A comparative anatomical and histological study on the olfactory organ of Korean 17 fishes was observed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, and the results were focused on the correlation between the olfactory organ and their ecological habits and...
A comparative anatomical and histological study on the olfactory organ of Korean 17 fishes was observed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, and the results were focused on the correlation between the olfactory organ and their ecological habits and the habitats.
In the anatomy, the nostril varies considerably in position, number, length, diameter and morphology. The position of 16 species is situated at each side of the dorsal snout, except for just one species, L. reissneri, that is located on the top of the head. In detailed, the direction of the anterior nostril in M. albus and O. lacepedii is toward the anterior tip of the upper lip (a forward direction), but B. pectinirostris and P. modestus are toward the ventral tip of the upper lip (a downward direction). In number, 16 species have two nostrils, whereas L. reissneri owns only a single nostril. In diameter/size, L. reissneri was excluded from this data because it has a single nostril. In the comparative percentage value of diameter to the head length, it is divided largely into two groups: higher and lower value groups. In the anterior nostril, the higher value group over 3% is R. uyekii, C. splendidus and M. yaluensis. The other fishes have the lower one below 3%. In the posterior nostril, R. uyekii and M. yaluensis have a diameter value at least 5.6% higher than other fishes below 5%. In morphology, L. reissneri has only a single olfactory organ on the head; a single nostril with the tubular structure protruded from the head. In 16 species with two nostrils, the morphology of the anterior nostril is largely classified into four patterns: 1) a semicircle with a wide opening flat to the surface in two species (C. splendidus, M.yaluensis), 2) a semicircle with a wide opening protruded as an arch-like structure in R. uyekii, 3) a circle like a small hole flat to the surface in two species (O. sinensis, M. albus), 4) a tubular structure in nine species (P. koreanus, L. maculatus, S. microdorsalis, C. herzi, O. platycephala, B. pectinirostris, C. gulosus, P. modestus, R. brunneus). The morphology of the posterior nostril is largely divided into the four patterns: 1) a semicircle with large opening flat to the surface in three species (R. uyekii, C. splendidus, and M. yaluensis), 2) an ellipse like a small hole flat to the surface in eight species (P. koreanus, S. microdorsalis, L. maculatus, C. herzi, O. platy1cephala, C. gulosus, R. brunneus, and S. hastus, 3) an open slit in one species (O. sinensis), 4) a closed slit in four species (B. pectinirostris, P. modestus, M. albus, and O. lacepedii). R. uyekii, C. splendidus and M. yaluensis have a nasal flap. In accessory nasal sac, L. reissneri has one elongated nasal sac. M. albus (two lacrymal sacs), L. maculatus, C. herzi, B. pectinirostris, C. gulosus, R. brunneus, S. hastus and O. lacepedii possess two nasal sacs (ethmoidal and lachrymal sacs). P. modestus (ethmoidal sac), O. platycephala (lacrymal sac) and O. sinensis (suborbital) have one nasal sac. In the number of lamellae, L. reissneri has 19 ~ 20 lamellae. Other species are at the range of 14 ~ 15 in R. uyekii, 28 ~ 30 in C. splendidus, 22 ~ 24 in M. yaluensis, 20 ~ 23 in L. maculatus, 18 ~ 25 in C. herzi. The Siluriformes is a group having greater numbers (41 ~ 43 in P. koreanus and 42 ~ 48 in S. microdorsalis) of the lamellae of nocturnal fishes. O. platycephala, C. gulosus, R. brunneus and S. hasta show only one lamella. Meanwhile, O. sinensis, M. albus, B. pectinirostris, P. modestus and O. lacepedii have no lamella. In arrangement of lamellae, 17 species are classified to the six types, based on the above the categories as follows: Ⅰ (no folded lamella) in O. sinensis, M. albus, B. pectinirostris, P. modestus and O. lacepedii; Ⅱ (one longitudinal lamella) in O. platycephala, C. gulosus, R. brunneus and S. hastus; Ⅳ (longitudinal lamellae arranged in the same direction ) in L. reissneri; Ⅴ (fan-shaped lamellae from the raphe) in C. herzi; Ⅵ (lamellae radiating in all directions from the medium raphe) in R. uyekii; and Ⅶ (lamellae transversely and obliquely from the elongated medium raphe) in C. splendidus, M. yaluensis, P. koreanus, S. microdorsalis, and L. maculatus.
In the histology, the lamellae of 17 species are lined by the olfactory epithelium (OE) which is organized with the SE and the NSE. The SE of all 17 species is a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, as a single layer that is made up of multi-cells. In the thickness, the SE (80 ~ 150 ㎛) of the Perciformes is thicker than those (~ 80 ㎛) of the Cypriniformes. O. platycephala has the most thickness (229.7 ㎛). The SE of 17 species is classified into totally three types of the distributional patterns such as: 1) a continuous type present in L. reissneri, R. uyekii, C. splendidus, M. yaluensis, P. koreanus, S. microdorsalis, M. albus, L. maculatus, C. herzi, O. platycephala, B. pectinirostris, C. gulosus, R. brunneus, S. hastus, O. lacepedii, and 2) a large type in O. sinensis, and 3) an islet type in P. modestus. The NSE of 17 species show two types of layers, Type I stratified cuboidal layer (in L. reissneri) and Type II stratified squamous layer (other 16 species). In basic olfactory cells, the bipolar ORNs, the ciliated or the non-ciliated supporting cells, the basal cells were found commonly in the SE of all 17 species. In particular, the basal cells also are seen in the NSE of R. brunneus. In immune cells, except for L. reissneri of this study, the LCs in the 16 species appeared throughout almost parts of the SE and the NSE. The eosinophils are seen in the SE of C. gulosus and R. brunneus, the NSE of P. modestus, R. brunneus and O. lacepedii, and the connective tissue of O. sinensis and P. modestus. The plasma cells are seen in the NSE of L. reissneri, and the SE of R. uyekii, C. splendidus and M. yaluensis. The ciliated non-sensory cells are found in the NSE of L. reissneri, R. uyekii, M. yaluensis, S. microdorsalis, C. herzi and the SE of R. uyekii, C. splendidus, M. yaluensis, P. koreanus. The flattened cells are mainly restricted at the outermost superficial layer of the stratified squamous epithelium in B. pectinirostris, P. modestus and M. albus. Except for P. koreanus and P. modestus with an only neutral mucin, the mucous property of 15 species is an acid and neutral sulfomucin. Uniquely, the carbohydrate of P. modestus is considered glycogen. The unidentified cells in some fishes (B. pectinirostris, P. modestus, S. hastus) may be considered ion exchanging cell with numerous mitochondria.
Consequently, these results of the olfactory organ in 17 species may suggest the following points: 1) the gross structure reflects a physical condition of the habitat and the ecological habit of each species, related to an evolutionary level; 2) the histological structure, the histochemistry and the distinct occurrence of various cells are related to a lifestyle and chemical condition in habitat and antibacterial activity; 3) the anterior nostril with a protruded arch-like anterior portion in R. uyekii, the flattened cell of M. albus, B. pectinirostris, P. modestus, the ion exchanging cell with numerous mitochondria in B. pectinirostris, some blood capillaries within the sensory epithelium of M. albus, rod-like blood cells of a blood capillary with the connective tissue of S. hastus, non-sensory ciliated cells in the sensory epithelium are first reports of structure and cell in the olfactory organ of bony fish; 4) as a result, the number (1 in L. reissneri vs. 2 in 16 species), the position (on the head of L. reissneri vs. on the snout of 16 species; a forward anterior nostril of M. albus and O. lacepedii, a downward anterior nostril of B. pectinirostris and P. modestus), the diameter (above 3% of Cypriniforme, below 3% of Perciformes), the morphology (each 4 type in the anterior and the posterior nostrils) are liked with a evolutionary level and ecological habit for each species. The occurrence of pseudostratified, stratified squamous and stratified columnar epitheliums, olfactory receptor neuron, supporting cell, basal cell, immune cells, mucous cell, non-sensory ciliateci cell, stratified epithelial cell, flattened cell are closely related to histological and cytological results adapted to the inherent ecological habitat where fish lives in. Acidic and neutral, weak acidic and neutral, only neutral sulfomucin, and glycogen are cytochemical characters related to any chemical factor in their habitat and immune function. In addition, the anatomical characteristics found in each species may be used as a key for taxonomy.
A comparative anatomical and histological study on the olfactory organ of Korean 17 fishes was observed by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, and the results were focused on the correlation between the olfactory organ and their ecological habits and the habitats.
In the anatomy, the nostril varies considerably in position, number, length, diameter and morphology. The position of 16 species is situated at each side of the dorsal snout, except for just one species, L. reissneri, that is located on the top of the head. In detailed, the direction of the anterior nostril in M. albus and O. lacepedii is toward the anterior tip of the upper lip (a forward direction), but B. pectinirostris and P. modestus are toward the ventral tip of the upper lip (a downward direction). In number, 16 species have two nostrils, whereas L. reissneri owns only a single nostril. In diameter/size, L. reissneri was excluded from this data because it has a single nostril. In the comparative percentage value of diameter to the head length, it is divided largely into two groups: higher and lower value groups. In the anterior nostril, the higher value group over 3% is R. uyekii, C. splendidus and M. yaluensis. The other fishes have the lower one below 3%. In the posterior nostril, R. uyekii and M. yaluensis have a diameter value at least 5.6% higher than other fishes below 5%. In morphology, L. reissneri has only a single olfactory organ on the head; a single nostril with the tubular structure protruded from the head. In 16 species with two nostrils, the morphology of the anterior nostril is largely classified into four patterns: 1) a semicircle with a wide opening flat to the surface in two species (C. splendidus, M.yaluensis), 2) a semicircle with a wide opening protruded as an arch-like structure in R. uyekii, 3) a circle like a small hole flat to the surface in two species (O. sinensis, M. albus), 4) a tubular structure in nine species (P. koreanus, L. maculatus, S. microdorsalis, C. herzi, O. platycephala, B. pectinirostris, C. gulosus, P. modestus, R. brunneus). The morphology of the posterior nostril is largely divided into the four patterns: 1) a semicircle with large opening flat to the surface in three species (R. uyekii, C. splendidus, and M. yaluensis), 2) an ellipse like a small hole flat to the surface in eight species (P. koreanus, S. microdorsalis, L. maculatus, C. herzi, O. platy1cephala, C. gulosus, R. brunneus, and S. hastus, 3) an open slit in one species (O. sinensis), 4) a closed slit in four species (B. pectinirostris, P. modestus, M. albus, and O. lacepedii). R. uyekii, C. splendidus and M. yaluensis have a nasal flap. In accessory nasal sac, L. reissneri has one elongated nasal sac. M. albus (two lacrymal sacs), L. maculatus, C. herzi, B. pectinirostris, C. gulosus, R. brunneus, S. hastus and O. lacepedii possess two nasal sacs (ethmoidal and lachrymal sacs). P. modestus (ethmoidal sac), O. platycephala (lacrymal sac) and O. sinensis (suborbital) have one nasal sac. In the number of lamellae, L. reissneri has 19 ~ 20 lamellae. Other species are at the range of 14 ~ 15 in R. uyekii, 28 ~ 30 in C. splendidus, 22 ~ 24 in M. yaluensis, 20 ~ 23 in L. maculatus, 18 ~ 25 in C. herzi. The Siluriformes is a group having greater numbers (41 ~ 43 in P. koreanus and 42 ~ 48 in S. microdorsalis) of the lamellae of nocturnal fishes. O. platycephala, C. gulosus, R. brunneus and S. hasta show only one lamella. Meanwhile, O. sinensis, M. albus, B. pectinirostris, P. modestus and O. lacepedii have no lamella. In arrangement of lamellae, 17 species are classified to the six types, based on the above the categories as follows: Ⅰ (no folded lamella) in O. sinensis, M. albus, B. pectinirostris, P. modestus and O. lacepedii; Ⅱ (one longitudinal lamella) in O. platycephala, C. gulosus, R. brunneus and S. hastus; Ⅳ (longitudinal lamellae arranged in the same direction ) in L. reissneri; Ⅴ (fan-shaped lamellae from the raphe) in C. herzi; Ⅵ (lamellae radiating in all directions from the medium raphe) in R. uyekii; and Ⅶ (lamellae transversely and obliquely from the elongated medium raphe) in C. splendidus, M. yaluensis, P. koreanus, S. microdorsalis, and L. maculatus.
In the histology, the lamellae of 17 species are lined by the olfactory epithelium (OE) which is organized with the SE and the NSE. The SE of all 17 species is a pseudostratified columnar epithelium, as a single layer that is made up of multi-cells. In the thickness, the SE (80 ~ 150 ㎛) of the Perciformes is thicker than those (~ 80 ㎛) of the Cypriniformes. O. platycephala has the most thickness (229.7 ㎛). The SE of 17 species is classified into totally three types of the distributional patterns such as: 1) a continuous type present in L. reissneri, R. uyekii, C. splendidus, M. yaluensis, P. koreanus, S. microdorsalis, M. albus, L. maculatus, C. herzi, O. platycephala, B. pectinirostris, C. gulosus, R. brunneus, S. hastus, O. lacepedii, and 2) a large type in O. sinensis, and 3) an islet type in P. modestus. The NSE of 17 species show two types of layers, Type I stratified cuboidal layer (in L. reissneri) and Type II stratified squamous layer (other 16 species). In basic olfactory cells, the bipolar ORNs, the ciliated or the non-ciliated supporting cells, the basal cells were found commonly in the SE of all 17 species. In particular, the basal cells also are seen in the NSE of R. brunneus. In immune cells, except for L. reissneri of this study, the LCs in the 16 species appeared throughout almost parts of the SE and the NSE. The eosinophils are seen in the SE of C. gulosus and R. brunneus, the NSE of P. modestus, R. brunneus and O. lacepedii, and the connective tissue of O. sinensis and P. modestus. The plasma cells are seen in the NSE of L. reissneri, and the SE of R. uyekii, C. splendidus and M. yaluensis. The ciliated non-sensory cells are found in the NSE of L. reissneri, R. uyekii, M. yaluensis, S. microdorsalis, C. herzi and the SE of R. uyekii, C. splendidus, M. yaluensis, P. koreanus. The flattened cells are mainly restricted at the outermost superficial layer of the stratified squamous epithelium in B. pectinirostris, P. modestus and M. albus. Except for P. koreanus and P. modestus with an only neutral mucin, the mucous property of 15 species is an acid and neutral sulfomucin. Uniquely, the carbohydrate of P. modestus is considered glycogen. The unidentified cells in some fishes (B. pectinirostris, P. modestus, S. hastus) may be considered ion exchanging cell with numerous mitochondria.
Consequently, these results of the olfactory organ in 17 species may suggest the following points: 1) the gross structure reflects a physical condition of the habitat and the ecological habit of each species, related to an evolutionary level; 2) the histological structure, the histochemistry and the distinct occurrence of various cells are related to a lifestyle and chemical condition in habitat and antibacterial activity; 3) the anterior nostril with a protruded arch-like anterior portion in R. uyekii, the flattened cell of M. albus, B. pectinirostris, P. modestus, the ion exchanging cell with numerous mitochondria in B. pectinirostris, some blood capillaries within the sensory epithelium of M. albus, rod-like blood cells of a blood capillary with the connective tissue of S. hastus, non-sensory ciliated cells in the sensory epithelium are first reports of structure and cell in the olfactory organ of bony fish; 4) as a result, the number (1 in L. reissneri vs. 2 in 16 species), the position (on the head of L. reissneri vs. on the snout of 16 species; a forward anterior nostril of M. albus and O. lacepedii, a downward anterior nostril of B. pectinirostris and P. modestus), the diameter (above 3% of Cypriniforme, below 3% of Perciformes), the morphology (each 4 type in the anterior and the posterior nostrils) are liked with a evolutionary level and ecological habit for each species. The occurrence of pseudostratified, stratified squamous and stratified columnar epitheliums, olfactory receptor neuron, supporting cell, basal cell, immune cells, mucous cell, non-sensory ciliateci cell, stratified epithelial cell, flattened cell are closely related to histological and cytological results adapted to the inherent ecological habitat where fish lives in. Acidic and neutral, weak acidic and neutral, only neutral sulfomucin, and glycogen are cytochemical characters related to any chemical factor in their habitat and immune function. In addition, the anatomical characteristics found in each species may be used as a key for taxonomy.
Keyword
#Korean 17 species Olfactory organ Anatomy Histology Ion exchanging cell Mitochondria Flattened cell Ecological habit Habitat Antibacterial activity 한국산 어류 17종 후각기관 해부 및 조직학적 구조 이온교환세포 미토콘드리아 편평세포 생태적 습성 서식처 환경 항균활동
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