terms of stress factors of new environment and school works. Since this current study is a self-reported data, bias to the data recall on alcohol consumption can be noted.

Recommendation
It is highly recommended for future studies to focus more on the two target Filipino populations- immigrant women and graduate students- on the health and social effects of alcohol consumption while they stay in Korea, as those respondents have stayed longer in the ROK. Implications to social and physical aspects of alcohol consumption are also worthy of inquiry.
Cultural awareness should be added to the orientation of the foreign workers here in Korea in order for them to easily adjust to the new environment surrounding them. Program with regards to their health should be part of the health services to this population to enable them to create necessary changes to adapt without compromising their health.
The alcohol consumption of Filipinos in South Korea has seen to increase significantly after an average stay of more than two years. Alcohol drinking of Filipinos in South Korea occurs monthly or less, mostly during weekends with beer and soju as the choices for alcoholic drinks. Being male, aged 31-40, employed, an alcohol drinker, smoker and having low adaptability, stress and peer pressure scale scores will lead a Filipino to be influenced by the drinking culture of South Korea. The alcohol consumption of Filipinos in South Korea has seen to increase significantly after an average stay of less than two years.
With this current study, the researcher has opened an avenue to decipher the influence of drinking culture to foreigners in the ROK. The result may be submitted to the health ministry of Korea to address the possible health and social implications of the alcohol-related diseases of their foreign employees. Health policies and social awareness measure proposals targeted to this population are necessary for South Korean health ministries to curtail additional alcohol consumption disease burdens to promote a healthier well-being among ROK-dwelling Filipinos; a significant part of the country’s workforce.





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Although Filipinos in the ROK (Republic of Korea) are presently one of the largest Southeast Asian minorities, ethnic-specific alcohol consumption studies are seemingly non-existent. This study has sought to describe the ethnic-specific alcohol consumption in its relation to ROK-dwelling Filipino’s present in these alcohol drinking cultural surroundings.
The objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate the present conditions of alcohol intake in ROK-dwelling Filipinos, (2) to determine the time frame length of Korean drinking culture influence to the respondents, and (3) to collect alcohol drinking data on Filipinos in Korea as a baseline study for further alcohol prevention program development, as well as a potential aid to health service availability regarding alcohol related diseases among the Filipinos.
The methods used are the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT), which is the WHO’s standardized alcohol questionnaire to find the alcohol use status of the respondents, the Perceived Stress Scale Version 14 to assess the respondents’ stress levels, the Individual Adaptability Assessment survey to evaluate new culture integration, along with the New York’s Smoking Quitline assessment form for tobacco use status, and finally one ethnically appropriate questionnaire to assess peer pressure and cultural influences.
Results show that Filipino alcohol drinkers in Korea are most likely to be males aged 31-40 and employed. The AUDIT Total score significance includes gender (p.000) age (p .040), peer pressure (p .000) and smoking indicators (p .001). Specifically, being a young adult and having a higher score on the peer pressure scale is more significantly associated with alcohol use disorder. Gender (p.083), marital status (p.653) and occupation (p.758) have no significant association to alcohol use disorder when sociodemographic variables were cross-tabulated. AUDIT Total score means and health behavior with perceived psychological status were also cross tabulated, which resulted in smoking (p.001) found to be significant. Being a smoker is more likely to yield higher AUDIT scores than non-smokers. Respondents who are more likely to be peer pressured have higher peer pressure score (p.000) and are more likely to have high AUDIT scores. Individual adaptability scores (p.106) showed no significance in Alcohol use disorder, but perceived moderate stress (p.036) is significantly associated with having an alcohol use disorder. The Total AUDIT score was correlated with age (p-.188), individual adaptability score (p -.130) and a higher Peer pressure score (p-.318). Perceived stress (.186) and individual adaptability scores (p.218) are also significantly correlated with having higher peer pressure scores. Having higher perceived Stress score correlated with adaptability (p -.184). The ROK-dwelling Filipino young adults aged 20-30 are more likely to have an alcohol use disorder than other age groups, same as with the Korean native. Korean population of ROK-dwelling Filipino’s alcohol consumption frequency is more likely to occur on a monthly cycle during weekends with preference for beer and significantly increasing after staying for 24-36 months (SD±4.825).
Due to lack of ample time for data gathering, this study is composed of more employed respondents than Filipino women married to Koreans or foreign graduate students. It is recommended for future studies to include more migrant women and foreign graduate students, as often those respondents have stayed longer in the ROK.
This study concludes that being male, young adult, employed, a smoker, an alcohol drinker, and having high peer pressure score indicate a significant higher likelihood for Filipinos to be negatively influenced by South Korea’s drinking culture. Proposals for health policies and social awareness programs targeted to this population are necessary for the South Korean Health Ministries, to curtail additional alcohol consumption disease burdens upon Korea and in order to promote a healthier well-being among ROK-dwelling Filipinos, who are a significant part of the country’s workforce. Adaptability to the Korean drinking culture is a positive force for damaging Korea’s foreign workforce and bringing that damage into the workplace for a negative impact on Korea’s economy.

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