Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Identification of medicinal plants and naturally derived compounds as new natural antioxidant and antibacterial sources for topical acne treatment has long been important. To determine anti-Propionibacterium acnes activity and in vitro antioxidant activities, Sanguisorba officinalis L. root (SOR) wa...

Identification of medicinal plants and naturally derived compounds as new natural antioxidant and antibacterial sources for topical acne treatment has long been important. To determine anti-Propionibacterium acnes activity and in vitro antioxidant activities, Sanguisorba officinalis L. root (SOR) was extracted with cold water (CWE), hot water (HWE), and methanol (ME), and each extract was fractionated successively with hexane, ethyl acetate (EA), and butanol to determine whether the activities could be attributed to the total phenolic, flavonoid, terpenoid, and condensed tannin contents. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were analyzed between the respective variables. The SOR CWE, HWE, ME, and their respective EA fractions showed anti-P. acnes activity based on the paper disc diffusion method on agar plates, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). The MIC against P. acnes had a moderate (+) correlation with the total phenolic content, but not with the other measures. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity (SC) had a strong (–) correlation with the total phenolic content and a moderate (–) correlation with the total flavonoid content. The total antioxidant capacity had a strong (+) correlation with the condensed tannin content. Linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition had a strong (–) correlation with the total phenolic content. To elucidate the major active phytochemicals in the CWE-EA, HWE-EA, and ME-EA fractions, high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) were performed. The HPLC-UV analysis showed the presence of nine compounds in common (arjunic acid and/or euscaphic acid, gallic acid, kaempferol, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, tannic acid, and coumarin, quercetin). The UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis showed the presence of nine compounds in common (gallic acid; caffeic acid; umbelliferone; arjunic acid, euscaphic acid, and/or tormentic acid; pomolic acid; rosamultic acid; and benzoic acid). When standards of the identified phytochemicals were tested against the same bacterium, quercetin, coumarin, and euscaphic acid showed antibacterial activity against P. acnes.Sanguisorba officinalis L. root (SOR) is a known medicinal plant in Far East countries used traditionally to treat inflammatory and metabolic diseases. To evaluate in vitro and/or in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of ethyl acetate (EA) fraction from SOR cold-water extract (CWE), hot-water extract (HWE), ethanol extract (EE), and methanol extract (ME). Cytotoxicity was determined in B16F10 and RAW 264.7 cells treated with CWE-EA, HWE-EA, EE-EA, and/or ME-EA, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activities and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production of CWE-EA and HWE-EA were measured in B16F10 cells. Cellular antioxidant activities were increased in B16F10 cells treated with CWE-EA and HWE-EA, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) production was significantly reduced in B16F10 cells co-treated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with each fraction. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of CWE-EA and HWE-EA were evaluated in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. CWE-EA and HWE-EA significantly suppressed the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA increase in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The interleukin (IL)-1β mRNA increase was suppressed significantly by HWE-EA but not by CWE-EA. In vivo anti-inflammatory activities of each fraction were evaluated using a carrageenan-induced paw edema assay on BALB/c mice. Mice injected with 1% carrageenan into the hind paw-produced maximum edema after 1 h (100%), but animals treated with CWE-EA and HWE-EA reduced hind paw thickness to 82.5% and 77.5%, respectively. Besides, mice treated with each fraction showed much lower levels of serum TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 and much higher serum levels of IL-10 than the untreated control. Both CWE-EA and HWE-EA possessed efficient anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo at the early stage of the acute inflammation model. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities of EE-EA and ME-EA were also evaluated in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells treated with 10 and 50 μg/mL of each extract and fraction. In comparison with a control, no significant cytotoxic effect was observed for EE-EA up to 50 μg/mL and ME-EA up to 100 μg/mL. EE-EA and ME-EA at 50 μg/mL significantly suppressed the TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA induction in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. To evaluate in vitro anticancer activities of EE-EA and ME-EA, A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, HepG2 human liver carcinoma cells, and AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells were treated with 50-100 μg/mL of each extract and fraction for 24 h. Treatment with EE-EA and ME-EA significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549, Hep G2, and AGS cancer cells. Besides, each extract and fraction reduced the mRNA induction of caspase-3, -8, and -9, and increased the mRNA expression of proapoptotic factors Bax. In addition, we determined the antiviral potency of ME-EA against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in Vero E6 cells using a virus-induced plaque reduction assay. Under the co-treatment condition, ME-EA displayed 100% plaque reduction at 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL concentrations against HSV-1. All results suggested that EE-EA and ME-EA contain some compounds responsible for anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral compounds.

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