Cosmeceuticals, one of the most growing segments in the skincare industries, is considered as a medicinal cosmetic that contains various functional benefits to improve skin physiology including anti-aging, anti-wrinkle and whitening functional cosmetics. Recently, non-harmful materials have been rec...
Cosmeceuticals, one of the most growing segments in the skincare industries, is considered as a medicinal cosmetic that contains various functional benefits to improve skin physiology including anti-aging, anti-wrinkle and whitening functional cosmetics. Recently, non-harmful materials have been receiving a lot of attention from consumers and natural ingredients are becoming popular as cosmeceutical materials, due to its safety and low toxic profiles. Notably, protocatechuic aldehyde (PA) or 3,4-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde is a polyphenol compound that can naturally found in herb, plant and algae. There are many biological activities of PA that have been noted such as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-septic activities. However, no studies had been investigated biological activities of PA relevant to cosmeceutical benefits. Therefore, our aim of this present study is to investigate bioactivities of PA such as whitening effect, anti-wrinkle and anti-aging activities representing as active cosmeceutical material. This study can be divided into 3 parts.
Firstly, we investigated anti-melanogenesis activity of PA through cell-free mushroom tyrosine and melanoma (B16 F10) cellular assays. In our results, a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PA was shown as 3.91 ± 0.19 μg/mL measured by chemical tyrosinase assay. Moreover, PA was investigated a whitening effect in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated B16 F10 cells. Our results demonstrated that PA treatment at the concentrations between 0.5-2 μg/mL inhibited tyrosinase activities as well as melanin productions in a dose-dependent manner. Nonetheless, the suppression of melanin-related proteins; including microphthalmia-associated transcriptional factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 was observed by PA pretreatments, compared to the α-MSH-stimulated cell alone. Our results showed that the anti-melanogenic effect by PA enhances the down-regulation levels of protein kinase A (PKA), and the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Moreover, it also induces the phosphorylation through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways involving extracellular response kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Taken together, this present study suggested that PA may, thusly, promise an excellent anti-melanogenesis potential as a novel whitening agent in cosmeceuticals.
Secondly, PA was carried out whether provide a protective effect against photo-aging skin induced by UVA stimulation, which ROS scavenging, anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory activities were undertaken to identify the mechanisms responsible for the skin photo-aging by using in-vitro human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) cells. Based on the cytotoxicity of UVA and PA on HDFs, UVA density at 2 J/cm2 and PA with acceptable ranges between 0.5-2 µg/mL were used in this study. PA significantly exhibited a protective effect against UV-induced cell death and intracellular ROS productions. In addition, PA was further evaluated anti-wrinkle effect demonstrated in UVA-mediated photoaging HDFs. Although, inhibitory effects of PA against UVA-induced intracellular collagenase and elastase activities were not significantly observed, a suppression of UVA-induced MMP-1 secretion and protection of UVA-induced type I procollagen damaging by the treatment PA was modulated through p38 /activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Furthermore, UVA-activated inflammatory response mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), prostaglandins-E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as long as nitric oxide (NO) accumulation were carried out and the dose-dependent inhibitions were demonstrated in the treatment of PA. These results turned out that PA is a potential inflammatory inhibitor against UVA-induced inflammation response via NF-κB and p 38/AP-1. According to our results, PA did not directly exert significant inhibitions in collagenase and elastase activities, but its anti-wrinkle effects were probably associated via p38/ AP-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Our finding suggested ROS scavenging, anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory activities of PA demonstrated a protection of skin photo-aging in response to UVA irradiation.
Finally, PA was determined its anti-hyaluronidase activity based on chemical assay and an immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. PA possessed a hyaluronidase inhibitory effect with IC50: 2.76 ± 0.11 mg/mL. Acceptable viability of PA at concentrations of 1.25-15 µg/mL was selected to investigate in the HaCaT cells. Intracellular hyaluronic synthesis increased in a dose-dependent manner on the PA treated-cell. Our study also agreeably demonstrated that PA downregulated the expression of HYAL-2, diminishing the synthesis of hyaluronidase proteins, and ultimately increased HAS-2 protein levels corresponding to HA production. This implied that PA exhibited an anti-hyaluronidase effect as well as promoted HA content on human keratinocyte.
In conclusion, our present study suggested that PA, a natural-derived compound, enhances cosmetic-related effects, based on anti-melanogenesis, anti-wrinkle, anti-hyaluronidase activities. Those potentials of PA promise whitening, photoaging protection, and anti-aging benefits; which may be introduced as novel active ingredients in cosmeceutical development.
Cosmeceuticals, one of the most growing segments in the skincare industries, is considered as a medicinal cosmetic that contains various functional benefits to improve skin physiology including anti-aging, anti-wrinkle and whitening functional cosmetics. Recently, non-harmful materials have been receiving a lot of attention from consumers and natural ingredients are becoming popular as cosmeceutical materials, due to its safety and low toxic profiles. Notably, protocatechuic aldehyde (PA) or 3,4-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde is a polyphenol compound that can naturally found in herb, plant and algae. There are many biological activities of PA that have been noted such as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-septic activities. However, no studies had been investigated biological activities of PA relevant to cosmeceutical benefits. Therefore, our aim of this present study is to investigate bioactivities of PA such as whitening effect, anti-wrinkle and anti-aging activities representing as active cosmeceutical material. This study can be divided into 3 parts.
Firstly, we investigated anti-melanogenesis activity of PA through cell-free mushroom tyrosine and melanoma (B16 F10) cellular assays. In our results, a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PA was shown as 3.91 ± 0.19 μg/mL measured by chemical tyrosinase assay. Moreover, PA was investigated a whitening effect in alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-stimulated B16 F10 cells. Our results demonstrated that PA treatment at the concentrations between 0.5-2 μg/mL inhibited tyrosinase activities as well as melanin productions in a dose-dependent manner. Nonetheless, the suppression of melanin-related proteins; including microphthalmia-associated transcriptional factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 was observed by PA pretreatments, compared to the α-MSH-stimulated cell alone. Our results showed that the anti-melanogenic effect by PA enhances the down-regulation levels of protein kinase A (PKA), and the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB). Moreover, it also induces the phosphorylation through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways involving extracellular response kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Taken together, this present study suggested that PA may, thusly, promise an excellent anti-melanogenesis potential as a novel whitening agent in cosmeceuticals.
Secondly, PA was carried out whether provide a protective effect against photo-aging skin induced by UVA stimulation, which ROS scavenging, anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory activities were undertaken to identify the mechanisms responsible for the skin photo-aging by using in-vitro human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) cells. Based on the cytotoxicity of UVA and PA on HDFs, UVA density at 2 J/cm2 and PA with acceptable ranges between 0.5-2 µg/mL were used in this study. PA significantly exhibited a protective effect against UV-induced cell death and intracellular ROS productions. In addition, PA was further evaluated anti-wrinkle effect demonstrated in UVA-mediated photoaging HDFs. Although, inhibitory effects of PA against UVA-induced intracellular collagenase and elastase activities were not significantly observed, a suppression of UVA-induced MMP-1 secretion and protection of UVA-induced type I procollagen damaging by the treatment PA was modulated through p38 /activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Furthermore, UVA-activated inflammatory response mediators such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), prostaglandins-E2 (PGE2), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as long as nitric oxide (NO) accumulation were carried out and the dose-dependent inhibitions were demonstrated in the treatment of PA. These results turned out that PA is a potential inflammatory inhibitor against UVA-induced inflammation response via NF-κB and p 38/AP-1. According to our results, PA did not directly exert significant inhibitions in collagenase and elastase activities, but its anti-wrinkle effects were probably associated via p38/ AP-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Our finding suggested ROS scavenging, anti-wrinkle and anti-inflammatory activities of PA demonstrated a protection of skin photo-aging in response to UVA irradiation.
Finally, PA was determined its anti-hyaluronidase activity based on chemical assay and an immortalized human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. PA possessed a hyaluronidase inhibitory effect with IC50: 2.76 ± 0.11 mg/mL. Acceptable viability of PA at concentrations of 1.25-15 µg/mL was selected to investigate in the HaCaT cells. Intracellular hyaluronic synthesis increased in a dose-dependent manner on the PA treated-cell. Our study also agreeably demonstrated that PA downregulated the expression of HYAL-2, diminishing the synthesis of hyaluronidase proteins, and ultimately increased HAS-2 protein levels corresponding to HA production. This implied that PA exhibited an anti-hyaluronidase effect as well as promoted HA content on human keratinocyte.
In conclusion, our present study suggested that PA, a natural-derived compound, enhances cosmetic-related effects, based on anti-melanogenesis, anti-wrinkle, anti-hyaluronidase activities. Those potentials of PA promise whitening, photoaging protection, and anti-aging benefits; which may be introduced as novel active ingredients in cosmeceutical development.
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