Changes in the soil bacterial community of a coniferous forest were analyzed to assess microbial responses to wildfire. Soil samples were collected from three different depths in lightly and severely burned areas, as well as a nearby unburned control area. Direct bacterial counts ranged from $3...
Changes in the soil bacterial community of a coniferous forest were analyzed to assess microbial responses to wildfire. Soil samples were collected from three different depths in lightly and severely burned areas, as well as a nearby unburned control area. Direct bacterial counts ranged from $3.322.6\times10^8\;cells/(g{\cdot}soil).$ In surface soil, direct bacterial counts of unburned soil exhibited a great degree of fluctuation. Those in lightly burned soil changed less, but no significant variation was observed in the severely burned soil. The fluctuations of direct bacterial count were less in the middle and deep soil layers. The structure of the bacterial community was analyzed via the fluorescent in situ hybridization method. The number of bacteria detected with the eubacteria-targeted probe out of the direct bacterial count varied from $30.3\;to\;84.7\%,$ and these ratios were generally higher in the burned soils than in the unburned control soils. In the surface unburned soil, the ratios of $\alpha,\;\beta\;and\;gamma-proteobacteria,$ Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group, and other eubacteria groups to total eubacteria were 9.9, 10.6, 15.5, 9.0, and $55.0\%,$ respectively, and these ratios were relatively stable. The ratios of $\alpha,\;\beta\;and\;gamma-proteobacteria,$ and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group to total eubacteria increased immediately after the wildfire, and the other eubacterial proportions decreased in the surface and middle layer soils. By way of contrast, the composition of the 5 groups of eubacteria in the subsurface soil exhibited no significant fluctuations during the entire period. The total bacterial population and bacterial community structure disturbed by wildfire soon began to recover, and original levels seemed to be restored 3 months after the wildfire.
Changes in the soil bacterial community of a coniferous forest were analyzed to assess microbial responses to wildfire. Soil samples were collected from three different depths in lightly and severely burned areas, as well as a nearby unburned control area. Direct bacterial counts ranged from $3.322.6\times10^8\;cells/(g{\cdot}soil).$ In surface soil, direct bacterial counts of unburned soil exhibited a great degree of fluctuation. Those in lightly burned soil changed less, but no significant variation was observed in the severely burned soil. The fluctuations of direct bacterial count were less in the middle and deep soil layers. The structure of the bacterial community was analyzed via the fluorescent in situ hybridization method. The number of bacteria detected with the eubacteria-targeted probe out of the direct bacterial count varied from $30.3\;to\;84.7\%,$ and these ratios were generally higher in the burned soils than in the unburned control soils. In the surface unburned soil, the ratios of $\alpha,\;\beta\;and\;gamma-proteobacteria,$ Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group, and other eubacteria groups to total eubacteria were 9.9, 10.6, 15.5, 9.0, and $55.0\%,$ respectively, and these ratios were relatively stable. The ratios of $\alpha,\;\beta\;and\;gamma-proteobacteria,$ and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group to total eubacteria increased immediately after the wildfire, and the other eubacterial proportions decreased in the surface and middle layer soils. By way of contrast, the composition of the 5 groups of eubacteria in the subsurface soil exhibited no significant fluctuations during the entire period. The total bacterial population and bacterial community structure disturbed by wildfire soon began to recover, and original levels seemed to be restored 3 months after the wildfire.
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제안 방법
In order to analyze of the structure of the bacterial com munity by the FISH method, diluted soil suspensions were fixed by the addition of freshly-prepared 4% paraformaldehyde, and 30 μ 1 was passed through 0.2μm pore-sized polycarbonate filters. The filters were washed free of paraformaldehyde three times with 0.
, 2003). In this study, the microbial com munity of a coniferous forest's soil after a wildfire was monitored by direct counting and the FISH method, dur ing the 90 days after the fire. We have comparatively ana lyzed the effects of fire severity and soil depth on wildfire- induced changes in the microbial community.
As soil environments are quite heterogeneous in terms of texture, water content, and organic matter content, fire effects are highly variable, rendering the effects of fire on soil microbial communities even harder to examine and analyze. In this study, we monitored the soil bacterial community after wildfire by both direct counting, and the FISH method. It was dem onstrated that the wildfire affected mostly surface soil, and that the total bacterial population and bacterial com munity structure, after disruption by fire, began to recover quite quickly, such that the original level seemed to be restored only 3 months after the wildfire.
Oligonucleotide probes were commer cially constructed and labeled with tetramethylrhodamine (TaKaRa, Japan). The filter was placed on a gelatin- coated slide glass, and 16|11 of hybridization solution [0.9 M NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 0.01% SDS, forma mide (concentrations for EUB, ALF, BET, GAM and CF were 0, 20, 35, 35, and 15%, respectively)] was added. At that time, 2111 of probe solution (25 ng) was added (Alfre ider et al.
4 ha of forest was burned. The research areas were classified into lightly burned sites damaged by surface fire, severely burned sites damaged by crown fire, and the nearby control site, which was unaffected by wildfire. Each site was randomly divided into triplicate plots (10 mx 10 m each).
대상 데이터
Soil collection commenced on April 9, 17 days after the fire, and continued until July 5 (total 5 collections). From each plot, 3 random subsites were selected, ash and unburned plant residue was removed, and underlying soil was collected separately from the surface layer (0-5 cm depth), middle layer (6-15 cm) and deep layer (16-25 cm) soils.
The study area was a temperate coniferous forest (30-year old Pinus densiflora) located in Kangnung, Republic of Korea. The wildfire occurred on March 21-22, 2001 dur ing a dry spring, and 25.
It has been reported that remoistening increases the micro bial activity in dried soil, probably by the liberation of absorbed organic nutrients (Stevenson, 1956). The study area, located in the eastern Taebaek Mountain region, was experiencing very dry weather due to the Fohn phenom enon, which leads to low precipitation. Therefore, the microflora in the dry soil of this area might have been sig nificantly affected by this rainfall.
성능/효과
2, 3 and 4). In this study, the range of these ratios was 30.3-84.7%, and these ratios were generally higher in the burned soils than in the con trol soils. Hicks et al.
The ratios of each group were relatively stable, with the exception of the larger Cytophaga-Flavobacterium group and the smaller Other eubacteria group, on April 21, pos sibly due to the rainfall on April 11. When the bacterial community structure in the same soil was analyzed by ter minal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T- RFLP), the proportions of Actinobacteria, a-proteobacte- ria, Bacilli, P-proteobacteria, y-proteobacteria, Clostridia and Sphingobacteria were suggested to be 31, 16, 13, 10, 10, 6, and 4%, respectively. Among these groups, Gram positive bacteria comprised 50%, and Gram-negative bac teria only 40% (Kim, 2002).
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