Inorganic nanoparticles have been widely used as food additives to obtain specific functional characteristics. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles have been used as food additives to prevent powders or food products from clumping during storage, namely, for anticaking effect. Along with rapid devel...
Inorganic nanoparticles have been widely used as food additives to obtain specific functional characteristics. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles have been used as food additives to prevent powders or food products from clumping during storage, namely, for anticaking effect. Along with rapid development of nanotechnology, it is probable that these particles are produced as nano-size materials, which may cause undesirable effect on human body. However, the recent specification of food additive SiO2 does not provide information about the size distribution of food additive SiO2. Therefore, information on the potential toxicity of food additive SiO2 and establishment of accurate quantitative analytical methods for their detection in food matrices is required. In addition, physicochemical analysis of SiO2 particles actually present in the food matrix should be performed to confirm the existence of nanoparticles. In this study, sixteen food additive SiO2 were used as test material. Physicochemical properties such as primary particle size, size distribution, morphology, hydrodynamic radii, and zeta potential of pristine food additive SiO2 particles were measured by EM (SEM, TEM) and Zeta-sizer Nano system. Recovered food additive SiO2 also measured the same properties and compared them with pristine. Cytotoxicity and intestinal transport of SiO2 were evaluated in human intestinal cells and 2D&3D cell culture models. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of SiO2 was performed in commercial food products by optimizing pretreatment conditions, followed by molybdenum blue analysis.
The results demonstrate that SiO2 was found to be an aggregated material composed of nanosized particles with nanosized aggregates of SiO2 particles identified in commercial foods. According to SEM and TEM results, food additive SiO2 confirmed that material mainly consisting of particle that less than 100 nm, also without significant decomposition during a digestion procedure from food matrices compared between pristine food additive SiO2. Quantitative analysis of SiO2 in the commercial foods demonstrated that food additive SiO2 contained 0.02―1.33% in foods. These amounts of SiO2 are in accordance with regulations and do not exceed the 2% weight content of the food.
Moreover, cytotoxicity and intestinal transport of food additive SiO2 were evaluated in human intestinal cells. Although no significant effects of food additive SiO2 on cytotoxicity exposed in short-term exposure ( cell proliferation, apoptosis, ROS generation), but induced long term exposure cytotoxicity at high concentrations. These results were not affected by SiO2 particle size and type. However, intestinal transport amount was affected by particle size, especially general grade nano size SiO2. The intestinal behaviors of food additive SiO2 are clearly different from general grade nano, implying that smaller particles are more easily and massively transported by M cells. Considering the low intestinal transport and aggregated fate of food additive SiO2 as is and in commercial food products, food additive SiO2 does not represent real concerns about the potential toxicity resulted from nanomaterials. These findings provide practical information for guidelines and regulation of food additive inorganic particles.
Inorganic nanoparticles have been widely used as food additives to obtain specific functional characteristics. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles have been used as food additives to prevent powders or food products from clumping during storage, namely, for anticaking effect. Along with rapid development of nanotechnology, it is probable that these particles are produced as nano-size materials, which may cause undesirable effect on human body. However, the recent specification of food additive SiO2 does not provide information about the size distribution of food additive SiO2. Therefore, information on the potential toxicity of food additive SiO2 and establishment of accurate quantitative analytical methods for their detection in food matrices is required. In addition, physicochemical analysis of SiO2 particles actually present in the food matrix should be performed to confirm the existence of nanoparticles. In this study, sixteen food additive SiO2 were used as test material. Physicochemical properties such as primary particle size, size distribution, morphology, hydrodynamic radii, and zeta potential of pristine food additive SiO2 particles were measured by EM (SEM, TEM) and Zeta-sizer Nano system. Recovered food additive SiO2 also measured the same properties and compared them with pristine. Cytotoxicity and intestinal transport of SiO2 were evaluated in human intestinal cells and 2D&3D cell culture models. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of SiO2 was performed in commercial food products by optimizing pretreatment conditions, followed by molybdenum blue analysis.
The results demonstrate that SiO2 was found to be an aggregated material composed of nanosized particles with nanosized aggregates of SiO2 particles identified in commercial foods. According to SEM and TEM results, food additive SiO2 confirmed that material mainly consisting of particle that less than 100 nm, also without significant decomposition during a digestion procedure from food matrices compared between pristine food additive SiO2. Quantitative analysis of SiO2 in the commercial foods demonstrated that food additive SiO2 contained 0.02―1.33% in foods. These amounts of SiO2 are in accordance with regulations and do not exceed the 2% weight content of the food.
Moreover, cytotoxicity and intestinal transport of food additive SiO2 were evaluated in human intestinal cells. Although no significant effects of food additive SiO2 on cytotoxicity exposed in short-term exposure ( cell proliferation, apoptosis, ROS generation), but induced long term exposure cytotoxicity at high concentrations. These results were not affected by SiO2 particle size and type. However, intestinal transport amount was affected by particle size, especially general grade nano size SiO2. The intestinal behaviors of food additive SiO2 are clearly different from general grade nano, implying that smaller particles are more easily and massively transported by M cells. Considering the low intestinal transport and aggregated fate of food additive SiO2 as is and in commercial food products, food additive SiO2 does not represent real concerns about the potential toxicity resulted from nanomaterials. These findings provide practical information for guidelines and regulation of food additive inorganic particles.
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