Influence of Fiber Content and Concentrate Level on Chewing Activity, Ruminal Digestion, Digesta Passage Rate and Nutrient Digestibility in Dairy Cows in Late Lactation원문보기
Tafaj, M.
(University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Nutrition)
,
Kolaneci, V.
(University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Nutrition)
,
Junck, B.
(University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Nutrition)
,
Maulbetsch, A.
(University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Nutrition)
,
Steingass, H.
(University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Nutrition)
,
Drochner, W.
(University of Hohenheim, Institute of Animal Nutrition)
The influence of fiber content of hay (low-fiber 47% NDF and high-fiber 62% NDF of DM) and concentrate level (high 50% and low 20% of ration DM) on chewing activity, passage rate and nutrient digestibility were tested on four restrict-fed (11.1 to 13.7 kg DM/d) Holstein cows in late lactation. Aspec...
The influence of fiber content of hay (low-fiber 47% NDF and high-fiber 62% NDF of DM) and concentrate level (high 50% and low 20% of ration DM) on chewing activity, passage rate and nutrient digestibility were tested on four restrict-fed (11.1 to 13.7 kg DM/d) Holstein cows in late lactation. Aspects of ruminal fermentation and digesta particle size distribution were also investigated on two ruminally cannulated (100 mm i.d.) cows of the same group of animals. All digestion parameters studied were more affected by the fiber content of the hay and its ratio to non structural carbohydrates than by the concentrate level. Giving a diet of high-fiber (62% NDF) hay and low concentrate level (20%) increased chewing activity but decreased solid passage rate and total digestibility of nutrients due to a limited availability of fermentable OM in the late cut fiber rich hay. A supplementation of high-fiber hay with 50% concentrate in the diet seems to improve the ruminal digestion of cell contents, whilst a depression of the ruminal fiber digestibility was not completely avoided. Giving a diet of low-fiber (47% NDF) hay and high concentrate level (50%) reduced markedly the chewing and rumination activity, affected negatively the rumen conditions and, consequently, the ruminal digestion of fiber. A reduction of the concentrate level from 50 to 20% in the diet of low-fiber hay improved the rumen conditions as reflected by an increase of the ruminal solid passage rate and of fiber digestibility and in a decrease of the concentration of large particles and of the mean particle size of the rumen digesta and of the faeces. Generally, it can be summarised that, (i) concentrate supplementation is not a strategy to overcome limitations of low quality (fiber-rich) hay, and (ii) increase of the roughage quality is an effective strategy in ruminant nutrition, especially when concentrate availability for ruminants is limited.
The influence of fiber content of hay (low-fiber 47% NDF and high-fiber 62% NDF of DM) and concentrate level (high 50% and low 20% of ration DM) on chewing activity, passage rate and nutrient digestibility were tested on four restrict-fed (11.1 to 13.7 kg DM/d) Holstein cows in late lactation. Aspects of ruminal fermentation and digesta particle size distribution were also investigated on two ruminally cannulated (100 mm i.d.) cows of the same group of animals. All digestion parameters studied were more affected by the fiber content of the hay and its ratio to non structural carbohydrates than by the concentrate level. Giving a diet of high-fiber (62% NDF) hay and low concentrate level (20%) increased chewing activity but decreased solid passage rate and total digestibility of nutrients due to a limited availability of fermentable OM in the late cut fiber rich hay. A supplementation of high-fiber hay with 50% concentrate in the diet seems to improve the ruminal digestion of cell contents, whilst a depression of the ruminal fiber digestibility was not completely avoided. Giving a diet of low-fiber (47% NDF) hay and high concentrate level (50%) reduced markedly the chewing and rumination activity, affected negatively the rumen conditions and, consequently, the ruminal digestion of fiber. A reduction of the concentrate level from 50 to 20% in the diet of low-fiber hay improved the rumen conditions as reflected by an increase of the ruminal solid passage rate and of fiber digestibility and in a decrease of the concentration of large particles and of the mean particle size of the rumen digesta and of the faeces. Generally, it can be summarised that, (i) concentrate supplementation is not a strategy to overcome limitations of low quality (fiber-rich) hay, and (ii) increase of the roughage quality is an effective strategy in ruminant nutrition, especially when concentrate availability for ruminants is limited.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
문제 정의
The separate effects of roughage quality and concentrate content of the diet on digestive processes in dairy cows are well known, while the interactions between them are often neglected. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of the interactions between the fiber content in the hay (hay quality) and the level of highly degradable concentrate in the diet on whole tract digestion (chewing activity, passage rate, apparent digestibility and faecal particle size) and ruminal digestion (fermentation and digesta particle size) on dairy cows in late lactation.
, 2004). Therefore the discussion chapter is focused mainly on the effects of increasing of hay quality on digestion processes, particularly when low concentrate amount was included in the diet.
제안 방법
) Holstein cows (510 to 560 kg BW) in late lactation phase, were used in a two-way factorial block design to investigate the influence of two hay qualities (H) and concentrate levels (C) on the whole digestion and the ruminal digestion. A low-fiber hay (11.3% CP, 47.1% NDF, 31.1% ADF, 4.0% ADL and 29.2% non fiber carbohydrates (NFC) in DM, 1,314.5 kcal NEl/kg DM, degradation rate of DM 7.0%/h) and a high-fiber hay (9.6% CP, 61.9% NDF, 41.8% ADF, 4.6% ADL and 14.9% NFC in DM, 1,027.7 kcal NEl/kg DM, degradation rate of DM 5.7%/h) were offered in combination with a concentrate mixture (16.6% CP, 25.3% NDF and 50.2% NFC in DM, 1,936 kcal NEl/kg DM, degradation rate of DM 15.0%/h) at two levels in the diet (high level or 50% and low level or 20% of ration DM) in four consecutive treatments in turn. The treatment ‘high-fiber hay and 50% concentrate' was tested in three cows because one cow finished lactating at the start of the 4th experimental run.
) Holstein cows (510 to 560 kg BW) in late lactation phase, were used in a two-way factorial block design to investigate the influence of two hay qualities (H) and concentrate levels (C) on the whole digestion and the ruminal digestion. A low-fiber hay (11.3% CP, 47.1% NDF, 31.1% ADF, 4.0% ADL and 29.2% non fiber carbohydrates (NFC) in DM, 1,314.5 kcal NEl/kg DM, degradation rate of DM 7.0%/h) and a high-fiber hay (9.6% CP, 61.9% NDF, 41.8% ADF, 4.6% ADL and 14.9% NFC in DM, 1,027.7 kcal NEl/kg DM, degradation rate of DM 5.7%/h) were offered in combination with a concentrate mixture (16.6% CP, 25.3% NDF and 50.2% NFC in DM, 1,936 kcal NEl/kg DM, degradation rate of DM 15.0%/h) at two levels in the diet (high level or 50% and low level or 20% of ration DM) in four consecutive treatments in turn. The treatment ‘high-fiber hay and 50% concentrate' was tested in three cows because one cow finished lactating at the start of the 4th experimental run.
The detailed data of the diets and feed intake are presented in Table 1. Cows were housed and fed in individual tie stalls and milked twice daily in their stalls at 06:30 and 16:00 h. The experimental diets were offered restricted (Table 1) twice daily at 08:00 and 20:00 h and animals had free access to water.
For a main plot (H·C), repeated digesta samples for ruminal fermentation and particle size distribution were collected at four times intervals (1 h before and 2, 5 and 10 h after the morning feeding) on two days (4 sampling times x2 days = 8 measurements for each animal and treatment).
For a main plot (H·C), repeated digesta samples for ruminal fermentation and particle size distribution were collected at four times intervals (1 h before and 2, 5 and 10 h after the morning feeding) on two days (4 sampling times x2 days = 8 measurements for each animal and treatment).
Four ruminally cannulated (two with large cannulaes 100 mm i.d.) Holstein cows (510 to 560 kg BW) in late lactation phase, were used in a two-way factorial block design to investigate the influence of two hay qualities (H) and concentrate levels (C) on the whole digestion and the ruminal digestion. A low-fiber hay (11.
Four ruminally cannulated (two with large cannulaes 100 mm i.d.) Holstein cows (510 to 560 kg BW) in late lactation phase, were used in a two-way factorial block design to investigate the influence of two hay qualities (H) and concentrate levels (C) on the whole digestion and the ruminal digestion. A low-fiber hay (11.
(1998). In addition to the fixed effects of H, C and A, the corresponding two-way interaction of H and C (H-C), the repeated measures on two days (D) and four sampling times (T) on the same main plot and animal (H-C-A) in the random part of the model were considered. In order to control the experimental error related to the lactation stage, the lactation day was recorded as a covariate in the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA which is based on the assumption of parallelism).
(1998). In addition to the fixed effects of H, C and A, the corresponding two-way interaction of H and C (H-C), the repeated measures on two days (D) and four sampling times (T) on the same main plot and animal (H-C-A) in the random part of the model were considered. In order to control the experimental error related to the lactation stage, the lactation day was recorded as a covariate in the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA which is based on the assumption of parallelism).
Sieve analysis was performed on the wet sieving apparatus (Analytical Sieve Shakers, F. Kurt Retsch GmbH and Co.KG, Haan, Type AS 200 Digit) using sieves (200 mm i.d.) having square holes sides of 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 and 0.063 mm. Conditions for the analyses were similar with those reported by Lechner-Doll and Engelhardt (1989).
Cows were housed and fed in individual tie stalls and milked twice daily in their stalls at 06:30 and 16:00 h. The experimental diets were offered restricted (Table 1) twice daily at 08:00 and 20:00 h and animals had free access to water. In all treatments hay was chopped long (mean particle length 27.
데이터처리
In addition to the fixed effects of H, C and A, the corresponding two-way interaction of H and C (H-C), the repeated measures on two days (D) and four sampling times (T) on the same main plot and animal (H-C-A) in the random part of the model were considered. In order to control the experimental error related to the lactation stage, the lactation day was recorded as a covariate in the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA which is based on the assumption of parallelism). The significance of the influence was tested by lack-of-fit term.
이론/모형
The data of particle size in faeces, passage and digestibility were analysed by GLM procedure of SAS (SAS, Release 8.2, 2001) using a model considering the fixed effects offactors H, C, animal (A), the interaction H·C and the intake level (I: g DM/kg BW0.75) as co-variable. For the chewing activity analysis a model for repeated measures (measurement days as random) was used.
The data of particle size in faeces, passage and digestibility were analysed by GLM procedure of SAS (SAS, Release 8.2, 2001) using a model considering the fixed effects offactors H, C, animal (A), the interaction H·C and the intake level (I: g DM/kg BW0.75) as co-variable.
For the chewing activity analysis a model for repeated measures (measurement days as random) was used. The data of ruminal fermentation and of particle size distribution in the rumen digesta were analysed by MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS, Release 8.2, 2001) using a split-plot model for repeated measures according to Littell et al. (1998). In addition to the fixed effects of H, C and A, the corresponding two-way interaction of H and C (H-C), the repeated measures on two days (D) and four sampling times (T) on the same main plot and animal (H-C-A) in the random part of the model were considered.
Hay quality was defined based on the chemical composition, mainly by NDF content. The degradation characteristics of hay and concentrate were determined based on the cumulative in vitro gas production (incubation time 72 h) using the Hohenheim Gas Test method. The rumen fluid for incubation was collected from two cows 1 h before the morning feeding.
성능/효과
It can be concluded that giving a diet of low-fiber hay in combination with low concentrate level (20%) provided the better rumen conditions for fiber digestion due to the better nutrient balance, particularly due to a better ratio between structural and non structural carbohydrates in the diet. The results of this treatment confirm the role of the rumen conditions on fiber digestion, particle outflow from reticulorumen and passage rate, and, consequently, on feed intake. Recent studies (Okine et al.
참고문헌 (31)
Allen, M. S. 1997. Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1447-1462.
Bwire, J. M. N. and H. Wiktorsson. 2003. Effect of supplementary feeding strategies on the performance of stall fed dual-purpose dairy cows fed grass hay-based diets. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16(3):359-367.
Beauchemin, K. A. 1991. Ingestion and mastication of feed by dairy cattle. Vet. Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 7(2):439-463.
Choi, Y. J., S. S. Lee, J. Y. Song, N. J. Choi, H. G. Sung, S. G. Yun and J. K. Ha. 2003. Effects of dietary acidogenicity values on rumen fermentation characteristics and nutrients digestibility. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16(11):1625-1633.
Fisher, D. S., J. C. Burns and K. R. Pond. 1988. Estimation of mean and median particle size of ruminant digesta. J. Dairy Sci. 71:518-524.
Gabel, G. 2000. S $\"{a}$ ure-Basen-Haushalt. In Physiologie der Haustiere. (Ed. W. V. Engelhardt and G. Breves), Enke im Hippokrates Verlag GmbH, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 295-302.
Hoover, W. H. 1986. Chemical factors involved in ruminal fiber digestion. J. Dairy Sci. 69:2755-2767.
Kaufmann, W. and H. Hagemeister. 1969. Das Puffersystem in den Vorm $\"{a}$ gen von Rindern. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 25:157-168.
Kennedy, P. M. and P. T. Doyle. 1993. Particle-size reduction by ruminants ？ Effects of cell wall composition and structure. In Forage cell wall structure and digestibility. (Ed. H. G. Jung, D. R. Buxton, R. D. Hatfield and J. Ralph), Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 499-534.
Khazaal, K., M. T. Dentinho, J. M. Ribeiro and E. R. Orskov. 1993. A comparison of gas production during incubation with rumen contents in vitro and nylon bag degradability as predictors of the apparent digestibility in vivo and the voluntary intake of hays. Anim. Prod. 57:105-112.
Krause, D. O. and A. N. Pell. 2003. Plant cell wall degradation in the rumen: ecology, constraints to digestion and modelling. In Matching herbivore nutrition to ecosystems biodiversity. Mannetje, L.’t, L. Ramirez-Aviles, (Ed. C. A. Sandoval-Castro and J. C. Ku-Vera). Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on the Nutrition of Herbivores. Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Mexico, pp. 129-150.
Krause, K. M., D. K. Combs and K. A. Beauchemin. 2002. Effects of forage particle size and grain fermentability in midlactation cows. II. Ruminal pH and chewing activity. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1947-1957.
Lechner-Doll, M. and W. von Engelhardt. 1989. Particle size and passage from the forestomach in camels compared to cattle and sheep fed similar diet. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 61:120-128.
Littell, R. C., P. R. Henry and C. B. Ammerman. 1998. Statistical analysis of repeated measures data using SAS procedures. J. Anim. Sci. 76:1216-1231.
Mambrini, M. and J. L. Peyraud. 1997. Retention time of feed particles and liquids in the stomachs and intestines of dairy cows; direct measurement and calculations based on faecal collection. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 37:427-442.
McLeod, M. N. and D. J. Minson. 1988. Large particle breakdown by cattle eating ryegrass and alfalfa. J. Anim. Sci. 66:992-999.
Mertens, D. R. 1997. Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1463-1481.
Moon, Y. H., S. C. Lee and S. S. Lee. 2004. Effects of neutral detergent fiber concentration and particle size of the diet on chewing activities of dairy cows. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 17(11):1535-1540.
Moore, J. A., K. R. Pond, M. N. Poore and T. G. Goodwin. 1992. Influence of model and marker on digesta kinetic estimates for sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 70:3528-3540.
Mould, F. L., E. R. Orskov and S. O. Mann. 1983. Associative effects of mixed feeds. I. Effects of type and level of supplementation and the influence of the rumen fluid pH on cellolysis in vivo and dry matter digestion on various roughages. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 10:15-30.
Offer, N. W. and J. Dixon. 2000. Factors affecting outflow rate from the reticulo-rumen. Nutr. Abstr. Rev., Series B: Livestock Feeds and Feeding, 70:833-844.
Okine, E. K., G. W. Mathison, M. Kaske, J. J. Kenelly and R. J. Christopherson. 1998. Current understanding of the role of the reticulum and reticulo-omasal orifice in the control of digesta passage from the ruminoreticulum of sheep and cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 78:15-21.
Poppi, D. P., W. C. Ellis, J. H. Matis and C. E. Lascano. 2001. Marker concentration patterns of labelled leaf and stem particles in the rumne of cattle grazing bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) analysed by reference to a raft model. Br. J. Nutr. 85:353-563.
Robinson, P. H. and R. E. McQueen. 1997. Influence of level of concentrate allocation and fermentability of forage fiber on chewing behaviour and production of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80:681-691.
SAS. 2001. SAS/STAT, Release 8.2. SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
Susenbeth, A., T. Dickel, K. -H. Sudekum, W. Drochner and H. Steingass. 2004. Energy requirements of cattle for standing and for ingestion, estimated by a ruminal emptying technique. J. Anim. Sci. 82:129-136.
Tafaj, M., B. Junck, A. Maulbetsch, H. SteingaB and W. Drochner. 2001. Research Note: A method for studying of local differences in ruminal fermentation in dairy cattle. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 54:341-347.
Tamminga, S. 1993. Influence of feeding management on ruminant fibre digestibility. In Forage cell wall structure and digestibility. (Ed. H. G. Jung, D. R. Buxton, R. D. Hatfield and J. Ralph), Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 571-602.
Uden, P., P. E. Colucci and P. J. Van Soest. 1980. Investigation of chromium, cerium and cobalt as markers in digesta rate of passage studies. J. Sci. Food Agric. 31:625-632.
Van Soest, P. J. 1994. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. Second edition. Cornell University Press.
Welch, J. G. 1982. Rumination, particle size and passage from the rumen. J. Anim. Sci. 54:885-894.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.