This study was investigated to observe the growth change of trees according to depth of soil covering. It was surveyed on soil covering damage by creation of an artificial soil environment with different soil texture for Pinus densiflora, Prunus yedoensis, Ginkgo biloba, and Zelkova serrata.
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This study was investigated to observe the growth change of trees according to depth of soil covering. It was surveyed on soil covering damage by creation of an artificial soil environment with different soil texture for Pinus densiflora, Prunus yedoensis, Ginkgo biloba, and Zelkova serrata.
1. Tree growth and physiological changes
1) Growth change of DBH, tree height, leaf length and branch of P. densiflora from 2 years after soil covering was divided into 2 groups(SC1; control site+10cm and 20cm soil covering, SC2; 50cm and 100cm soil covering) by ANOVA analysis. The difference of growth rate between each growth factor before soil covering and 3 years after soil covering was as follows; The average DBH growth showed to 3.1cm (SC1) and 1.9cm(SC2). The average tree height showed to 0.9cm(SC1) and 0.5m(SC2). The average leaf length showed to 0.8cm(SC1) and -2.2cm(SC2) The average branch growth showed to 0.6cm(SC1) and -2.6cm(SC2). In root shape of SC2, it was much more developed on fine root than SC1, and was pointing upward. Ratio of Fresh and Dry weight of root also showed a significant difference and SC2 had a greater value than SC1.
2) It was not clearly divided from growth of DBH of P. yedoensis by ANOVA analysis, but there was a difference of growth quantity as 2.6cm(SC1) and 2.0cm(SC2). The difference of growth rate between each growth factor before soil covering and 3 years after soil covering was as follows; The average DBH growth showed to 2.6cm(SC1) and 2.0cm (SC2). The average tree height showed to 0.8m(SC1) and 0.5m(SC2). The average leaf length showed to 0.2cm(SC1) and -2.6cm(SC2) The average chlorophyll showed to SC1 was –4.3SPAD lower than SC2. The flowering time of SC2 began 3 days earlier than SC1. In SC1, the thick lateral roots were evenly distributed and face downwards. In SC2, there were no thick roots, fine root was pointing upward, and a large number of fine root occurred in the stem. Fresh/dry weight also showed significant differences. Fresh/dry weight showed significant differences and SC2 had a greater value than SC1.
3) It was not clearly divided from growth of DBH, tree height, leaf length, and chlorophyll of G. biloba by ANOVA analysis, but there was a difference of DBH growth quantity as 0.5cm(SC1) and 0.3cm(SC2). In SC2, there were no tap roots, fine root and lateral root were pointing upward, and a large number of fine root occurred in the stem. Fresh/dry weight showed SC2 had a greater value than SC1, but it had a slight difference.
4) It was not clearly divided from growth of DBH, tree height, leaf length, and chlorophyll of Z. serrata by ANOVA analysis. The difference of growth rate between each growth factor before soil covering and 2 years after soil covering was as follows; The average DBH growth showed to 0.39cm(SC1) and 0.13cm (SC2). However SC2 was 1.4cm longer on leaf length and 15.52SPAD higher on chlorophyll than SC1. It had the highest incidence of fine root of the four species. In SC2, root density was decreased, fine root and lateral root were pointing upward, and a large number of fine root occurred in the stem. Fresh/dry weight showed SC2 had a greater value than SC1, but it had a slight difference.
2. Change of the soil respiration
1) The soil respiration of P. densiflora began to show significant differences between SC1 and SC2 in September 2015. The difference apparently showed as the length of time elapsed in soil covering. The soil respiration in September 2017 was as low as –9.12(S50), –11.53 (S100), –7.78(SL50), and –8.99(SL100)mg·kg-1·h-1 as comparing with control.
2) The soil respiration of P. yedoensis began to show significant differences between SC1 and SC2 in September 2015. The difference apparently showed as the length of time elapsed in soil covering. The soil respiration in September 2017 was as low as –8.71(S50), –12.03 (S100), –9.36(SL50), and –12.59(SL100)mg·kg-1·h-1 as comparing with control.
3) The soil respiration of G. biloba began to show significant differences between SC1 and SC2 in May 2016. The difference apparently showed in September 2016. The soil respiration in September 2017 was as low as –14.93(S50), –18.13(S100), –13.37(SL50), and –17.02(SL100) mg·kg-1·h-1 as comparing with control.
4) The soil respiration of Z. serrata began to show significant differences between SC1 and SC2 in September 2016. The difference apparently showed in 2017. The soil respiration in September 2017 was as low as –7.34(S50), –15.92(S100), –8.68(SL50), and –11.28(SL100)mg·kg-1·h-1 as comparing with control.
3. Change of the electrical resistance value
In the survey of electrical resistance, there were a significant difference in the measured value of 4 species. But there was no a significant difference in depth or elapsed time.
4. Correlation analysis
1) P. densiflora showed high correlation [C(r=0.840**), S1(r=0.788**), S2(r=0.432*), SL1(r=0.755**), SL2(r=0.496**)] in soil respiration and DBH of types of soil covering in Many and September. Most factors tended to lower the correlation coefficient in order to C>(S1/SL1)>(S2/SL2)..
2) P. yedoensis showed high correlation [C(r=0.888**/r=0.907**), S1(r=0.844**/0.873**), S2(r=0.433*/0.487*), SL1(r=0.611**/0.701**), SL2(r=0.607**/583**)] in soil respiration and DBH of types of soil covering in Many and September. Most factors tended to lower the correlation coefficient in order to C>(S1/SL1)>(S2/SL2).
3) G. biloba and Z. serrata had very little distribution of significant correlation coefficient among factors. Correlation for individual measurement was occasionally shown, but no correlation with a tendency to soil covering depth.
This study was investigated to observe the growth change of trees according to depth of soil covering. It was surveyed on soil covering damage by creation of an artificial soil environment with different soil texture for Pinus densiflora, Prunus yedoensis, Ginkgo biloba, and Zelkova serrata.
1. Tree growth and physiological changes
1) Growth change of DBH, tree height, leaf length and branch of P. densiflora from 2 years after soil covering was divided into 2 groups(SC1; control site+10cm and 20cm soil covering, SC2; 50cm and 100cm soil covering) by ANOVA analysis. The difference of growth rate between each growth factor before soil covering and 3 years after soil covering was as follows; The average DBH growth showed to 3.1cm (SC1) and 1.9cm(SC2). The average tree height showed to 0.9cm(SC1) and 0.5m(SC2). The average leaf length showed to 0.8cm(SC1) and -2.2cm(SC2) The average branch growth showed to 0.6cm(SC1) and -2.6cm(SC2). In root shape of SC2, it was much more developed on fine root than SC1, and was pointing upward. Ratio of Fresh and Dry weight of root also showed a significant difference and SC2 had a greater value than SC1.
2) It was not clearly divided from growth of DBH of P. yedoensis by ANOVA analysis, but there was a difference of growth quantity as 2.6cm(SC1) and 2.0cm(SC2). The difference of growth rate between each growth factor before soil covering and 3 years after soil covering was as follows; The average DBH growth showed to 2.6cm(SC1) and 2.0cm (SC2). The average tree height showed to 0.8m(SC1) and 0.5m(SC2). The average leaf length showed to 0.2cm(SC1) and -2.6cm(SC2) The average chlorophyll showed to SC1 was –4.3SPAD lower than SC2. The flowering time of SC2 began 3 days earlier than SC1. In SC1, the thick lateral roots were evenly distributed and face downwards. In SC2, there were no thick roots, fine root was pointing upward, and a large number of fine root occurred in the stem. Fresh/dry weight also showed significant differences. Fresh/dry weight showed significant differences and SC2 had a greater value than SC1.
3) It was not clearly divided from growth of DBH, tree height, leaf length, and chlorophyll of G. biloba by ANOVA analysis, but there was a difference of DBH growth quantity as 0.5cm(SC1) and 0.3cm(SC2). In SC2, there were no tap roots, fine root and lateral root were pointing upward, and a large number of fine root occurred in the stem. Fresh/dry weight showed SC2 had a greater value than SC1, but it had a slight difference.
4) It was not clearly divided from growth of DBH, tree height, leaf length, and chlorophyll of Z. serrata by ANOVA analysis. The difference of growth rate between each growth factor before soil covering and 2 years after soil covering was as follows; The average DBH growth showed to 0.39cm(SC1) and 0.13cm (SC2). However SC2 was 1.4cm longer on leaf length and 15.52SPAD higher on chlorophyll than SC1. It had the highest incidence of fine root of the four species. In SC2, root density was decreased, fine root and lateral root were pointing upward, and a large number of fine root occurred in the stem. Fresh/dry weight showed SC2 had a greater value than SC1, but it had a slight difference.
2. Change of the soil respiration
1) The soil respiration of P. densiflora began to show significant differences between SC1 and SC2 in September 2015. The difference apparently showed as the length of time elapsed in soil covering. The soil respiration in September 2017 was as low as –9.12(S50), –11.53 (S100), –7.78(SL50), and –8.99(SL100)mg·kg-1·h-1 as comparing with control.
2) The soil respiration of P. yedoensis began to show significant differences between SC1 and SC2 in September 2015. The difference apparently showed as the length of time elapsed in soil covering. The soil respiration in September 2017 was as low as –8.71(S50), –12.03 (S100), –9.36(SL50), and –12.59(SL100)mg·kg-1·h-1 as comparing with control.
3) The soil respiration of G. biloba began to show significant differences between SC1 and SC2 in May 2016. The difference apparently showed in September 2016. The soil respiration in September 2017 was as low as –14.93(S50), –18.13(S100), –13.37(SL50), and –17.02(SL100) mg·kg-1·h-1 as comparing with control.
4) The soil respiration of Z. serrata began to show significant differences between SC1 and SC2 in September 2016. The difference apparently showed in 2017. The soil respiration in September 2017 was as low as –7.34(S50), –15.92(S100), –8.68(SL50), and –11.28(SL100)mg·kg-1·h-1 as comparing with control.
3. Change of the electrical resistance value
In the survey of electrical resistance, there were a significant difference in the measured value of 4 species. But there was no a significant difference in depth or elapsed time.
4. Correlation analysis
1) P. densiflora showed high correlation [C(r=0.840**), S1(r=0.788**), S2(r=0.432*), SL1(r=0.755**), SL2(r=0.496**)] in soil respiration and DBH of types of soil covering in Many and September. Most factors tended to lower the correlation coefficient in order to C>(S1/SL1)>(S2/SL2)..
2) P. yedoensis showed high correlation [C(r=0.888**/r=0.907**), S1(r=0.844**/0.873**), S2(r=0.433*/0.487*), SL1(r=0.611**/0.701**), SL2(r=0.607**/583**)] in soil respiration and DBH of types of soil covering in Many and September. Most factors tended to lower the correlation coefficient in order to C>(S1/SL1)>(S2/SL2).
3) G. biloba and Z. serrata had very little distribution of significant correlation coefficient among factors. Correlation for individual measurement was occasionally shown, but no correlation with a tendency to soil covering depth.
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