The antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of carob pod MeOH(CPM) extract were analyzed to assess its potential utility and confirm its value as a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. The analysis outcomes are outlined below.
1. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid c...
The antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of carob pod MeOH(CPM) extract were analyzed to assess its potential utility and confirm its value as a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. The analysis outcomes are outlined below.
1. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents in CPM extract were 38.30 mg/g and 29.50 mg/g, respectively.
2. DPPH free radical scavenging activity significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract at concentrations of 40, 200, and 1,000 μg/mL. At the concentration of 1,000 μg/mL, the activity level was almost similar to that of the control group treated with ascorbic acid.
3. ABTS radical scavenging activity significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract at concentrations of 40, 200, and 1,000 μg/mL. Notably, the activity level was almost similar to that of the control group treated with ascorbic acid at concentrations 200 μg/mL.
4. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract at concentrations of 40, 200, and 1,000 μg/mL, although the activity level was lower than that of the control group treated with ascorbic acid.
5. Fe2+ chelating activity significantly increased in a concentration- dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract at concentrations of 40, 200, and 1,000 μg/mL, although the activity level was lower than that of the control group treated with deferoxamine.
6. Nitrite scavenging activity significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract at concentrations of 40, 200, and 1,000 μg/mL at pH 1.2 and 3.0. In addition, the activity levels when treated with CPM extract at 200 and 1,000 μg/mL concentrations at pH 1.2 or with 1,000 μg/mL concentration at pH 3.0 were similar to that of the control group treated with BHT. However, at pH 6.0, treatment with any of the above concentrations of CPM extract resulted in low nitrite scavenging activity.
7. The viability of RAW 264.7 cells treated with CPM extracts at concentrations of 100 and 400 μg/mL was similar to that of the control group. However, mild cytotoxicity was observed at CPM extract concentration of 800 μg/mL.
8. Treatment with CPM extract decreased production of nitric oxide(NO), a type of reactive oxygen species, in a concentration –dependent manner compared with the LPS-treated control group.
9. Treatment with CPM extract at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL decreased PGE2 production in a concentration- dependent manner compared with the LPS-treated control group.
10. Treatment with CPM extract decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and GM-CSF production in a concentration-dependent manner compared with the LPS-treated control group. Meanwhile, IL-10 production increased in a concentration-dependent manner compared with the LPS-treated control group.
11. iNOS and COX-2 protein expression decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract.
12. Phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract.
13. Treatment with CPM extract decreased phosphorylated IκBα expression in a concentration-dependent manner compared with the control group. However, the expression of p65, a subunit of NF-κB, was more pronounced than that in the control group.
These findings suggest that carob pod extract exhibits both antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting its utility as an ingredient of natural antioxidant or anti-inflammatory agent. However, additional in-depth studies should be performed to further expand its utility.
The antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of carob pod MeOH(CPM) extract were analyzed to assess its potential utility and confirm its value as a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. The analysis outcomes are outlined below.
1. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents in CPM extract were 38.30 mg/g and 29.50 mg/g, respectively.
2. DPPH free radical scavenging activity significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract at concentrations of 40, 200, and 1,000 μg/mL. At the concentration of 1,000 μg/mL, the activity level was almost similar to that of the control group treated with ascorbic acid.
3. ABTS radical scavenging activity significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract at concentrations of 40, 200, and 1,000 μg/mL. Notably, the activity level was almost similar to that of the control group treated with ascorbic acid at concentrations 200 μg/mL.
4. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract at concentrations of 40, 200, and 1,000 μg/mL, although the activity level was lower than that of the control group treated with ascorbic acid.
5. Fe2+ chelating activity significantly increased in a concentration- dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract at concentrations of 40, 200, and 1,000 μg/mL, although the activity level was lower than that of the control group treated with deferoxamine.
6. Nitrite scavenging activity significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract at concentrations of 40, 200, and 1,000 μg/mL at pH 1.2 and 3.0. In addition, the activity levels when treated with CPM extract at 200 and 1,000 μg/mL concentrations at pH 1.2 or with 1,000 μg/mL concentration at pH 3.0 were similar to that of the control group treated with BHT. However, at pH 6.0, treatment with any of the above concentrations of CPM extract resulted in low nitrite scavenging activity.
7. The viability of RAW 264.7 cells treated with CPM extracts at concentrations of 100 and 400 μg/mL was similar to that of the control group. However, mild cytotoxicity was observed at CPM extract concentration of 800 μg/mL.
8. Treatment with CPM extract decreased production of nitric oxide(NO), a type of reactive oxygen species, in a concentration –dependent manner compared with the LPS-treated control group.
9. Treatment with CPM extract at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL decreased PGE2 production in a concentration- dependent manner compared with the LPS-treated control group.
10. Treatment with CPM extract decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and GM-CSF production in a concentration-dependent manner compared with the LPS-treated control group. Meanwhile, IL-10 production increased in a concentration-dependent manner compared with the LPS-treated control group.
11. iNOS and COX-2 protein expression decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract.
12. Phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells decreased in a concentration-dependent manner after treatment with CPM extract.
13. Treatment with CPM extract decreased phosphorylated IκBα expression in a concentration-dependent manner compared with the control group. However, the expression of p65, a subunit of NF-κB, was more pronounced than that in the control group.
These findings suggest that carob pod extract exhibits both antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting its utility as an ingredient of natural antioxidant or anti-inflammatory agent. However, additional in-depth studies should be performed to further expand its utility.
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