With the increase in excavation data, researches on pit dwelling in the Joseon period have been conducted intensively since the 2000s. Studies up until now have been using the method of estimating the age with the excavated artifacts after classifying the types through the attributes such as flatnes...
With the increase in excavation data, researches on pit dwelling in the Joseon period have been conducted intensively since the 2000s. Studies up until now have been using the method of estimating the age with the excavated artifacts after classifying the types through the attributes such as flatness, cooking/heating, and presence of pillar holes. As a result, pit dwellings have shown temporarility in terms of cooking/heating than flatness, and other than being the dwellings for the economically fallen class and the servant class, pit dwellings have been defined as temporary dwellings such as myomak (a small dwelling near a burial site) and workplace and also as dwellings for immigrants and hwajeonmin (people who work on the slash-and-burn field). Pit dwellings were mainly formed in the 15th to 16th centuries, and they had decreased gradually thereafter.
The purpose of this paper is to reveal characteristics, chronology, and traits of the pit dwellings of Cheongju based on the Juseong-ri/Chang-ri site where burial sites and production facilities of the same period as the pit dwellings in the Joseon period have been studied.
Most of the pit dwellings of Cheongju are located near the plains of the hilly areas, and are adjacent to transportation routes and rivers. Most are in small-scale settlements but large-scale settlements have been verified by Juseong-ri/Chang-ri site and Yulryang-dong site. According to the excavated artifacts, the relics date back to the 15th to 16th centuries.
The correlation between the flatness of the pit dwelling and the oven facility was very low, and the characteristics between the types weren’t found because the classified attributes have been all combined. In other words, the attributes and types shown in the pit dwellings don’t reflect temporarility. However, the room type of a pit dwelling with a furnace showed the highest rate.
The chronology of the pit dwellings have been attempted using ceramics. It can be divided into (I) Period of Buncheong ware (bluish-green porcelain) and (II) Period of Baekja ware (white porcelain). The excavation of Buncheong ware alone and the findings of both Buncheong ware and Baekja ware are put into one period, and only Baekja ware was excavated during the next period. As for the types of each period, the case of furnaces installed in the room-like interior of the dwelling had been used continuously and this has been verified in Yulryang-dong site. This is contradictory to the previous finding that pit dwellings of the Joseon period in the Province of Chungcheong was used for a short period of time where as Juseong-ri/Chang-ri site and Yulryang-dong site showed long-term occupancy.
Based on these findings, pit dwellings can be seen as one of the types of folk houses in Joseon period, and in order to verify the assumption that these relics had been occupied for a long period of time, historical background such as literary records and place names of Juseong-ri, Chang-ri and Yulryang-dong have been closely examined. Juseong-ri and Chang-ri were located adjacent to each other since the Joseon period and thus many people had lived there. Especially, Chang-ri’s place name had been changed in the early years of Joseon period from Bugok to Won to Chang, and the period when it was called Bugok is close to the time frame of Juseong-ri/Chang-ri site. Moreover, the quantity of the dwellings found was greater than that of an ordinary village, and this was very similar to the average scale of Bugok. Also, because Chang-ri was located in the center of transportation, connecting all the nearby places of Cheongju, Jochiwon, Jincheon, and Cheongan, it was managed as Won and Chang. Accordingly, the residents of the pit dwellings, as verified by Juseong-ri/Chang-ri site, probably were Bugokmin (residents of Bugok), and Bugok most likely was changed to Chang after being Won (a village) as it went through the process of reclassifying as Ri or Chon in the early years of Joseon period.
As for the pit dwellings of Yulryang-dong site, Yeokmin (people living around a station) who belonged to Yulbong Station had formed a station village and dwelled there in order to take care of and operate the station. Accordingly, it most likely was a settlement village where a portion of Yeokmin lived.
In conclusion, the residents of pit dwellings of Juseong-ri/Chang-ri site were most likely Bugokmin, and the residents of pit dwellings of Yulryang-dong site are assumed to be a portion of Yeokmin. The large-scale pit dwellings of Cheongju in the Joseon period that have been verified up until now are considered as, rather than temporary dwellings, special villages where the Sinyangyukcheon group of Bugok and Yeok had dwelled for a long period of time.
With the increase in excavation data, researches on pit dwelling in the Joseon period have been conducted intensively since the 2000s. Studies up until now have been using the method of estimating the age with the excavated artifacts after classifying the types through the attributes such as flatness, cooking/heating, and presence of pillar holes. As a result, pit dwellings have shown temporarility in terms of cooking/heating than flatness, and other than being the dwellings for the economically fallen class and the servant class, pit dwellings have been defined as temporary dwellings such as myomak (a small dwelling near a burial site) and workplace and also as dwellings for immigrants and hwajeonmin (people who work on the slash-and-burn field). Pit dwellings were mainly formed in the 15th to 16th centuries, and they had decreased gradually thereafter.
The purpose of this paper is to reveal characteristics, chronology, and traits of the pit dwellings of Cheongju based on the Juseong-ri/Chang-ri site where burial sites and production facilities of the same period as the pit dwellings in the Joseon period have been studied.
Most of the pit dwellings of Cheongju are located near the plains of the hilly areas, and are adjacent to transportation routes and rivers. Most are in small-scale settlements but large-scale settlements have been verified by Juseong-ri/Chang-ri site and Yulryang-dong site. According to the excavated artifacts, the relics date back to the 15th to 16th centuries.
The correlation between the flatness of the pit dwelling and the oven facility was very low, and the characteristics between the types weren’t found because the classified attributes have been all combined. In other words, the attributes and types shown in the pit dwellings don’t reflect temporarility. However, the room type of a pit dwelling with a furnace showed the highest rate.
The chronology of the pit dwellings have been attempted using ceramics. It can be divided into (I) Period of Buncheong ware (bluish-green porcelain) and (II) Period of Baekja ware (white porcelain). The excavation of Buncheong ware alone and the findings of both Buncheong ware and Baekja ware are put into one period, and only Baekja ware was excavated during the next period. As for the types of each period, the case of furnaces installed in the room-like interior of the dwelling had been used continuously and this has been verified in Yulryang-dong site. This is contradictory to the previous finding that pit dwellings of the Joseon period in the Province of Chungcheong was used for a short period of time where as Juseong-ri/Chang-ri site and Yulryang-dong site showed long-term occupancy.
Based on these findings, pit dwellings can be seen as one of the types of folk houses in Joseon period, and in order to verify the assumption that these relics had been occupied for a long period of time, historical background such as literary records and place names of Juseong-ri, Chang-ri and Yulryang-dong have been closely examined. Juseong-ri and Chang-ri were located adjacent to each other since the Joseon period and thus many people had lived there. Especially, Chang-ri’s place name had been changed in the early years of Joseon period from Bugok to Won to Chang, and the period when it was called Bugok is close to the time frame of Juseong-ri/Chang-ri site. Moreover, the quantity of the dwellings found was greater than that of an ordinary village, and this was very similar to the average scale of Bugok. Also, because Chang-ri was located in the center of transportation, connecting all the nearby places of Cheongju, Jochiwon, Jincheon, and Cheongan, it was managed as Won and Chang. Accordingly, the residents of the pit dwellings, as verified by Juseong-ri/Chang-ri site, probably were Bugokmin (residents of Bugok), and Bugok most likely was changed to Chang after being Won (a village) as it went through the process of reclassifying as Ri or Chon in the early years of Joseon period.
As for the pit dwellings of Yulryang-dong site, Yeokmin (people living around a station) who belonged to Yulbong Station had formed a station village and dwelled there in order to take care of and operate the station. Accordingly, it most likely was a settlement village where a portion of Yeokmin lived.
In conclusion, the residents of pit dwellings of Juseong-ri/Chang-ri site were most likely Bugokmin, and the residents of pit dwellings of Yulryang-dong site are assumed to be a portion of Yeokmin. The large-scale pit dwellings of Cheongju in the Joseon period that have been verified up until now are considered as, rather than temporary dwellings, special villages where the Sinyangyukcheon group of Bugok and Yeok had dwelled for a long period of time.
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