Titanium is the most used material in dental implants due to its high mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, failure of osseointegration with the implant is still occurring by bacterial infection and biofilm formed on the surface of implant. To overcome these problems, various surface ...
Titanium is the most used material in dental implants due to its high mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, failure of osseointegration with the implant is still occurring by bacterial infection and biofilm formed on the surface of implant. To overcome these problems, various surface treatments of titanium has been developed to deliver antibacterial agents locally. 6-, 8-, 10-gingerol, and 6-, 8-, 10-shogaol are the main compounds of ginger, these are phenolic phytochemicals including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-oxidative effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gingerol and shogaol on the cytocompatibility for the osteoblastic cells and antibacterial activity against oral microorganisms, and develop the surface treatment for loading the main compounds of ginger on titanium.
The chemical structures for the main compounds of ginger were analyzed using FT-IR and, thermal and pH stability was evaluated by UPLC assay. The cytocompatibility for the main compounds of ginger using osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells was analyzed by WST-8 assay, and cellular morphology was observed by optical microscope after crystal violet staining, and antibacterial effect against S. mutans and P. gingivalis were assessed with WST-8.
More antibacterial agents can be loaded by formation of nanotubular structure on titanium surface through electrochemical anodization methods. In this study, 10-gingerol and 10-shogaol which are ginger main compounds with the best antibacterial effect were coated on the surface after formation of titanium nanotubes by anodization at 20 V for 1 hour. Afterward, S. mutans and P. gingivalis were cultivated on samples, the morphology of bacteria, growth, and bacterial adhesion were assessed.
The main functional groups of ginger main compounds were identified as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, and the aromatic ring by FT-IR analysis. Gingerol and shogaol have good stability at acid and neutral pH below 60 ℃.
Most of the gingerol and shogaol groups showed antibacterial effects at higher concentrations, especially antibacterial effect against P. gingivalis was remarkable. It was confirmed that 10-gingerol and all shogaol groups below 10-6 M had suitable cytocompatibility. Oxidative stress in all groups was similar to the control group, and ALP activity in all groups below 10-6 M was not statistically significant.
Well-organized nanotubular layers with 80 nm diameter and 560 nm length were created on the surface of titanium after anodization. After loading 10-gingerol and 10-shogaol on the surface of anodized titanium, it was identified that the coatings of gingerol and shogaol were uniformly formed on the nanotube layer by FT-IR and FE-SEM analyses. In the results of the antibacterial test on the gingerol and shogaol loaded titanium, it was confirmed that the gingerol and shogaol loaded titanium showed growth inhibition of P. gingivalis and S. mutans with statistically significant difference, especially inhibition effect against P. gingivalis was higher than that against S. mutans.
In this study, it was confirmed that shogaol group presented better antibacterial effect and cytocompatibility than the gingerol group, and antibacterial effect can be significantly enhanced by loading gingerol and shogaol on the surface of titanium.
Titanium is the most used material in dental implants due to its high mechanical properties and biocompatibility. However, failure of osseointegration with the implant is still occurring by bacterial infection and biofilm formed on the surface of implant. To overcome these problems, various surface treatments of titanium has been developed to deliver antibacterial agents locally. 6-, 8-, 10-gingerol, and 6-, 8-, 10-shogaol are the main compounds of ginger, these are phenolic phytochemicals including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-oxidative effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of gingerol and shogaol on the cytocompatibility for the osteoblastic cells and antibacterial activity against oral microorganisms, and develop the surface treatment for loading the main compounds of ginger on titanium.
The chemical structures for the main compounds of ginger were analyzed using FT-IR and, thermal and pH stability was evaluated by UPLC assay. The cytocompatibility for the main compounds of ginger using osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells was analyzed by WST-8 assay, and cellular morphology was observed by optical microscope after crystal violet staining, and antibacterial effect against S. mutans and P. gingivalis were assessed with WST-8.
More antibacterial agents can be loaded by formation of nanotubular structure on titanium surface through electrochemical anodization methods. In this study, 10-gingerol and 10-shogaol which are ginger main compounds with the best antibacterial effect were coated on the surface after formation of titanium nanotubes by anodization at 20 V for 1 hour. Afterward, S. mutans and P. gingivalis were cultivated on samples, the morphology of bacteria, growth, and bacterial adhesion were assessed.
The main functional groups of ginger main compounds were identified as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, and the aromatic ring by FT-IR analysis. Gingerol and shogaol have good stability at acid and neutral pH below 60 ℃.
Most of the gingerol and shogaol groups showed antibacterial effects at higher concentrations, especially antibacterial effect against P. gingivalis was remarkable. It was confirmed that 10-gingerol and all shogaol groups below 10-6 M had suitable cytocompatibility. Oxidative stress in all groups was similar to the control group, and ALP activity in all groups below 10-6 M was not statistically significant.
Well-organized nanotubular layers with 80 nm diameter and 560 nm length were created on the surface of titanium after anodization. After loading 10-gingerol and 10-shogaol on the surface of anodized titanium, it was identified that the coatings of gingerol and shogaol were uniformly formed on the nanotube layer by FT-IR and FE-SEM analyses. In the results of the antibacterial test on the gingerol and shogaol loaded titanium, it was confirmed that the gingerol and shogaol loaded titanium showed growth inhibition of P. gingivalis and S. mutans with statistically significant difference, especially inhibition effect against P. gingivalis was higher than that against S. mutans.
In this study, it was confirmed that shogaol group presented better antibacterial effect and cytocompatibility than the gingerol group, and antibacterial effect can be significantly enhanced by loading gingerol and shogaol on the surface of titanium.
주제어
#Ginger main compound Gingerol Shogaol Antibacterial activity Cytocompatibility Titanium
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