The effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and cottonseed meal replacing for soybean meal in cassava chips and rice straw-based diets for mid-lactating cows (100-150 day in milk [DIM]), were studied using 32 multiparous Holstein Fresian crossbred dairy cows. Diets containing 10.5, 12.5, 1...
The effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and cottonseed meal replacing for soybean meal in cassava chips and rice straw-based diets for mid-lactating cows (100-150 day in milk [DIM]), were studied using 32 multiparous Holstein Fresian crossbred dairy cows. Diets containing 10.5, 12.5, 13.7, 14.4% CP of the rations and 0, 12.1, 14.9, 17.8% cottonseed meal were fed to cows for 60 days. Thirty two cows were randomly divided into four dietary treatments using a Randomized complete block design. Four dietary treatments were offered in the form of total mixed ration (TMR) with concentrate to roughage (chopped rice straw) at 60:40 and offered ad libitum. Dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes tended to linearly increase with increasing dietary CP levels. Intakes and digestibility of crude protein increased linearly with increasing dietary CP level (p<0.01). Crude protein digestibility of the 10.5% CP diet was lower (p<0.05) than that in diets with higher levels of CP, while there were no significant differences among the other three levels of CP (12.5, 13.7 and 14.4%). Daily milk yield tended to increase with increased CP from 10.5 to 14.4%. Income over feed in terms of US$/kg of milk increased with increased CP from 10.5 to 13.7% and decreased when the CP level was higher than 13.7% (quadratic effect p<0.09). Milk composition was not significantly affected by increasing level of CP, however there were relatively high contents of protein and fat among treatments. The proportion of milk-urea N (MUN), ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N) and bloodurea N (BUN) were closely correlated and increased linearly with increasing CP levels (p<0.01). Balanced diet was found in diet containing 12.5 and 13.7% CP of the rations when BUN and MUN were used as indicators of the protein to energy ratio in the diet. Conclusions can be made that increasing dietary CP levels from 10.5 to 13.7% using cottonseed meal as the main source to completely replace soybean meal was beneficial to cows consuming rice straw and cassava chips based-diets. Increasing the CP level above 13.7% of total ration did not additionally improve milk yield and composition or net income.
The effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and cottonseed meal replacing for soybean meal in cassava chips and rice straw-based diets for mid-lactating cows (100-150 day in milk [DIM]), were studied using 32 multiparous Holstein Fresian crossbred dairy cows. Diets containing 10.5, 12.5, 13.7, 14.4% CP of the rations and 0, 12.1, 14.9, 17.8% cottonseed meal were fed to cows for 60 days. Thirty two cows were randomly divided into four dietary treatments using a Randomized complete block design. Four dietary treatments were offered in the form of total mixed ration (TMR) with concentrate to roughage (chopped rice straw) at 60:40 and offered ad libitum. Dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes tended to linearly increase with increasing dietary CP levels. Intakes and digestibility of crude protein increased linearly with increasing dietary CP level (p<0.01). Crude protein digestibility of the 10.5% CP diet was lower (p<0.05) than that in diets with higher levels of CP, while there were no significant differences among the other three levels of CP (12.5, 13.7 and 14.4%). Daily milk yield tended to increase with increased CP from 10.5 to 14.4%. Income over feed in terms of US$/kg of milk increased with increased CP from 10.5 to 13.7% and decreased when the CP level was higher than 13.7% (quadratic effect p<0.09). Milk composition was not significantly affected by increasing level of CP, however there were relatively high contents of protein and fat among treatments. The proportion of milk-urea N (MUN), ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N) and bloodurea N (BUN) were closely correlated and increased linearly with increasing CP levels (p<0.01). Balanced diet was found in diet containing 12.5 and 13.7% CP of the rations when BUN and MUN were used as indicators of the protein to energy ratio in the diet. Conclusions can be made that increasing dietary CP levels from 10.5 to 13.7% using cottonseed meal as the main source to completely replace soybean meal was beneficial to cows consuming rice straw and cassava chips based-diets. Increasing the CP level above 13.7% of total ration did not additionally improve milk yield and composition or net income.
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문제 정의
However, data on different levels of cottonseed meal in concentrate cassava chip-based diets is rather limited. Therefore, the objectives ofthe experiments were to evaluate the effects ofincreasing dietary CP by increasing dietary levels of cottonseed meal (CSM) for cows in mid lactation fed cassava chips and rice straw-based diets. The hypotheses are milk yield will increase with increasing of dietary CP concentration by using of cottonseed meal but increases in dietary CP concentration will result in increases in rumen ammonia-N, BUN, MUN and feed cost.
가설 설정
Therefore, the objectives ofthe experiments were to evaluate the effects ofincreasing dietary CP by increasing dietary levels of cottonseed meal (CSM) for cows in mid lactation fed cassava chips and rice straw-based diets. The hypotheses are milk yield will increase with increasing of dietary CP concentration by using of cottonseed meal but increases in dietary CP concentration will result in increases in rumen ammonia-N, BUN, MUN and feed cost.
제안 방법
The TMR diets were formulated for varying levels of CP and CSM, and made iso-caloric (TDN). The composition of the TMR diets are shown in Table 2. Cows were housed individually for each treatment and had ad libitum access to a TMR (TMR was offered twice a day), fresh water and a mineral block. The cows were acclimatised for the first two weeks, and actual intake and measurements were taken during 60 days.
Collected samples were kept in a refrigerator until analysis. Feed intake and feed composition were analyzed in order to calculate nutrient supply. Feed (both fresh feed offered and feed residues) and fecal samples were analyzed for DM, ash, CP (AOAC, 1990) NDF, ADF (Goering and Van Soest, 1970).
Cows were housed individually for each treatment and had ad libitum access to a TMR (TMR was offered twice a day), fresh water and a mineral block. The cows were acclimatised for the first two weeks, and actual intake and measurements were taken during 60 days.
Thirty two, multiparous Holstein Fresian crossbred dairy cows, ranging from 100-150 days in milk (DIM) and yielding between 10-15 kg/day were used in a Randomized complete block design (RCBD) to determine the effect of four levels of CP by varying the levels of cottonseed meal (CSM) in the total mixed rations (TMR) on milk yield and milk compositions for 60 days.
Thirty two, multiparous Holstein Fresian crossbred dairy cows, ranging from 100-150 days in milk (DIM) and yielding between 10-15 kg/day were used in a Randomized complete block design (RCBD) to determine the effect of four levels of CP by varying the levels of cottonseed meal (CSM) in the total mixed rations (TMR) on milk yield and milk compositions for 60 days. The experiment was arranged in two periods using 16 cows for each period.
이론/모형
The following models were used to determine treatment mean differences using Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test.
GLM (SAS, 1989). The following models were used to determine treatment mean differences using Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test. The model was:
성능/효과
It seems that levels of CP in diet more than 4% unit of DM can affect DM digestibility. For this study the lowest and highest levels of CP were 10.5 and 14.4%. However, increasing trends of DM, NDF and ADF digestibilities were found with increasing dietary CP.
From the results of the current study, it can be concluded that increasing dietary CP levels from 10.5 to 13.8% by the addition of CSM was beneficial to cows fed cassava chips and rice straw-based diets during mid lactation due to increases in DMI, OM intake, total digestible nutrient intake and income over feed. Increasing levels of dietary CP increased ruminal NH3-N, BUN, and MUN.
From the results of the current study, it can be concluded that increasing dietary CP levels from 10.5 to 13.8% by the addition of CSM was beneficial to cows fed cassava chips and rice straw-based diets during mid lactation due to increases in DMI, OM intake, total digestible nutrient intake and income over feed. Increasing levels of dietary CP increased ruminal NH3-N, BUN, and MUN.
7% which gave optimum levels of BUN, MUN and CP to organic matter ratio. The most imbalanced diet in terms of excess energy content was CP 10.5 diet %, with lower levels of MUN, BUN and CP to organic matter ratio. Income over feed, expressed as US$/kg of milk was high in the 12.
, 1995). The results ofthe present study showed that simple regression for BUN on NH3-N (Figure 2) and correlation between BUN and MUN were strongly correlated (R2=0.97, R2=0.90, respectively). This is supported by the study of Hammond (1983) and recent work, (Chanjula et al.
(2000) noted that herds with low mean milk urea nitrogen had a positive relationship with feed costs per cow per day. Therefore, excessive feeding of dietary CP can be costly and economically, through increased feeding cost and the results of the present study showed loss of income with dietary CP level above 13.7%.
This result agrees with the work of Allen (2000) who summarized that increasing CP content of the diets can increase DMI of lactating cows, particularly when the CP content of diets was low. When significant effects of CP content on DMI were detected, the range for increased DMI was 0.18 to 0.84 kg DMI/d with a mean of 0.63 kg DMI/d per percentage unit increase in diet CP content. Oldham (1984) and Roffler et al.
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