Bennett John O.
(Department of Agronomy, University of Missouri)
,
Krishnan Hari B.
(USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Genetics Research Unit, University of Missouri)
A long-term study initiated in 1989 at San-born Field, Columbia, Missouri, was designed to evaluate the affect of environmental factors, nitrogen application, and crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seed composition. Soybeans were grown as part of a four- year rotation which included c...
A long-term study initiated in 1989 at San-born Field, Columbia, Missouri, was designed to evaluate the affect of environmental factors, nitrogen application, and crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seed composition. Soybeans were grown as part of a four- year rotation which included corn (Zea maize L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Results from soil tests made prior to initiation of the study and subsequently every five years, were used to calculate application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium necessary for target yield of pursuant crops. In the experimental design, nitrogen was applied to one-half of the plot on which the non-leguminous crop, either corn or wheat was grown. Analysis of soybean seed by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy collected over an 11-year period revealed a linear increase in protein and decrease in oil content. Application of nitrogen fertilizer to non-leguminous crops did not have an apparent effect on total protein or oil content of subsequent soybean crop. Analysis of soybean seed proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in conjunction with computerassisted densitometry revealed subtle changes in the accumulation of seed proteins. Immunoblot analysis using antibodies raised against the $\beta-subunit$ of $\beta-conglycinin$ showed a gradual increase in the accumulation of the 7S components during successive years of the experiment. A linear increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall was observed from the onset of data· collection. Higher temperatures during the growing season have been linked to increased protein and diminished oil content of soybean, thus changes observed in this study are possibly related to climatic conditions. However, crop rotation and subsequent changes in soil ecology may contribute to these observed changes in the seed composition.
A long-term study initiated in 1989 at San-born Field, Columbia, Missouri, was designed to evaluate the affect of environmental factors, nitrogen application, and crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) seed composition. Soybeans were grown as part of a four- year rotation which included corn (Zea maize L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Results from soil tests made prior to initiation of the study and subsequently every five years, were used to calculate application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium necessary for target yield of pursuant crops. In the experimental design, nitrogen was applied to one-half of the plot on which the non-leguminous crop, either corn or wheat was grown. Analysis of soybean seed by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy collected over an 11-year period revealed a linear increase in protein and decrease in oil content. Application of nitrogen fertilizer to non-leguminous crops did not have an apparent effect on total protein or oil content of subsequent soybean crop. Analysis of soybean seed proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in conjunction with computerassisted densitometry revealed subtle changes in the accumulation of seed proteins. Immunoblot analysis using antibodies raised against the $\beta-subunit$ of $\beta-conglycinin$ showed a gradual increase in the accumulation of the 7S components during successive years of the experiment. A linear increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall was observed from the onset of data· collection. Higher temperatures during the growing season have been linked to increased protein and diminished oil content of soybean, thus changes observed in this study are possibly related to climatic conditions. However, crop rotation and subsequent changes in soil ecology may contribute to these observed changes in the seed composition.
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제안 방법
, 2002; Fehr et al,, 2003), utilizing a single variety at one location in a long-term study will provide information as to the specific effects of environment on seed components. In this study, soybean 'Williams 82' was utilized and the cumulative effects of nitrogen application, environmental conditions, and crop rotation on protein and oil content were investigated.
Proteins were separated on a 12.5% polyacrylamide gel as descnbed m the previous section and the relative densities of the bands were determined by computer-assisted densitometry employing the Gene Wizard System (Syngene, Beacon House Nuffield Road, Cambridge, UK). The ratio of the acidic and basic subunits of glycinin with respect to a', a, and P-subunits of p-conglycimn was determined.
Years, rainfall, and temperature were treated as random effects while nitrogen application was treated as a fixed effect. Relationships between aforementioned seed traits and environmental conditions and between seed traits and nitrogen application were evaluated using regression analysis. Statistical analyses were determined using the 8.
4 m plot in the study was surrounded by a grass-seeded alley. Soil tests were conducted prior to the onset of the trial and every five years subsequently. Annual fertihzer application was based upon yield goals of 8.
Accumulation of seed storage components m soybean is influenced by environmental conditions prevailing dunng the growing season. To monitor the changes in seed composition during the course of this study, we determined the protein and oil content of seeds by NIRS analysis. This analysis revealed that the total protein increased from 35 to 37.
이론/모형
The reported protein and oil was based upon normalized moisture content of 135 g kg1 m each sample. Data from NIRS analysis for protein was corroborated by University of Missouri Expenmental Station Laboratory using the nitrogen combustion method, 990.03, as outlined in the 17th edition of Official Methods of Analysis of the International Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC).
성능/효과
During the course of this field experiment, the total protein component of soybean seed increased from 35 to 37.5% of total seed weight, while oil diminished from 19.5 to 18.5%, regardless of nitrogen treatment. A warming trend during the reproductive stage of plant development was evident from 1991 to 2002, while rainfall diminished slightly.
To monitor the changes in seed composition during the course of this study, we determined the protein and oil content of seeds by NIRS analysis. This analysis revealed that the total protein increased from 35 to 37.5% of seed weight, while that of oil declined from 19.5 to 18.5% over the 11-year period (Figs. 1A and IB). We also examined the residual effect of exogenous nitrogen provided to non-leguminous crops in the rotation on soybean seed composition.
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