The Unionidae are a family of freshwater mussel, the largest in the order Unionioda, the highest species diversity within the class Bivalvia, widely distributed on all continents except Antarctica. The unionids species have unique breeding strategies that lead them to parasitize fish during their la...
The Unionidae are a family of freshwater mussel, the largest in the order Unionioda, the highest species diversity within the class Bivalvia, widely distributed on all continents except Antarctica. The unionids species have unique breeding strategies that lead them to parasitize fish during their larval stage. This life cycle leads to high intraspecific morphological variability, and shell morphological traits were associated with habitat condition. Three subfamilies, 10 species, and two subspecies of Unionidae have been reported in the Korea. Some Korean unuonids species represents intraspeciefic morphological variability and symbiotic but taxonomic subspecies of unionids have been identified. Therefore, molecular species delimitation and taxonomic revision were conducted for Korean unionids.
For molecular and morphological reclassification of Korean unionids, a total of 303 unionids samples (18 species and 1 subspecies) were collected from 31 sites in the Korea and 11 sites in Japan from 2013 to 2015. A 658bp partial sequence were determined of the mitochondrial CO1 gene, and carried out for species delimitation analysis using the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and the General Mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) methods. As a result, 21-22 primary species hypotheses (PSHs) were derived, and morphological analysis of the shell was done. The results suggest that three subfamilies and 10 species of Korean unionids should be reclassified into three subfamilies and 15 species. Nodularia douglasiae douglasiae and N. d. sinolatus, which are symbiotic subspecies, should be morphologically and molecularly classified into two species, and the genus name should be changed to Nodularia sinolata. Analysis of Inversiunio jokohamensis and I. yanagawensis from Japan and I. verrucosus from Korea confirmed that the three species should be reclassified into two species, and that the I. jokohamensis populations from the Mie area in Japan and I. yanagawensis and the domestic I. verrucosus population should be treated as the same species. The domestic genus Anemina was molecularly classified into four species based on PSHs, from the existing Anodonta arcaeformis arcaeformis and A. a. flavotincta. The four PSH-based species were also morphologically classified into A, B, C, and D types. The Sinanodonta species were morphologically and genetically divided into two species, Sinanodonta woodiana and S. woodiana A type.
The complete mitochondrial genome of 17 samples of 15 taxa of Korean unionids were determined to clarified the phylogenetic relationships between subfamilies of Unionidae, carried out phylogenetic analysis using existing mitochondrial genome sequences of 40 species from five subfamilies. The unionids, whose mitochondrial genomes were sequenced, were classified into five subfamilies. Korean unionids formed a monophyletic group within the Unionidae and were classified into three subfamilies. Unionidae was largely classified into two groups depending on the type of larvae. Unioninae and Anodontinae with a triangular larval shape formed one clade, while Rectidentinae, Gonideinae, and Ambleminae with asymmetrical or semi-elliptical larvae formed a different clade. Rectidentinae and Gonideinae formed a sister group and showed differences in their mitochondrial genome sequence compared to other subfamilies. Comparison with primitive mitochondrial gene sequences showed that the H, S1, ND2, and M genes were translocated between the CO2 and ND3 genes. Analysis of the CO1 gene partial sequence also demonstrated that Lamprotula coreana, which had an unclear phylogenetic status, belongs to Unioninae rather than the existing Gonideinae, based on the mitochondrial genome size, nucleotide sequence, and larval morphology. Therefore, the genus name should be changed to Aculamprotula. The genus Lanceolaria to which Lanceolaria acrorrhyncha belongs is within Unioninae but its phylogenetic status is ambiguous, thereby suggesting that it may form an independent subfamily. In addition, the genus Lamprotula does not form a monophyletic group, and phylogenetic review of the genus Pronodularia is also needed.
This study presents the first molecular and morphological reclassification of all Korean unionids and clarifies the phylogenetic relationships between subfamilies of unionids based on mitochondrial genome sequences.
The Unionidae are a family of freshwater mussel, the largest in the order Unionioda, the highest species diversity within the class Bivalvia, widely distributed on all continents except Antarctica. The unionids species have unique breeding strategies that lead them to parasitize fish during their larval stage. This life cycle leads to high intraspecific morphological variability, and shell morphological traits were associated with habitat condition. Three subfamilies, 10 species, and two subspecies of Unionidae have been reported in the Korea. Some Korean unuonids species represents intraspeciefic morphological variability and symbiotic but taxonomic subspecies of unionids have been identified. Therefore, molecular species delimitation and taxonomic revision were conducted for Korean unionids.
For molecular and morphological reclassification of Korean unionids, a total of 303 unionids samples (18 species and 1 subspecies) were collected from 31 sites in the Korea and 11 sites in Japan from 2013 to 2015. A 658bp partial sequence were determined of the mitochondrial CO1 gene, and carried out for species delimitation analysis using the Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) and the General Mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) methods. As a result, 21-22 primary species hypotheses (PSHs) were derived, and morphological analysis of the shell was done. The results suggest that three subfamilies and 10 species of Korean unionids should be reclassified into three subfamilies and 15 species. Nodularia douglasiae douglasiae and N. d. sinolatus, which are symbiotic subspecies, should be morphologically and molecularly classified into two species, and the genus name should be changed to Nodularia sinolata. Analysis of Inversiunio jokohamensis and I. yanagawensis from Japan and I. verrucosus from Korea confirmed that the three species should be reclassified into two species, and that the I. jokohamensis populations from the Mie area in Japan and I. yanagawensis and the domestic I. verrucosus population should be treated as the same species. The domestic genus Anemina was molecularly classified into four species based on PSHs, from the existing Anodonta arcaeformis arcaeformis and A. a. flavotincta. The four PSH-based species were also morphologically classified into A, B, C, and D types. The Sinanodonta species were morphologically and genetically divided into two species, Sinanodonta woodiana and S. woodiana A type.
The complete mitochondrial genome of 17 samples of 15 taxa of Korean unionids were determined to clarified the phylogenetic relationships between subfamilies of Unionidae, carried out phylogenetic analysis using existing mitochondrial genome sequences of 40 species from five subfamilies. The unionids, whose mitochondrial genomes were sequenced, were classified into five subfamilies. Korean unionids formed a monophyletic group within the Unionidae and were classified into three subfamilies. Unionidae was largely classified into two groups depending on the type of larvae. Unioninae and Anodontinae with a triangular larval shape formed one clade, while Rectidentinae, Gonideinae, and Ambleminae with asymmetrical or semi-elliptical larvae formed a different clade. Rectidentinae and Gonideinae formed a sister group and showed differences in their mitochondrial genome sequence compared to other subfamilies. Comparison with primitive mitochondrial gene sequences showed that the H, S1, ND2, and M genes were translocated between the CO2 and ND3 genes. Analysis of the CO1 gene partial sequence also demonstrated that Lamprotula coreana, which had an unclear phylogenetic status, belongs to Unioninae rather than the existing Gonideinae, based on the mitochondrial genome size, nucleotide sequence, and larval morphology. Therefore, the genus name should be changed to Aculamprotula. The genus Lanceolaria to which Lanceolaria acrorrhyncha belongs is within Unioninae but its phylogenetic status is ambiguous, thereby suggesting that it may form an independent subfamily. In addition, the genus Lamprotula does not form a monophyletic group, and phylogenetic review of the genus Pronodularia is also needed.
This study presents the first molecular and morphological reclassification of all Korean unionids and clarifies the phylogenetic relationships between subfamilies of unionids based on mitochondrial genome sequences.
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