Effects of Acute Changes in the Energy and Protein Intake Levels over the Short-term on the Maternal Milk Amino Acid Concentrations in Lactating Mares원문보기
Matsui, A.
(Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association)
,
Inoue, Y.
(Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association)
,
Asai, Y.
(Equine Science Division, Hidaka Training and Research Center, Japan Racing Association)
This study was designed to test the effects of changes in energy and protein intake levels on the maternal milk amino acid concentrations over the short-term in lactating mares. Three lactating mares were enrolled for the study 7 weeks after parturition. A low-energy and low-protein diet (LEP) was a...
This study was designed to test the effects of changes in energy and protein intake levels on the maternal milk amino acid concentrations over the short-term in lactating mares. Three lactating mares were enrolled for the study 7 weeks after parturition. A low-energy and low-protein diet (LEP) was administered during the first week of the study, followed by administration of a high-energy and high-protein diet (HEP), again for a week (day 1 to day 7), and milk was sampled thrice daily at intervals of 8 h during the study period. The mean amino acid concentrations in the maternal milk, except for those of proline, serine and valine, were significantly higher in the HEP feeding period than during the LEP feeding period (p<0.05). The sum of the concentrations of all the amino acids (TAA) in the maternal milk samples during the HEP and LEP feeding periods was 1,644.9${\pm}$26.9 and 1,542.3${\pm}$36.0 mg/100 g, respectively, the difference between the two was not significant. When the ratio of each amino acid concentration to the TAA in the maternal milk was analyzed, there were significant differences between the HEP and LEP feeding periods for all amino acids, except glycine, serine, alanine and histidine. It was found that the concentrations of glutamic acid+glutamine, serine, threonine, arginine and valine were significantly higher (p<0.05) on day 1 than on day 7 during the LEP feeding period, and there were no such differences during the HEP feeding period. In regard to the effects of changes in the energy and protein intake levels in lactating mares, no changes in milk amino acid concentrations were found following administration of HEP for a week, whereas 7 days of administration of LEP was associated with a decrease in the amino acid concentrations.
This study was designed to test the effects of changes in energy and protein intake levels on the maternal milk amino acid concentrations over the short-term in lactating mares. Three lactating mares were enrolled for the study 7 weeks after parturition. A low-energy and low-protein diet (LEP) was administered during the first week of the study, followed by administration of a high-energy and high-protein diet (HEP), again for a week (day 1 to day 7), and milk was sampled thrice daily at intervals of 8 h during the study period. The mean amino acid concentrations in the maternal milk, except for those of proline, serine and valine, were significantly higher in the HEP feeding period than during the LEP feeding period (p<0.05). The sum of the concentrations of all the amino acids (TAA) in the maternal milk samples during the HEP and LEP feeding periods was 1,644.9${\pm}$26.9 and 1,542.3${\pm}$36.0 mg/100 g, respectively, the difference between the two was not significant. When the ratio of each amino acid concentration to the TAA in the maternal milk was analyzed, there were significant differences between the HEP and LEP feeding periods for all amino acids, except glycine, serine, alanine and histidine. It was found that the concentrations of glutamic acid+glutamine, serine, threonine, arginine and valine were significantly higher (p<0.05) on day 1 than on day 7 during the LEP feeding period, and there were no such differences during the HEP feeding period. In regard to the effects of changes in the energy and protein intake levels in lactating mares, no changes in milk amino acid concentrations were found following administration of HEP for a week, whereas 7 days of administration of LEP was associated with a decrease in the amino acid concentrations.
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가설 설정
We hypothesized that an increase in the dietary energy and protein intake by the lactating mares may be associated with an increase in the amino acid concentrations in the maternal milk. We also wanted to verify whether improvement of the nutritive value of maternal milk was possible when it was low because of advanced age.
제안 방법
The linear model included the effect of diet, the effect of repeated measurements over different days, the effect of different sampling times during the same day, and interactions among these factors. Since there were no significant effects of the sampling times and the interactions among the factors, the data were pooled and the effects of diet and the day of measurement were re-analyzed. When the effect of the interaction between diet and the day of measurement was significant, the effect of the day of measurement within the same dietary phase and the effect of diet within the same day were analyzed.
Three lactating thoroughbred mares (mean body weight, 566 kg; mean age, 9 years) were examined 7 weeks after parturition. The study period was divided into two phases: the high-energy and high-protein feeding period (HEP), and the low-energy and low-protein feeding period (LEP), lasted for a week (day 1 to day 7). The two dietary feeding periods were switched in the same horse (Figure 1).
Degradation of concentrations of amino acids in milk was observed in LEP, however the period of study of dietary energy and protein level in this trial might be too short to decided the degree of influence of ingested nutritional level on amino acids concentrations in milk. Therefore, this study was a preliminary trial to propose appropriate energy and protein level to be ingested to lactating mare in order to produce milk containing appropriate amino acids.
대상 데이터
Three lactating thoroughbred mares (mean body weight, 566 kg; mean age, 9 years) were examined 7 weeks after parturition. The study period was divided into two phases: the high-energy and high-protein feeding period (HEP), and the low-energy and low-protein feeding period (LEP), lasted for a week (day 1 to day 7).
데이터처리
When the effect of the interaction between diet and the day of measurement was significant, the effect of the day of measurement within the same dietary phase and the effect of diet within the same day were analyzed. Significant differences were analyzed by the paired t-test.
The differences in the parameters were examined by repeated-measures ANOVA using the JMP software (SAS Institute Inc, 2002). The linear model included the effect of diet, the effect of repeated measurements over different days, the effect of different sampling times during the same day, and interactions among these factors.
이론/모형
, 1974). The milk lipid level was analyzed with a Gerber butyrometer (H-155, Kokusan Co., Tokyo) by the Gerber method. The concentrations of these milk components were compared between milk samples obtained during the HEP and LEP feeding periods.
성능/효과
(1977) reported that the colostrum of pregnant dairy cows ingesting 85% of the NRC requirement of energy contained smaller amounts of protein than that of animals ingesting 100% of the energy requirement. In this study, differences in the milk amino acid concentrations between the LEP and HEP phases began to be noted on day 5 or 6 of the respective study phases, and the difference became statistically significant on day 7 (p<0.05). This result suggests that low-energy and low-protein intake levels by the horses begin to be reflected in the amino acid composition of the milk about 6 days later.
05). On the other hand, it was found that the effects of interactions between the diet and the day of measurement were significant for glutamic acid+ glutamine, proline, methionine, lysine, aspartic acid+ asparagine, phenylalanine, arginine, leucine and histidine (p<0.05).
Table 1 shows the amounts of the diet and the nutrients fed to each horse during the two dietary phases. The amounts of digestible energy and crude protein were 120.2% and 160.0% of the daily requirement for a lactating mare (NRC 1989; Japanese Feeding Standard for Horse, 1998) during the HEP feeding period, and 93.1% and 87.0% of the daily requirement during the LEP feeding period, respectively. Medium-energy and medium-protein feeding period (ordinal), which were described in a previous study and one-week interval period between diet treatments, are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 shows the amounts of the diet and the nutrients fed to each horse during the two dietary phases. The amounts of digestible energy and crude protein were 120.2% and 160.0% of the daily requirement for a lactating mare (NRC 1989; Japanese Feeding Standard for Horse, 1998) during the HEP feeding period, and 93.1% and 87.0% of the daily requirement during the LEP feeding period, respectively. Medium-energy and medium-protein feeding period (ordinal), which were described in a previous study and one-week interval period between diet treatments, are shown in Table 1.
To examine the changes in the amino acid composition of the milk protein, the percent concentration of each amino acid relative to the TAA was analyzed (Table 3). While the percent concentrations of glutamic acid+ glutamine, methionine, isoleucine, lysine, glycine, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid+asparagine, phenylalanine, arginine and leucine were significantly higher during the HEP than during the LEP feeding period (p<0.05), the percent levels of proline and valine were significantly higher during the LEP feeding period than during the HEP feeding period (p<0.05). On the other hand, it was found that the effects of interactions between the diet and the day of measurement were significant for glutamic acid+ glutamine, proline, methionine, lysine, aspartic acid+ asparagine, phenylalanine, arginine, leucine and histidine (p<0.
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