Dong, Nguyen Thi Kim
(Department of Animal, Faculty of Agriculture, Cantho University)
,
Elwinger, K.
(Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)
,
Lindberg, J.E.
(Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)
,
Ogle, R. Brian
(Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)
Two experiments were conducted with growing crossbred Super-Meat ducks at the experimental duck farm of Cantho University to evaluate the effects of reducing the proportion of soybean meal (SBM) in a broken rice (BR)-SBM mixture and providing soya waste (SW) ad libitum (Expt. 1), and reducing the pr...
Two experiments were conducted with growing crossbred Super-Meat ducks at the experimental duck farm of Cantho University to evaluate the effects of reducing the proportion of soybean meal (SBM) in a broken rice (BR)-SBM mixture and providing soya waste (SW) ad libitum (Expt. 1), and reducing the proportion of fish meal (FM) in a BR-FM mixture and supplying ensiled shrimp waste (ESW) ad libitum (Expt.2). Both experiments included five treatments, with three replicates and ten growing ducks per replicate. In Expt.1, the five diets were based on BR and five levels of SBM, with SW offered ad libitum. The control diet (SBM25) consisted of 75% BR and 25% SBM, and the other four treatments included SBM levels of 20% (SBM20), 14% (SBM14), 8% (SBM8) and 0% (SBM0) mixed with BR to 100%, and with SW ad libitum. In Expt. 2, the control diet consisted of 86% BR and 14% FM, and the other dietary treatments had FM levels of 11% (FM11), 8% (FM8), 4% (FM4) and 0% (FM0) mixed with BR, and with ESW ad libitum. In Expt. 1, total intakes of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and metabolizable energy (ME) were higher for birds given SW (p<0.001). Total CP intake was highest on the SBM20 diet, and lowest on the SBM0 diet (p<0.001). Lower daily gain (DG) was found for the SBM0 diet (p<0.01). Carcass weights were higher on the control treatment, with the lowest values on the SBM0 diet (p<0.001). Gizzard weights were higher on diets with high intakes of SW (p<0.05). In Expt. 2, birds with high intakes of ESW (FM4 and FM0) had lower (p<0.01) daily intakes of DM. The total CP intakes declined (p<0.001) with higher intakes of ESW. The highest DG were for the control and FM11 diets, while the lowest value was for diet FM0 (p<0.001). The poorest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was for the FM0 treatment (p<0.01). Lower weights of carcass and breast muscle were found on the FM0 diet (p<0.001). Feed costs per kg gain were only slightly different between diets. However, the lowest feed cost was for ducks on the SBM0 and FM11 diets in Expt.1 and Expt. 2, respectively.
Two experiments were conducted with growing crossbred Super-Meat ducks at the experimental duck farm of Cantho University to evaluate the effects of reducing the proportion of soybean meal (SBM) in a broken rice (BR)-SBM mixture and providing soya waste (SW) ad libitum (Expt. 1), and reducing the proportion of fish meal (FM) in a BR-FM mixture and supplying ensiled shrimp waste (ESW) ad libitum (Expt.2). Both experiments included five treatments, with three replicates and ten growing ducks per replicate. In Expt.1, the five diets were based on BR and five levels of SBM, with SW offered ad libitum. The control diet (SBM25) consisted of 75% BR and 25% SBM, and the other four treatments included SBM levels of 20% (SBM20), 14% (SBM14), 8% (SBM8) and 0% (SBM0) mixed with BR to 100%, and with SW ad libitum. In Expt. 2, the control diet consisted of 86% BR and 14% FM, and the other dietary treatments had FM levels of 11% (FM11), 8% (FM8), 4% (FM4) and 0% (FM0) mixed with BR, and with ESW ad libitum. In Expt. 1, total intakes of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and metabolizable energy (ME) were higher for birds given SW (p<0.001). Total CP intake was highest on the SBM20 diet, and lowest on the SBM0 diet (p<0.001). Lower daily gain (DG) was found for the SBM0 diet (p<0.01). Carcass weights were higher on the control treatment, with the lowest values on the SBM0 diet (p<0.001). Gizzard weights were higher on diets with high intakes of SW (p<0.05). In Expt. 2, birds with high intakes of ESW (FM4 and FM0) had lower (p<0.01) daily intakes of DM. The total CP intakes declined (p<0.001) with higher intakes of ESW. The highest DG were for the control and FM11 diets, while the lowest value was for diet FM0 (p<0.001). The poorest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was for the FM0 treatment (p<0.01). Lower weights of carcass and breast muscle were found on the FM0 diet (p<0.001). Feed costs per kg gain were only slightly different between diets. However, the lowest feed cost was for ducks on the SBM0 and FM11 diets in Expt.1 and Expt. 2, respectively.
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제안 방법
2, the five dietary treatments were based on broken rice (BR) and five levels of FM, with ensiled shrimp waste (ESW) offered ad libitum. A control diet consisted of broken rice (86%) and FM (14%) (FM14) only, and the other dietary treatments consisted of FM at levels of 11% (FM11), 8% (FM8), 4% (FM4) and 0% (FM0) mixed with BR, and with ESW provided ad libitum (Table 7). In both trials, fresh duckweed (100 g/bird/day), bone meal (1%) and salt (0.
The data from both experiments were analyzed by analysis of variance using the ANOVA General Linear Model (GLM) of Minitab Reference Manual Release 13 (2000). Linear regression analyses of the effects of ADF and CP intakes on the gizzard weight and DG were performed. The model used was as follows:
The ducks were offered feed twice a day, at 08:00 h and 15:00 h. The refusals remaining in the basins, and spillage, were collected and weighed daily in the morning, and were analysed for DM to calculate intakes.
The trials were complete randomised designs with five dietary treatments and three replicates often birds, balanced for sex, in each group. In Expt.
The trials were complete randomised designs with five dietary treatments and three replicates often birds, balanced for sex, in each group. In Expt.
대상 데이터
Experiment 1 was carried out from February to May, in the dry season, and Experiment 2 from June to September, in the rainy season, at the experimental duck farm and laboratories of the Agriculture Faculty, Cantho University in the Mekong Delta in Southern Vietnam. In each trial a total of 150 crossbred Super-Meat ducks (male Super-Meat crossed with female crosses between Cherry Valley and Pekin ducks) at three weeks of age was used.
In both experiments, the birds were housed in a shed divided into pens constructed from nylon nets, with thatched roofs and concrete floors covered with rice straw for bedding, with an average density of four birds per m2. The ducks also had access to outside concrete yards, with an average area of one m2 per duck.
Experiment 1 was carried out from February to May, in the dry season, and Experiment 2 from June to September, in the rainy season, at the experimental duck farm and laboratories of the Agriculture Faculty, Cantho University in the Mekong Delta in Southern Vietnam. In each trial a total of 150 crossbred Super-Meat ducks (male Super-Meat crossed with female crosses between Cherry Valley and Pekin ducks) at three weeks of age was used. One-day-old ducklings were bought from a traditional hatchery and fed a commercial diet ad libitum from 1 to 21 days of age.
데이터처리
When the F-test was significant at p<0.05, paired comparisons were performed using Tukey’s procedure (Minitab, 2000).
is the residual error. When the F-test was significant at p<0.05, paired comparisons were performed using Tukey’s procedure (Minitab, 2000).
이론/모형
The data from both experiments were analyzed by analysis of variance using the ANOVA General Linear Model (GLM) of Minitab Reference Manual Release 13 (2000). Linear regression analyses of the effects of ADF and CP intakes on the gizzard weight and DG were performed.
성능/효과
In Expt. 1, the five diets were based on broken rice (BR) mixed with 5 different levels of soybean meal (SBM), and with soya waste (SW) offered ad libitum. A control diet (SBM25) consisted of BR (75%) and SBM (25%) only, and the other diets consisted ofBR mixed with SBM at levels of 20% (SBM20), 14% (SBM14), 8% (SBM8) and 0% (SBM0), and with SW supplied ad libitum.
In Expt. 2, the five dietary treatments were based on broken rice (BR) and five levels of FM, with ensiled shrimp waste (ESW) offered ad libitum. A control diet consisted of broken rice (86%) and FM (14%) (FM14) only, and the other dietary treatments consisted of FM at levels of 11% (FM11), 8% (FM8), 4% (FM4) and 0% (FM0) mixed with BR, and with ESW provided ad libitum (Table 7).
Daily feed intakes were calculated according to the total feed consumption of the group in each pen. At the end of the experiment 30 representative ducks in terms of live weight, including one male and one female from each pen, were slaughtered for carcass evaluation, and carcass traits and internal organ weights were recorded.
Daily feed intakes were calculated according to the total feed consumption of the group in each pen. At the end of the experiment 30 representative ducks in terms of live weight, including one male and one female from each pen, were slaughtered for carcass evaluation, and carcass traits and internal organ weights were recorded.
Carcass evaluation : The highest carcass weights and carcass percentages (Table 6) were found for the control diet (SBM25), and the lowest values on the diet in which SBM was completely replaced by SW (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively). The declining carcass percentages with increased consumption of SW would have been a result of the bulkiness and high moisture content of the SW, which would have increased the weight of gut contents and the gizzard.
(1982b), who showed that feed conversion ratios decreased with an increase in dietary energy concentration. In our experiment, the ME content of the control diet (SBM25) was 13.9 MJ ME/kg DM, which was higher than in all treatments with SW, and as expected the FCR on a DM basis of birds on the control diet was better than for those given SW.
It can be concluded from the results of the present study, that soya waste can replace around 60% of the soybean meal in diets for growing ducks without reducing performance. However, complete replacement of soybean meal by soya waste gave the lowest feed cost.
01) than on the SBM25, SBM20 and SBM14 diets, probably due to the lower CP intake and the lower ratio of CP/ME. The explanation for the finding that daily gains were approximately similar among the treatments with SW is that birds increased their intakes of CP and ME from SW in order to compensate for the reduced intakes from SBM. The daily gains and the final weights in the present study were slightly higher than in a study with ducks fed diets based on broken rice and molasses and with SW supplied ad libitum as the protein source (Dong and Ogle, 2003b).
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