질소비료로부터 암모니아의 휘산은 자연적으로 존재하는 모든 토양에서 일어나는 질소 손실의 주된 기작이다. 암모니아 휘산은 다양한 토양과 환경의 조건 및 비료관리 방안에 의해 영향을 받는다. 질소비료 의존도가 높은 채소들도 휘산된 암모니아 가스에 의해 피해를 받는 사례가 종종 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 표토에 시용된 요소비료로부터 암모니아 휘산량을 측정하였고, 이에 미치는 요소비료 시용량, 관개시기, 및 온도 등의 비료관리요인들의 영향을 조사했다. 암모니아 휘산은 요소를 시용한 뒤 약 3일 후에 시작되었으며, 약 2주 후에 최대에 도달하였다. 17일 후, 휘산된 암모니아태 질소의 양은 200, 400, $600kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 의 시용량에서 각각 3.0, 4.4, 그리고 8.0 kg 이었다. 이들 휘산량은 시용된 질소가 15.0, 10.9, 및 13.0% 가 손실된 것과 상응한다. 온도가 5, 8, 22, $28^{\circ}C$ 일때 휘산된 질소의 양은 각각 5, 21, 75, $87kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 이였다. 요소비료를 시용한 뒤 0, 5, 10 mm의 물을 관개한 경우, 휘산된 질소의 양은 각각 21.3, 21.2, $16.6kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 이었다. 한편, 요소를 시용한 후 5 mm를 관수한 경우의 질소 휘산량은 $10.44kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 로 감소하였다. 그러므로 요소비료를 권장량을 표토와 혼합, 온도가 낮을 때 그리고 요소비료를 시용후 즉시 관개하는 방안이 암모니아 휘산에 의한 질소 손실을 최소화 하는 비료관리 방안이었다.
질소비료로부터 암모니아의 휘산은 자연적으로 존재하는 모든 토양에서 일어나는 질소 손실의 주된 기작이다. 암모니아 휘산은 다양한 토양과 환경의 조건 및 비료관리 방안에 의해 영향을 받는다. 질소비료 의존도가 높은 채소들도 휘산된 암모니아 가스에 의해 피해를 받는 사례가 종종 보고되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 표토에 시용된 요소비료로부터 암모니아 휘산량을 측정하였고, 이에 미치는 요소비료 시용량, 관개시기, 및 온도 등의 비료관리요인들의 영향을 조사했다. 암모니아 휘산은 요소를 시용한 뒤 약 3일 후에 시작되었으며, 약 2주 후에 최대에 도달하였다. 17일 후, 휘산된 암모니아태 질소의 양은 200, 400, $600kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 의 시용량에서 각각 3.0, 4.4, 그리고 8.0 kg 이었다. 이들 휘산량은 시용된 질소가 15.0, 10.9, 및 13.0% 가 손실된 것과 상응한다. 온도가 5, 8, 22, $28^{\circ}C$ 일때 휘산된 질소의 양은 각각 5, 21, 75, $87kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 이였다. 요소비료를 시용한 뒤 0, 5, 10 mm의 물을 관개한 경우, 휘산된 질소의 양은 각각 21.3, 21.2, $16.6kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 이었다. 한편, 요소를 시용한 후 5 mm를 관수한 경우의 질소 휘산량은 $10.44kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ 로 감소하였다. 그러므로 요소비료를 권장량을 표토와 혼합, 온도가 낮을 때 그리고 요소비료를 시용후 즉시 관개하는 방안이 암모니아 휘산에 의한 질소 손실을 최소화 하는 비료관리 방안이었다.
Volatilization of ammonia from N fertilizer is the major mechanism of N losses that occur naturally in all soils and is influenced by numerous soils, environmental and N fertilizer management factors. Vegetables are often damaged by $NH_3$ gas volatilized from the high rates of N fertiliz...
Volatilization of ammonia from N fertilizer is the major mechanism of N losses that occur naturally in all soils and is influenced by numerous soils, environmental and N fertilizer management factors. Vegetables are often damaged by $NH_3$ gas volatilized from the high rates of N fertilizer. We determined the rate of $NH_3$ volatilization from urea applied to surface of the alluvial soil (coarse silty, mixed, mesic family of Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrepts, Ihyeon series) as affected by fertilizer management factors such as rate of urea application, irrigation schedule and temperature. The $NH_3$ volatilization was triggered about 3 d after urea application and reached at maximum level in general within 15 days. Cumulative amounts of 3.0, 4.4, and 8.0 kg of $NH_3$ N after 17 d were volatilized at application rates of 200, 400, and $600kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, which were equivalent to the N losses of 15.0, 10.9, and 13.0% of N applied. Masses of N volatilization were 5, 21, 75 and $87kg\;NH_3\;N\;ha^{-1}$ at 5, 8, 22, and 28, respectively. Total amounts of 21.3, 21.2, and $16.6kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ were volatilized at control, 5 and 10 mm water irrigation before fertilization, respectively. However, those at 5 mm irrigation after fertilization were only $10.44kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$. Results showed that urea loss can be avoided by incorporating with the recommended level, applying when temperatures are low or irrigating immediately to carry the urea into soil.
Volatilization of ammonia from N fertilizer is the major mechanism of N losses that occur naturally in all soils and is influenced by numerous soils, environmental and N fertilizer management factors. Vegetables are often damaged by $NH_3$ gas volatilized from the high rates of N fertilizer. We determined the rate of $NH_3$ volatilization from urea applied to surface of the alluvial soil (coarse silty, mixed, mesic family of Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrepts, Ihyeon series) as affected by fertilizer management factors such as rate of urea application, irrigation schedule and temperature. The $NH_3$ volatilization was triggered about 3 d after urea application and reached at maximum level in general within 15 days. Cumulative amounts of 3.0, 4.4, and 8.0 kg of $NH_3$ N after 17 d were volatilized at application rates of 200, 400, and $600kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, which were equivalent to the N losses of 15.0, 10.9, and 13.0% of N applied. Masses of N volatilization were 5, 21, 75 and $87kg\;NH_3\;N\;ha^{-1}$ at 5, 8, 22, and 28, respectively. Total amounts of 21.3, 21.2, and $16.6kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ were volatilized at control, 5 and 10 mm water irrigation before fertilization, respectively. However, those at 5 mm irrigation after fertilization were only $10.44kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$. Results showed that urea loss can be avoided by incorporating with the recommended level, applying when temperatures are low or irrigating immediately to carry the urea into soil.
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제안 방법
However, no guideline for the fertilizer management in this respect is recommended. In this study, the volatilized ammonia from the surface of the soil, treated with urea, was measured in order to assess the factors that favorably lead to the NH3 volatilization.
대상 데이터
Experimental device and treatments A vinyl film chamber with a lid on top was built on the surface of the soil in the field as shown in Fig. 1. The ammonia gas trapped and collected in beakers filled with boric acid (H3BO3) solution was analyzed according to the Kjeldahl distillation method (NIAST, 2000b).
Study site and fertilization The experimental site was a field located in Woodu-dong, Chuncheon, Kangwon. The soil on the field is of Ihyeon soil series (coarse silty, mixed, mesic family of Dystric Fluventic Eutrochrepts) (Alluvial soils).
이론/모형
Since soil moisture contents might make some changes for the volatilization of urea, different irrigation practices were introduced; no irrigation, irrigation of 5 and 10 mm before urea application and irrigation of 5 mm after urea placement at rate of 400 kg ha-1 at 22℃. Concentrations of ammonia trapped at 10, 20 and 30 cm above the soil surface were analyzed for N by Kjeldahl distillation method. Amounts of NH3 N volatilized from urea were assessed based on ammonia concentration trapped in the beaker and converted to the rate of volatilization at each level of urea application.
1. The ammonia gas trapped and collected in beakers filled with boric acid (H3BO3) solution was analyzed according to the Kjeldahl distillation method (NIAST, 2000b). The trapping beakers were placed at the rings on the supporting stand at heights of 0, 10, 20, and 30 cm above the soil surface.
성능/효과
Concentrations of ammonia volatilized were highest right above the soil surface and decreased as increasing level in the air. In conclusion, urea loss can be minimized by practicing fertilizer management such as incorporating urea with soil at the recommended level, applying when temperatures are low or irrigating immediately to carry the urea into soil.
Result showed that irrigation to the soil surface after urea application greatly suppressed ammonia volatilization. This was because of facilitating urea diffusion into soils and thus helping urea to be converted into ammonium in the soil.
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