This study analyzed and compared the nasogram patterns after palatoplasty in Cleft Palate speakers by various factors using a nasometer. We aimed to provide objective baseline evaluation data for understanding hypernaslity.
This study compared a cleft palate group (59 subjects: 40children and 1...
This study analyzed and compared the nasogram patterns after palatoplasty in Cleft Palate speakers by various factors using a nasometer. We aimed to provide objective baseline evaluation data for understanding hypernaslity.
This study compared a cleft palate group (59 subjects: 40children and 19 adults) and a control group (20 subjects: 10 children and 10 adults). We used a portion(i.e., vowels, syllable-repetition, and sentences) of the Korean Simplified Nasometric Assessment Procedure as a test tool. Nasometer II was used for the voice recording and analysis. The parameters were nasalance, nasalance range(NR), and tense nasalance(TN). The cleft palate group was compared with the control group by group (i.e., cleft and normal), gender, cleft type, the age of palatoplasty, and postoperative follow-up period, and the grade of hypernasality.
The results of the study are as follows.
1)The nasalance of the cleft palate group was significantly(p<0.05) different from that of the control group by cleft type, the age of palatoplasty, and postoperative follow-up period, and the grade of hypernasality for children and adults.
In the intra-group comparison, the cleft palate group showed that the single vowel /i/ had the highest nasalance and the single vowel /a/ had the lowest nasalance for both children and adults. At the syllable level, the nasalance of children increased in the order of palatal < bilabial < velar < alveolar by the place of articulation while that of adults increased in the order of palatal < bilabial < alveolar < velar. In terms of the manner of articulation, the nasalance of children showed the order of glottalized < aspirated < lenis while that of adults revealed the order of glottalized < lenis < aspirated. When the nasalance was compared by the cleft palate(CP) type, the nasalance of the submucous cleft palate(SMCP) group was the highest for both children and adults. Single vowel /a/ was significantly (p<0.05) between the SMCP group and the control group and, therefore, It could be used as an indicator. When nasalance was compared by the postoperative follow-up period, the nasalance of children with CP tended to become stabilized 2 to 3 years after the palatoplasty and reduce steadily. When nasalance was compared by the grade of hypernasality, single vowels /a/ and /i/ were indicators that could distinguish the No nasality group and the SEVERE nasality group.
2)In terms of the NR, children with CP showed a significant difference from the control group in the single vowels of /a/, /o/, and /u/ and in the diphthongs of /ja/, /je/, and /wi/.
In terms of the cleft type, children with CP showed a significant difference from the control group in the single vowels of /e/, and in the diphthongs of /ja/, /je/. In terms of the age of palatoplasty, children with CP showed a significant difference from the control group in the single vowels of /e/, /u/, and in the diphthongs of /wi/. In terms of the postoperative follow-up period, children with CP showed a significant difference from the control group in the diphthongs of /ja/. In terms of the grade of hypernasality, children with CP showed a significant difference from the control group in the single vowels of /a/, /e/, /o/, and /u/ and in the diphthongs of /ja/, /je/, and /wi/. On the other hand, In terms of the grade of hypernasality adults with CP a significant difference from the control group only in one single vowel /i/.
3)The TN of the lenis, aspirated, and glottalized of plosive sounds were always higher in the SMCP group. TN of children in the SMCP group showed the order of lenis < aspirated < glottalized, while that of adults in the SMCP group was in the order of aspirated < glottalized < lenis. TN of children in the cleft palate and lip (CLP) group showed the order of lenis < aspirated < glottalized, while that of adults in the CLP group was in the order of lenis < glottalized < aspirated. TN of children in the CP group showed the order of glottalized < aspirated < lenis, while that of adults in the CP group was in the order of lenis < glottalized < aspirated.
This study presented the nasalance data according to various factors of children and adults with CP. The importance of this study was to provide objective information for patients with CP as supplement data for auditory-perceptual assessments in the clinic, which mainly relies on the perceptual judgment. Moreover, the results of this study can be used as an educational material for speech therapists to understand the nasalance.
This study analyzed and compared the nasogram patterns after palatoplasty in Cleft Palate speakers by various factors using a nasometer. We aimed to provide objective baseline evaluation data for understanding hypernaslity.
This study compared a cleft palate group (59 subjects: 40children and 19 adults) and a control group (20 subjects: 10 children and 10 adults). We used a portion(i.e., vowels, syllable-repetition, and sentences) of the Korean Simplified Nasometric Assessment Procedure as a test tool. Nasometer II was used for the voice recording and analysis. The parameters were nasalance, nasalance range(NR), and tense nasalance(TN). The cleft palate group was compared with the control group by group (i.e., cleft and normal), gender, cleft type, the age of palatoplasty, and postoperative follow-up period, and the grade of hypernasality.
The results of the study are as follows.
1)The nasalance of the cleft palate group was significantly(p<0.05) different from that of the control group by cleft type, the age of palatoplasty, and postoperative follow-up period, and the grade of hypernasality for children and adults.
In the intra-group comparison, the cleft palate group showed that the single vowel /i/ had the highest nasalance and the single vowel /a/ had the lowest nasalance for both children and adults. At the syllable level, the nasalance of children increased in the order of palatal < bilabial < velar < alveolar by the place of articulation while that of adults increased in the order of palatal < bilabial < alveolar < velar. In terms of the manner of articulation, the nasalance of children showed the order of glottalized < aspirated < lenis while that of adults revealed the order of glottalized < lenis < aspirated. When the nasalance was compared by the cleft palate(CP) type, the nasalance of the submucous cleft palate(SMCP) group was the highest for both children and adults. Single vowel /a/ was significantly (p<0.05) between the SMCP group and the control group and, therefore, It could be used as an indicator. When nasalance was compared by the postoperative follow-up period, the nasalance of children with CP tended to become stabilized 2 to 3 years after the palatoplasty and reduce steadily. When nasalance was compared by the grade of hypernasality, single vowels /a/ and /i/ were indicators that could distinguish the No nasality group and the SEVERE nasality group.
2)In terms of the NR, children with CP showed a significant difference from the control group in the single vowels of /a/, /o/, and /u/ and in the diphthongs of /ja/, /je/, and /wi/.
In terms of the cleft type, children with CP showed a significant difference from the control group in the single vowels of /e/, and in the diphthongs of /ja/, /je/. In terms of the age of palatoplasty, children with CP showed a significant difference from the control group in the single vowels of /e/, /u/, and in the diphthongs of /wi/. In terms of the postoperative follow-up period, children with CP showed a significant difference from the control group in the diphthongs of /ja/. In terms of the grade of hypernasality, children with CP showed a significant difference from the control group in the single vowels of /a/, /e/, /o/, and /u/ and in the diphthongs of /ja/, /je/, and /wi/. On the other hand, In terms of the grade of hypernasality adults with CP a significant difference from the control group only in one single vowel /i/.
3)The TN of the lenis, aspirated, and glottalized of plosive sounds were always higher in the SMCP group. TN of children in the SMCP group showed the order of lenis < aspirated < glottalized, while that of adults in the SMCP group was in the order of aspirated < glottalized < lenis. TN of children in the cleft palate and lip (CLP) group showed the order of lenis < aspirated < glottalized, while that of adults in the CLP group was in the order of lenis < glottalized < aspirated. TN of children in the CP group showed the order of glottalized < aspirated < lenis, while that of adults in the CP group was in the order of lenis < glottalized < aspirated.
This study presented the nasalance data according to various factors of children and adults with CP. The importance of this study was to provide objective information for patients with CP as supplement data for auditory-perceptual assessments in the clinic, which mainly relies on the perceptual judgment. Moreover, the results of this study can be used as an educational material for speech therapists to understand the nasalance.
주제어
#Cleft Palate Cleft Lip and Palate Submucous Cleft Palate Nasalance Nasometer Nasogram
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