This study was conducted to provide basic data for the recovery of forest ecosystem and efficient forest management after a forest fire, targeting a large-scale forest fire area in Ulju-gun, Ulsan Metropolitan City. Recently, attempts have been made to introduce vegetation through uniform early arti...
This study was conducted to provide basic data for the recovery of forest ecosystem and efficient forest management after a forest fire, targeting a large-scale forest fire area in Ulju-gun, Ulsan Metropolitan City. Recently, attempts have been made to introduce vegetation through uniform early artificial planting without analysis of soil conditions after a forest fire. but different approaches such as tree species selection and soil management must be taken depending on the type of forest fire damage.
In this study, the damage of forest fires was divided into sites with severe damages with a ratio of forest fires more than 70%, sites with moderate damages with a ratio of 30 to 70%, and sites with relatively light damage with a ratio of less than 30%. The effects of these types of forest fire damage on forest soil were analyzed. The survey was conducted in a total of 15 study sites, including 5 sites with severe damage of forest fire, 5 sites with moderate damage of forest fire, 2 sites with light damage of forest fire, and unburned(control) 3 sites. In order to find out the soil characteristics by soil depth, the soil collection and analysis were conducted from August to October 2020 by dividing it into surface soil (0-10cm) and subsoil (10-20cm).
1. Soil physical properties
The soil bulk density was 0.93 g/cm3 in the severely damaged sites of the forest fire, 0.83 g/cm3 in the medium damaged sites of forest fire, 0.95 g/cm3 in the relatively light damaged sites of forest fire, and 0.93 g/cm3 in the unburned sites.
The soil porosity was 64.8% in the severely damaged sites of the forest fire, 68.7% in the medium damaged sites of forest fire, 64.1% in the relatively light damaged sites of forest fire, and 65.0% in the unburned sites.
The soil moisture content was the highest at 23.0% in the unburned sites, 15.1% in the severely damaged site of the forest fire, 21.3% in the medium damaged sites of forest fire, and 15.9% in the relatively light damaged sites of forest fire.
2. Soil chemical properties
The soil pH of the upper soil (0-10cm) and the lower soil (10-20cm) for each type of forest fire damage types were 4.75 and 4.87 in severely damaged of forest fire, 4.71 and 4.71 in medium damaged sites of forest fire, and 4.60 and 4.73 in relatively light damaged sites of forest fire. The pH value of 0-10 cm depth of unburned site was 4.30 and 4.25, which showed higher soil pH than that of forest fire damaged site.
Soil organic matter content was found to be 8.9% and 5.0% at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm of unburned site, respectively. In the top soil of forest fire damaged sites, 2.1% of the sites with severely damaged of forest fire and 3.1% of the sites with medium damaged of forest fire, 4.0% of the sites with relatively light damaged of forest fire. In the subsoil, 2.1% of the sites with severe damaged of forest fire, 1.8% of the sites with medium damaged of forest fire, and 1.6% of the sites with light damaged of forest fire were found. The soil organic matter content in forest soil was higher in the sites damaged by forest fires than unburned sites regardless of soil depth.
The available phosphorus content in soil depth 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm were 13.0 ppm and 2.4 ppm for severely damaged sites of forest fire, 13.3 ppm and 3.2 ppm for medium damaged sites of forest fire, and 11.2 ppm and 3.1 ppm for relatively light damaged sites of forest fire, showing a significant difference in available phosphorus content according to the type of forest fire damage. It was found to be lower than the available phosphorus content (8.33ppm and 4.4ppm) of unburned soil.
CEC(cation exchangeable capacity) in soil depth 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm were 13.70 cmol⁺/kg and 9.76 cmol⁺/kg in severely damaged sites of forest fire, 12.98 cmol⁺/kg and 6.80 cmol⁺/kg on medium damaged sites of forest fire, 12.03 cmol⁺/kg and 7.12 mol⁺/kg in light damaged sites of forest fire, and 11.40 cmol⁺/kg and 7.68 cmol⁺/kg in unburned sites, respectively.
Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ contents averaged 0.78 cmol⁺/kg, 0.31 cmol⁺/kg, and 0.13 cmol⁺/kg in the topsoil of the damaged sites of forest fire, respectively, and were higher than 0.30 cmol⁺/kg, 0.12 cmol⁺/kg, and 0.03 cmol⁺/kg of unburned sites. In the sites damaged by forest fire, the content of exchangeable cations was highest in the order of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+,
The total nitrogen content was 0.06% and 0.05% in the topsoil and subsoil of the unburned site. And the irradiated land with severe damage was 0.18%, the irradiated land with moderate damage was 0.19%, and the irradiated land with light damage was 0.11%, and the total nitrogen content of the soil damaged by forest fire was higher than that of the unburned soil. It was found to increase with the influence of forest fire.
The ammonium-N content of the topsoil of sites damaged by forest fire was 13.49 µg/g on average, which was higher than 7.00 µg/g of the topsoil of unburned soils. Nitrate-N was found to be 5.26 ㎍/g in the sites damaged by forest fire, which was lower than 6.50 ㎍/g in the unburned soils. Although forest fires increased ammonia-N content in the forest soil, it was confirmed that the nitrate-N tended to decrease slightly.
3. Soil biological properties
Soil respiration rate was 525.5 ppm in unburned soils, 455.7 ppm in soils with severe forest fire damage, 459.0 ppm in soils with medium forest fire damage, and 468.4 ppm in soils with relative light forest fire damage. Although this is a fragmentary study, it was found that the type of fire damage did not significantly affect the soil respiration rate. In addition, although continuous monitoring is required, the fact that the soil respiration in the soils affected by forest fire is lower than that of the soil in the unburned soils indicates that the forest fire has an effect on the soil microorganisms.
This study was conducted to provide basic data for the recovery of forest ecosystem and efficient forest management after a forest fire, targeting a large-scale forest fire area in Ulju-gun, Ulsan Metropolitan City. Recently, attempts have been made to introduce vegetation through uniform early artificial planting without analysis of soil conditions after a forest fire. but different approaches such as tree species selection and soil management must be taken depending on the type of forest fire damage.
In this study, the damage of forest fires was divided into sites with severe damages with a ratio of forest fires more than 70%, sites with moderate damages with a ratio of 30 to 70%, and sites with relatively light damage with a ratio of less than 30%. The effects of these types of forest fire damage on forest soil were analyzed. The survey was conducted in a total of 15 study sites, including 5 sites with severe damage of forest fire, 5 sites with moderate damage of forest fire, 2 sites with light damage of forest fire, and unburned(control) 3 sites. In order to find out the soil characteristics by soil depth, the soil collection and analysis were conducted from August to October 2020 by dividing it into surface soil (0-10cm) and subsoil (10-20cm).
1. Soil physical properties
The soil bulk density was 0.93 g/cm3 in the severely damaged sites of the forest fire, 0.83 g/cm3 in the medium damaged sites of forest fire, 0.95 g/cm3 in the relatively light damaged sites of forest fire, and 0.93 g/cm3 in the unburned sites.
The soil porosity was 64.8% in the severely damaged sites of the forest fire, 68.7% in the medium damaged sites of forest fire, 64.1% in the relatively light damaged sites of forest fire, and 65.0% in the unburned sites.
The soil moisture content was the highest at 23.0% in the unburned sites, 15.1% in the severely damaged site of the forest fire, 21.3% in the medium damaged sites of forest fire, and 15.9% in the relatively light damaged sites of forest fire.
2. Soil chemical properties
The soil pH of the upper soil (0-10cm) and the lower soil (10-20cm) for each type of forest fire damage types were 4.75 and 4.87 in severely damaged of forest fire, 4.71 and 4.71 in medium damaged sites of forest fire, and 4.60 and 4.73 in relatively light damaged sites of forest fire. The pH value of 0-10 cm depth of unburned site was 4.30 and 4.25, which showed higher soil pH than that of forest fire damaged site.
Soil organic matter content was found to be 8.9% and 5.0% at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm of unburned site, respectively. In the top soil of forest fire damaged sites, 2.1% of the sites with severely damaged of forest fire and 3.1% of the sites with medium damaged of forest fire, 4.0% of the sites with relatively light damaged of forest fire. In the subsoil, 2.1% of the sites with severe damaged of forest fire, 1.8% of the sites with medium damaged of forest fire, and 1.6% of the sites with light damaged of forest fire were found. The soil organic matter content in forest soil was higher in the sites damaged by forest fires than unburned sites regardless of soil depth.
The available phosphorus content in soil depth 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm were 13.0 ppm and 2.4 ppm for severely damaged sites of forest fire, 13.3 ppm and 3.2 ppm for medium damaged sites of forest fire, and 11.2 ppm and 3.1 ppm for relatively light damaged sites of forest fire, showing a significant difference in available phosphorus content according to the type of forest fire damage. It was found to be lower than the available phosphorus content (8.33ppm and 4.4ppm) of unburned soil.
CEC(cation exchangeable capacity) in soil depth 0~10 cm and 10~20 cm were 13.70 cmol⁺/kg and 9.76 cmol⁺/kg in severely damaged sites of forest fire, 12.98 cmol⁺/kg and 6.80 cmol⁺/kg on medium damaged sites of forest fire, 12.03 cmol⁺/kg and 7.12 mol⁺/kg in light damaged sites of forest fire, and 11.40 cmol⁺/kg and 7.68 cmol⁺/kg in unburned sites, respectively.
Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ contents averaged 0.78 cmol⁺/kg, 0.31 cmol⁺/kg, and 0.13 cmol⁺/kg in the topsoil of the damaged sites of forest fire, respectively, and were higher than 0.30 cmol⁺/kg, 0.12 cmol⁺/kg, and 0.03 cmol⁺/kg of unburned sites. In the sites damaged by forest fire, the content of exchangeable cations was highest in the order of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+,
The total nitrogen content was 0.06% and 0.05% in the topsoil and subsoil of the unburned site. And the irradiated land with severe damage was 0.18%, the irradiated land with moderate damage was 0.19%, and the irradiated land with light damage was 0.11%, and the total nitrogen content of the soil damaged by forest fire was higher than that of the unburned soil. It was found to increase with the influence of forest fire.
The ammonium-N content of the topsoil of sites damaged by forest fire was 13.49 µg/g on average, which was higher than 7.00 µg/g of the topsoil of unburned soils. Nitrate-N was found to be 5.26 ㎍/g in the sites damaged by forest fire, which was lower than 6.50 ㎍/g in the unburned soils. Although forest fires increased ammonia-N content in the forest soil, it was confirmed that the nitrate-N tended to decrease slightly.
3. Soil biological properties
Soil respiration rate was 525.5 ppm in unburned soils, 455.7 ppm in soils with severe forest fire damage, 459.0 ppm in soils with medium forest fire damage, and 468.4 ppm in soils with relative light forest fire damage. Although this is a fragmentary study, it was found that the type of fire damage did not significantly affect the soil respiration rate. In addition, although continuous monitoring is required, the fact that the soil respiration in the soils affected by forest fire is lower than that of the soil in the unburned soils indicates that the forest fire has an effect on the soil microorganisms.
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